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[[File:Coronation of Napoleon painting.png|thumb|Painting of the coronation of [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon I Bonaparte]] in 1804]] | |||
In Marxist thought, '''Bonapartism''' refers to a system where a counter-revolutionary [[dictatorship]] attempts to mediate between antagonistic class interests.<ref>{{Citation|year=1971|chapter=Bonapartism|chapter-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Bonapartism|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3rd ed.)|volume=3|page=551|city=Moscow|pdf=https://ia804601.us.archive.org/2/items/B-001-032-507-748-ALL/БСЭ_3изд_т03_591.pdf|trans-title=Boljšaja sovjetskaja enciklopjedija|trans-lang=Russian}}</ref> Bonapartist regimes typically come into existence during times of revolution, where they appropriate revolutionary symbols while actually having [[reactionary]] goals. For this reason, Bonapartist regimes tend to characterize themselves as "neither [[Left–right political spectrum|left nor right]]," despite actually serving the right in practice.<ref>{{Video citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9TYK9Mu_dzA|channel=Second Thought|title=Why "Neither Left Nor Right" Just Means Right Wing|date=2022-03-18}}</ref> According to [[Vladimir Lenin]], "Bonapartism is a form of government which grows out of the counter-revolutionary nature of the bourgeoisie, in the conditions of democratic changes and a democratic revolution."<ref>{{Citation|author=Vladimir Lenin|year=1917|title=They Do Not See the Wood for the Trees|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/sep/01.htm}}</ref> | In Marxist thought, '''Bonapartism''' refers to a system where a counter-revolutionary [[dictatorship]] attempts to mediate between antagonistic class interests.<ref>{{Citation|year=1971|chapter=Bonapartism|chapter-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Bonapartism|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3rd ed.)|volume=3|page=551|city=Moscow|pdf=https://ia804601.us.archive.org/2/items/B-001-032-507-748-ALL/БСЭ_3изд_т03_591.pdf|trans-title=Boljšaja sovjetskaja enciklopjedija|trans-lang=Russian}}</ref> Bonapartist regimes typically come into existence during times of revolution, where they appropriate revolutionary symbols while actually having [[reactionary]] goals. For this reason, Bonapartist regimes tend to characterize themselves as "neither [[Left–right political spectrum|left nor right]]," despite actually serving the right in practice.<ref>{{Video citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9TYK9Mu_dzA|channel=Second Thought|title=Why "Neither Left Nor Right" Just Means Right Wing|date=2022-03-18}}</ref> According to [[Vladimir Lenin]], "Bonapartism is a form of government which grows out of the counter-revolutionary nature of the bourgeoisie, in the conditions of democratic changes and a democratic revolution."<ref>{{Citation|author=Vladimir Lenin|year=1917|title=They Do Not See the Wood for the Trees|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/sep/01.htm}}</ref> | ||
The name of Bonapartism derives from the Bonaparte dynasty, which ruled France twice, first under [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] and then under his nephew [[Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte]]. It was on Louis-Napoleon that [[Karl Marx]], a contemporary, wrote ''The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'', which described the nature of Bonapartism in detail. Marx described how, when Louis-Napoleon became emperor, the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois class]] surrendered some of its political power to the emperor so that it may continue to have social power, for "in order to save its purse it must forfeit the crown."<ref>{{Citation|author=Karl Marx|year=1852|title=The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte|chapter=Rise of Louis Bonaparte|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/}}</ref> | The name of Bonapartism derives from the Bonaparte dynasty, which ruled France twice, first under [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] and then under his nephew [[Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte]]. It was on Louis-Napoleon that [[Karl Marx]], a contemporary, wrote ''The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'', which described the nature of Bonapartism in detail. Marx described how, when Louis-Napoleon became emperor, the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois class]] surrendered some of its political power to the emperor so that it may continue to have social power, for "in order to save its purse it must forfeit the crown."<ref>{{Citation|author=Karl Marx|year=1852|title=The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte|chapter=Rise of Louis Bonaparte|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/}}</ref> | ||
Outside of Marxist circles, "Bonapartism" also refers more specifically to the belief that the Bonaparte dynasty should rule France.<ref>''Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary'', s.v. "Bonapartism," accessed August 30, 2024, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Bonapartism.</ref> "Bonapartism" in this sense would be a sub-category of [[ | Outside of Marxist circles, "Bonapartism" also refers more specifically to the belief that the Bonaparte dynasty should rule France.<ref>''Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary'', s.v. "Bonapartism," accessed August 30, 2024, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Bonapartism.</ref> "Bonapartism" in this sense would be a sub-category of [[monarchism]]. | ||
==Examples== | ==Examples== | ||
Revision as of 23:05, 3 February 2025
In Marxist thought, Bonapartism refers to a system where a counter-revolutionary dictatorship attempts to mediate between antagonistic class interests.[1] Bonapartist regimes typically come into existence during times of revolution, where they appropriate revolutionary symbols while actually having reactionary goals. For this reason, Bonapartist regimes tend to characterize themselves as "neither left nor right," despite actually serving the right in practice.[2] According to Vladimir Lenin, "Bonapartism is a form of government which grows out of the counter-revolutionary nature of the bourgeoisie, in the conditions of democratic changes and a democratic revolution."[3]
The name of Bonapartism derives from the Bonaparte dynasty, which ruled France twice, first under Napoleon Bonaparte and then under his nephew Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. It was on Louis-Napoleon that Karl Marx, a contemporary, wrote The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, which described the nature of Bonapartism in detail. Marx described how, when Louis-Napoleon became emperor, the bourgeois class surrendered some of its political power to the emperor so that it may continue to have social power, for "in order to save its purse it must forfeit the crown."[4]
Outside of Marxist circles, "Bonapartism" also refers more specifically to the belief that the Bonaparte dynasty should rule France.[5] "Bonapartism" in this sense would be a sub-category of monarchism.
Examples
Notable examples of Bonapartism include:
- The First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte
- The Second French Empire under Napoleon III
- The German Empire under Otto von Bismarck[6]
- The Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek[7]
- The Republic of Singapore under Lee Kuan Yew
- The Russian Federation under Vladimir Putin[8]
See also
References
- ↑ Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3rd ed.), vol. 3: 'Bonapartism' (1971) (Russian: Boljšaja sovjetskaja enciklopjedija). [PDF] Moscow.
- ↑ Second Thought (2022-03-18). "Why "Neither Left Nor Right" Just Means Right Wing". YouTube.
- ↑ Vladimir Lenin (1917). They Do Not See the Wood for the Trees. [MIA]
- ↑ Karl Marx (1852). The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte: 'Rise of Louis Bonaparte'. [MIA]
- ↑ Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, s.v. "Bonapartism," accessed August 30, 2024, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Bonapartism.
- ↑ Friedrich Engels (1866). Friedrich Engels to Karl Marx in Margate, 13 April 1866. [MIA]
- ↑ Parson Young (2015-05-13). "How is the KMT Still a Thing?" New Bloom Magazine.
- ↑ 1Dime (2022-08-21). "Post-Soviet Russia: From Gangster Capitalism to Bonapartism (Documentary)". YouTube.