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Essay:Anticommunism kills

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Revision as of 04:49, 24 November 2025 by Anarcho-Bolshevik (talk | contribs)

This page is a partial transfer from Leftypedia and is a work in progress.

This is a list about killings that were motivated by anticommunism. It does not include killings incidentally carried out by anticommunists (e.g. the Italo‐Ethiopian War). Despite its name, anticommunism normally affects not only communists but all other socialists as well, and often even just anybody sympathetic to socialism. Sometimes it also affects ethnicities, such as Chinese people, Jews, Mayans, and Serbs. As such, the actual tendency of the victims here is of minor relevance; what matters the most is the perpetrators’ motivations or causes.

Most of these killings were done directly; head‐to‐head. The only exceptions are fourfold: deaths caused by imperialist blockades or sanctions such as those on the RSFSR (1918–1921), Leningrad (early 1940s), the Republic of Cuba (1990s), the DPRK (1990s), and the FRY (1990s); deaths caused by explosives that detonated later than anticipated; deaths linked to nuclear weapons testing in the Cold War‐era United States; and deaths linked to comprehensive ‘decommunization’ programmes that antisocialists imposed on Easterners. Even if these indirect causes were subtracted, the total would still be well over fifty million. The total itself is composed using only the minimum of every statistic. Unspecified amounts, uncited guesses, and millions of hypothetical beings are excluded from this calculation.

1871, Paris: 18,000–30,000.[1] [2] [3] [4]

1873–1875, Spanish Republic: ‘at least several thousand’[5] (at least 10 of whom were in Alcoy during 1873[6])

1878, Berlin: 1–2.[7]

1880s, Poland: 7.[8]

1887, Chicago: 4–5.[9]

1891, Clichy: 1.[10]

1892, Montbrison: 1.[11]

1892, Poland: 46.[8]

1894, Paris: 2.[12]

1896, Montjuïc Castle: 5.[13]

1897, Vergara: 1.[14]

1905–1910, Russian Empire: over 15,000[15] (about 100 of whom were in Warsaw[16], 151–200 in Łódź,[16] [17] and possibly 400 in Moscow during 1905[18])

1906, Cananea: 13.[19]

1906, Poland: 16.[20]

1907, Kingdom of Romania: 419–11,000.[21]

1909, Barcelona: 104–600.[22] [23]

1910s–1930s, Kingdom of Italy: over 3,000[24] (41 of whom were in Albona during 1921,[25], 4 others of whom were desperate and rightfully frustrated socialists killed for attempted magnicide,[26] 11 of whom were in Turin during 1922,[27] and 5 of whom were in San Giovanni in Fiore during 1925[28])

1911, Empire of Japan: 12.[29]

1911, Sidney Street: 2.[30]

1912, Lawrence: 2.[31]

1916, Dublin: 16.[32]

1916, Everett: 5.[33] [31]

1917, Wahnerheide: 2.[34]

1917–1923, Russia: 9,000,000[35] (over 1,000,000 of these were the direct result of civil warfare;[36] 1,000 were in Peregonovka during 1919[37] and 516 were in Russian Turkestan during 1917–1934.[36] An additional 20,000–300,000 of these were killed as part of the White Terror[38])

1917–1923, Spain: 200.[39]

1917–1923, United States of America: ∼165[40] (1 of whom was in Butte during 1917,[41] 1 of whom was in Centralia during 1919,[31] and more than 12 who were in Matewan during 1920–1922[40])

1918, Finland: 32,500[42] (1,200 of whom were in Vyborg[43])

1918–1919, Hungary: 11,666.[44]

1918–1919, Neocolonial Republic (Cuba): 7.[45]

1918–1923, Germany: thousands [46] [24] (1,000–1,500 of whom were in Berlin[24] [47] as well as 12 of whom were in Perlach during 1919,[48] over 1,000 were in Ruhr during 1920,[49] at least 354 during 1920–1922,[50] and 24 in Hamburg during 1923[24])

1919, Buenos Aires: 700.[51]

1919, Latvia: thousands (300 of whom were in Mitau[52] and 3,000 of whom were in Riga[52] [53])

1919–1921, Hungary: 500–5,000.[54]

1920s, Clevelândia: at least 6.[55]

1920s, Kingdom of Spain: over 100.[56]

1920–1922, Patagonia: 300–1,500.[57]

1921, Black Sea: 15.[58]

1922, Estonia: 1.[59]

1923, Bulgaria: 841.[60]

1923, Empire of Japan: 6,000–10,000.[61]

1923, Kraków: 18–30.[62]

1924, Estonia: 301.[59]

1924, Tatarbunary: unknown.

