Indus Valley Civilisation

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the earliest urban societies, flourishing in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent from approximately 3300 to 1300 BCE. It developed a network of planned cities, extensive irrigation-based agriculture, standardized craft production, and long-distance trade. From a historical-materialist perspective, the Indus Valley represents a complex agrarian society transitioning toward early class differentiation, though the precise character of its political structures remains debated.