1925, Halle (Saale): 6.[63]

1926, Lithuania: 4.[64]

1927, Charlestown (Boston): 2.

1927–1950, China: millions.

300–10,000 of these were in Shanghai during 1927[65]
500 were in Huichang during the same year.[66]
800 were in a region west of Nanch’ang during the same year.[66]
2,000 were on their way to Canton during the same year.[67]
4,000–15,000 were in Canton (Guangzhou) during the same year.[68] [67]
300,000 were in south central China during 1928.[69]
143 were in Inner Manchuria during 1929.[36]
Over 1,000 were at Ching Kang Shan during the same year.[67]
About 4,000 were in the Kiangsi Province during 1931, and 10,000 later in the same year.[67]
1,000,000 were the fault of the Kuomintang and occurred during 1933–1934.[70]
8,000 were at Kuangch’ang during 1934.[67]
∼100,000 were during 1934–1937.[71]
584,267–900,000 were in China & Burma during 1937–1945.[72]
2,700,000 were due to the ‘Three Alls Policy’[73] enacted during the same period.[74]

1928, Ciénaga: 47–3,000.[75]

1929, Berlin: 33.[76]

1929, Lupeni: 16–58.[77]

1930s, German Reich: thousands[78] (5 of these were during January of 1930,[79] several during 1932,[80] 4 were in Altona during 1933,[81] and at least 22 were near Danzig during 1943–1945[82])

1930s–1970s, Dominican Republic: 50,000[83] (3,000 of whom died in 1960[84])

1930s–1990s, Guatemala: 100,000–200,000[85] [84] [86] [87] (at least 42,275 of whom died during 1981–1983 from racial motivations[88]).

1931, Ådalen: 5.[89]

1931, Argentina: 4.[90]

1931, Vallenar: at least 21.[91]

1932, El Salvador: 30,000.[92]

1932, People’s Republic of Mongolia: 1,800.[93]

1932, Trujillo: 1,000–5,000.[94]

1932–1939, Manchuria, Mongolia, & Primorsky Krai: 32,000[95] (236 of whom were near Lake Khasan during 1938[96] and 9,868 of whom were near the Khalkha River during 1939[97] [96])

1933, Casas Viejas: 26.[98]

1933, Grivița: 7.[99]

1934, Asturias: over 1,700.[100]

1934, Minneapolis: 2.[101]

1934, Paris: unknown. (Nine?)

1934, Ránquil: 477.[102]

1934, San Francisco: 2–9.[103]

1934, Toledo: 2.[104]

1935, Recife & Rio de Janeiro: at least 119.[105]

1936–1939, Spain: 275,000–305,000.[106]
White Terror: 150,000–400,000.[107]

1937, Chicago: at least 10.[108]

1939, Kresy: 1,475–5,327.[36] [109]

References

  1. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 188). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  2. ↑ Martha Crenshaw, John Pimlott. International Encyclopedia of Terrorism (p. 52).
  3. ↑ International Encyclopedia of Terrorism (p. 515). ABC-CLIO.
  4. ↑ Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography (2013) (p. 1470). Routledge.
  5. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 189). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  6. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20220116120839/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/index.htm
  7. ↑ https://www.marxists.org/glossary/events/a/n.htm#anti-socialist-law (One of these men suicided, but it is unlikely that the officials would have spared his life. His inclusion is left to the reader’s own judgement.)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Albert Szymański (1984). Class Struggle in Socialist Poland (p. 4). Praeger Publishers.
  9. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 253). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  10. ↑ Jean Maitron. Le mouvement anarchiste en France: des origines à 1914.
  11. ↑ https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/ravachol/biography.htm
  12. ↑ https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/henry/biography.htm
  13. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Spain (p. 448).
  14. ↑ https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1917/political-violence.htm
  15. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 340). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Albert Szymański (1984). Class Struggle in Socialist Poland (p. 5). Praeger Publishers.
  17. ↑ Włodzimierz Kalicki. Rok 1905: Przebudzeni bombą.
  18. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185620/http://www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-5.html
  19. ↑ ARMED AMERICANS AT GREENE'S MINE; Rushed Into Mexico from Arizona Against Gov. Kibbey's Orders..
  20. ↑ Rudolf Rocker. The London Years.
  21. ↑ Markus Bauer. Cauzele și originea răscoalei țărănești din 1907.; J. William Leasure. The historical decline of fertility in Eastern Europe.; Lavinia Betea. 1907-2007: Revolta fără conducători din Regatul României.; Charles Ragin & Daniel Chirot. The Market, Tradition and Peasant Rebellion: The Case of Romania in 1907 (pp. 428–444).; & Philip Gabriel Eidelberg. The Great Rumanian Peasant Revolt of 1907: Origins of a Modern Jacquerie. A report from the secret police argued that the anarchist propaganda contributed to this revolt. An example given is a certain village teacher, Nicolăescu-Cranta (comrade of anarchist Panait Mușoiu), who helped instigate the revolts through the speeches that he gave to the peasants. See Vlad Brătulescu. Anarhismul în România.
  22. ↑ Juan Gómez Casas (1986). Anarchist Organisation: The History of the F.A.I. (p. 48). Black Rose Books.
  23. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 329). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 330). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  25. ↑ Giacomo Scotti & Luciano Giuricin (1971). La Repubblica di Albona e il movimento dell’occupazione delle fabbriche in Italia (p. 110). Centro di ricerche storiche.
  26. ↑ That is, Angelo Sbardellotto, Anteo Zamboni, Giacomo Matteotti, and Michele Schirru.
  27. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20171027152138/http://ita.anarchopedia.org/Strage_di_Torino_(18-20_dicembre_1922)
  28. ↑ http://ildispaccio.it/cosenza/106754
  29. ↑ Hugh Cortazzi & Ian Hill Nish. Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits.
  30. ↑ https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/return-fire-siege-on-sidney-street
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 369). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  32. ↑ https://www.glasnevintrust.ie/__uuid/55a29fab-3b24-41dd-a1d9-12d148a78f74/Glasnevin-Trust-1916-Necrology-485.pdf
  33. ↑ The Tacoma Times.
  34. ↑ Deutsche Geschichte 1919–1945.
  35. ↑ Megan Trudell. The Russian civil war: a Marxist analysis. & Tony Cliff. Lenin 3: Revolution Besieged. Most of these were victims of famine, but it and these nine million dead are both still attributable essentially to foreign invasions (British, French, Czechoslovakian, Japanese, Polish, &c.) and to the blockade that the capitalist powers organized.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Grigori F. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century.
  37. ↑ Le Banquet des Généraux.
  38. ↑ Вадим Эрлихман (2004). Потери народонаселения в XX веке. Издательский дом «Русская панорама».
  39. ↑ Historia y Opinión : El Pistolerismo en Barcelona, La prensa mata a Buenaventura Durruti en 1923, Los Solidarios, la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera y la dictablanda..
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 370). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7 In the early twentieth century, European‐Americans often perceived black folks as proxies to anarchism and communism—if not anarchists or communists themselves. Jeff Woods’s Black Struggle, Red Scare notes that ‘Across the country, anti‐Communists launched campaigns to identify and eradicate the red menace, both real and perceived. Among those targeted nationwide as potential subversives were blacks. […] With reports such as these, as well as some widely publicized statements in the radical press claiming Negro allegiance with bolshevism, large numbers of Americans inside and outside the South accepted the argument that the country’s racial unrest was due in some part to Communist agitation. The charges were unquestionably exaggerated, especially by organizations such as the the Ku Klux Klan.’ See Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920: '11'., for more.
  41. ↑ America’s Unofficial Religion — The War On An Idea.
  42. ↑ Paavolainen, Eerola, Westerlund, Suodenjoki, Tikka & alia.
  43. ↑ Lars Westerlund. Me odotimme teitä vapauttajina ja te toitte kuolemaa.
  44. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 344). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  45. ↑ Frank Fernández. Cuban Anarchism: The History of A Movement: '2'.
  46. ↑ Ben Reynolds. The Coming Revolution (p. 178). & Jay Winter. The Cambridge History of the First World War: The State (p. 260).
  47. ↑ To the Masses (p. 105).
  48. ↑ Max Hirschberg & Reinhard Weber. Jude und Demokrat. & Douglas Morris. Justice Imperiled: The Anti-Nazi Lawyer Max Hirschberg in Weimar Germany (p. 194). (Most of the dead were actually members of the Social Democratic Party.)
  49. ↑ Heinrich August Winkler. Germany: The Long Road West, vol. 2.
  50. ↑ Robert George Leeson Waite. Vanguard of Nazism (pp. 214–216).
  51. ↑ Horacio Ricardo Silva. Días rojos, verano negro: enero de 1919, la semana trágica de Buenos Aires.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Modris Eksteins. Walking Since Daybreak: A Story of Eastern Europe, World War II, and the Heart of Our Century (p. 73).
  53. ↑ Philip Farr (1944). Soviet Russia and the Baltic Republics (p. 16). Russia Today Society.
  54. ↑ ; Magyarország a XX. században.; & Török Bálint. Trianon magyar szemmel.
  55. ↑ John W. F. Dulles. Anarchists and Communists in Brazil, 1900–1935 (p. 363).
  56. ↑ Juan Gómez Casas (1986). Anarchist Organisation: The History of the F.A.I. (pp. 60–64). Black Rose Books.
  57. ↑ Juan Lanús (1988). La Causa Argentina (pp. 46 & 393). Emecé Editores.
  58. ↑ TKP commemorates its founders, Mustafa Suphi and 14 comrades.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Philip Farr (1944). Soviet Russia and the Baltic Republics (p. 27). Russia Today Society.
  60. ↑ Музей на революционното движение в България.
  61. ↑ Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.; A play teaching the history of the Great Kanto Earthquake massacres to Japanese youth.; Yokohama recalls texts describing 1923 'massacre' of Koreans.; 1923 Kanto Earthquake Massacre seen through American viewpoints.; Robert Neff. The Great Kanto Earthquake Massacre.; Joshua Hammer. Yokohama burning: the deadly 1923 earthquake and fire that helped forge the path to World War II (p. 167).; & The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923. (See also: https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com ; Murder of an Anarchist Recalled: Suppression of News in the Wake of the 1923 Tokyo Earthquake.; & Mikiso Hane. Reflections on the Way to the Gallows.)
  62. ↑ Andrzej Osęka. Gumowa kula demokracji. & Wspomnienie o adw. Eugeniuszu Śmiarowskim (1878–1932).
  63. ↑ German Police Kill Six in Riot at Red Meeting (14 March 1925) (p. 7). Chicago Daily Tribune.
  64. ↑ Philip Farr (1944). Soviet Russia and the Baltic Republics (p. 28). Russia Today Society.
  65. ↑ China Rising: The Revolutionary Experience.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 361). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 67.4 Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 362). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  68. ↑ Philip S. Jowett. The Armies of Warlord China 1911–1928.
  69. ↑ Zhou Enlai: A Political Life (p. 38).
  70. ↑ Edgar Snow (2013). Red Star Over China (p. 162). Read Books Ltd..
  71. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 363). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7 (It is possible that a minority of these died from natural causes, but the exact number is unknown.)
  72. ↑ Meng Guoxiang & Zhang Qinyuan. 关于抗日战争中我国军民伤亡数字问题. & Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (pp. 368 & 527). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  73. ↑ The Concise Encyclopedia of World War II (p. 1074). ABC-CLIO.
  74. ↑ Herbert P. Bix. Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. or specifically Mitsuyoshi Himeta. 日本軍による『三光政策・三光作戦をめぐって. For the anticommunist motives, see Jay Corrin, June Grasso, & Michael Kort. Modernization and Revolution in China: From the Opium Wars to World Power.
  75. ↑ The Santa Marta Massacre. and Eduardo Posada-Carbó. Fiction as History: The bananeras and Gabriel García Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude.
  76. ↑ Uwe Klussmann. „Blutmai“ im Wedding.
  77. ↑ 16 RUMANIA MINERS SHOT BY SOLDIERS; Another Report Says 58 Are Killed (7 August 1929) (p. 9). The New York Times.; City of Lupeni.; Jack R. Friedman. Furtive Selves: Proletarian Contradictions, Self-Presentation, and the Party in 1950s Romania.; & Bitter Victory for Romanian Miners.
  78. ↑ Nikolaus Wachsmann. KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps (p. 41).
  79. ↑ 5 Die in German Riots in Memory of Red Martyrs (16 January 1930). Chicago Daily Tribune.
  80. ↑ Ian Kershaw. Hitler: 1889–1936 Hubris (pp. 244–5).
  81. ↑ Robert Bohn. Die nationalsozialistische Sondergerichtsbarkeit in Schleswig-Holstein.
  82. ↑ Bo Lidegaard. Countrymen (p. 155).
  83. ↑ Rafael Trujillo and the Forgotten Genocide. See Killing Hope, chapter 29 for details.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 James A. Lucas. US Has Killed More Than 20 Million People in 37 “Victim Nations” Since World War II.
  85. ↑ Michael Parenti (1997). Blackshirts & Reds: Rational Fascism & the Overthrow of Communism (p. 25). City Light Books.
  86. ↑ William Blum. Killing Hope: US Military & CIA Interventions since World War II. Zed Books.
  87. ↑ 10 of the Most Lethal CIA Interventions in Latin America.
  88. ↑ La Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico.
  89. ↑ Massakern i Ådalen har tonats ner.
  90. ↑ Felipe Pigna. Los Mitos de la historia argentina.
  91. ↑ Gonzalo Izquierdo. Historia de Chile (p. 37).
  92. ↑ Edward A. Lynch. Cold War’s Last Battlefield, The: Reagan, the Soviets, and Central America (p. 49).; El Salvador - Economic Crisis and Repression.; & Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 380). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  93. ↑ Б.Зинамидар. Гадаадаас турхирсан 1932 оны бослого.
  94. ↑ Luis Alberto Sánchez (1984). Política sin caretas (p. 179). Okura Editores.; Mario Vargas Llosa. Literatura y política (p. 24).; & Peru (1912-present).
  95. ↑ Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939 (p. 1176). & The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, 1945: ‘August Storm’ (pp. xxi).
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Grover Furr (2014). Blood Lies: The Evidence that Every Accusation against Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union in Timothy Snyder’s Bloodlands Is False (p. 249). Red Star Publishers.
  97. ↑ M. Kolomiets. Boi u reki Khalkhin-Gol.; Халхин-гольское сражение: пересмотр статистики.
  98. ↑ Julián Casanova. De la calle al frente (p. 113).
  99. ↑ Legendele Griviţei - comuniştii declaraţi singurii vinovaţi.
  100. ↑ H. Thomas. The Spanish Civil War. Examples of antisocialist motives can be read in Unearthing Franco’s Legacy (p. 62). and Deadly Embrace (pp. 252–254).
  101. ↑ Jeremy Brecher. The Minneapolis Teamsters strike, 1934.
  102. ↑ Andrés Solimano. Capitalismo a la chilena: Y la prosperidad de las elites (p. 45).; El Partido Comunista de Chile y el levantamiento de Ranquil.; & Téllez Lúgaro. El levantamiento del a Alto Biobío y el Soviet y la República Araucana de 1934.
  103. ↑ Fred Glass. From Mission to Microchip: A History of the California Labor Movement.
  104. ↑ Stershner Bernard (1977). Depression and New Deal in Ohio (p. 262).
  105. ↑ Os 50 anos da primeira intentona comunista.; A Intentona Comunista: o que é fato e o que é boato.; & Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 385). McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  106. ↑ Stanley Sandler. Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, vol. 1. & Manuel Álvaro Dueñas. La gran represión: los años de plomo del franquismo.
  107. ↑ Morir, matar, sobrevivir. La violencia en la dictadura de Franco. & A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco’s Spain.
  108. ↑ Ahmed A. White. The Drive to Organize Steel. The ‘Little Steel’ Strike of 1937: Class Violence, Law, and the End of the New Deal..
  109. ↑ Igor Bunich. Operatsiia Groza, Ili, Oshibka V Tretem Znake: Istoricheskaia Khronika (p. 88). Contrary to popular belief, the anti‐Soviet forces were renegades who acted illegally during this operation.
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