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{{Marxism–Leninism sidebar}} | {{Marxism–Leninism sidebar}} | ||
A '''socialist state''', '''socialist republic''', or '''socialist country''', sometimes referred to as a '''workers' state''' or '''workers' republic''', is a [[Sovereign state|sovereign]] [[State (polity)|state]] which is | A '''socialist state''', '''socialist republic''', or '''socialist country''', sometimes referred to as a '''workers' state''' or '''workers' republic''', is a [[Sovereign state|sovereign]] [[State (polity)|state]] which is dictated by the [[proletariat]] and undergoing the construction of [[socialism]]. The term ''communist state'' is often used synonymously in the [[West]] specifically when referring to one-party socialist states governed by [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[communist parties]], despite these countries being officially socialist states in the process of building [[socialism]]. In accordance with the Communist theory on stages of revolution, these countries have not described themselves as ''[[Communism|communist]]'' nor as having implemented a [[communist society]], but are in the process of doing so. | ||
== Overview == | == Overview == | ||
Socialist states commonly have centrally [[Planned economy|planned economies]], [[democratic centralism]], and maintain a policy of [[secularism]] or [[state atheism]]. | Socialist states commonly have centrally [[Planned economy|planned economies]], [[democratic centralism]], and maintain a policy of [[secularism]] or [[state atheism]]. Marxist states operate under a [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], which is not the case for all states that constitutionally self-identify as "socialist". | ||
== Current socialist states == | == Current socialist states == | ||
=== | === Socialist states === | ||
* [[File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg|20px]] [[People's Republic of China]] | * [[File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg|20px]] [[People's Republic of China]] | ||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
* [[File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg|20px]] [[Republic of Cuba]] | * [[File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg|20px]] [[Republic of Cuba]] | ||
* [[File:Flag_of_Laos.svg|20px]] [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]] | * [[File:Flag_of_Laos.svg|20px]] [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]] | ||
== Former socialist states == | |||
=== Marxist–Leninist states === | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! Name !! Began !! Ended | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Red_flag.svg|20px]] [[Republic of Finland|Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic]] || 1918<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=EBSCO|title=Finnish War of Independence|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/finnish-war-independence|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0030-46/https://www.ebsco.com:443/research-starters/history/finnish-war-independence|archive-date=2025-09-25|retrieved=2025-09-25|quote=Subsequently, Red Finns, supported by Russian Bolsheviks, staged a coup d’état in Helsinki (January 28, 1918), proclaiming Finland a Socialist Workers’ Republic.}}</ref>|| 1918<ref>Rinta-Tassi 1986, pp. 19–22, 497–504; Jussila 2007, pp. 287–288; Haapala 2014, pp. 21–50</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.png|20px]] [[Republic of Nicaragua]] (Sandinista) || 1979 || 1990 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Republic of Zimbabwe]] || 1980 || 1990 | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Red_flag.svg|20px]] [[Hungary|Hungarian Soviet Republic]] || 1919<ref>{{Web citation|author=Alan Woods|newspaper=Libcom|title=The Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919: The Forgotten Revolution - Alan Woods|date=2007-09-03|url=https://libcom.org/article/hungarian-soviet-republic-1919-forgotten-revolution-alan-woods|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0039-00/https://libcom.org:443/article/hungarian-soviet-republic-1919-forgotten-revolution-alan-woods|archive-date=2025-09-20|retrieved=2025-09-20|quote=On March 21st, 1919, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed.}}</ref>|| 1919<ref>{{Web citation|author=Greg Beyer|newspaper=TheCollector|title=A Brief History of the Hungarian Soviet Republic|date=2025-04-01|url=https://www.thecollector.com/brief-history-hungarian-soviet-republic/|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0049-28/https://www.thecollector.com:443/brief-history-hungarian-soviet-republic/|archive-date=2025-09-20|retrieved=2025-09-20|quote=August 1 is the officially recognized date of the collapse of the Hungarian Soviet Republic.}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Red_flag.svg|20px]] [[Free State of Bavaria|Bavarian Soviet Republic]] || 1919<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Spartacus Educational|title=Bavarian Republic|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/GERbavarian.htm|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0055-15/https://spartacus-educational.com:443/GERbavarian.htm|archive-date=2025-09-20|retrieved=2025-09-20|quote=On 7th April, 1919, Levien declared the establishment of the Bavarian Soviet Republic.}}</ref>|| 1919<ref>{{Web citation|author=Florian Keller|newspaper=In Defence of Marxism|title=When the communists ruled in Bavaria|date=2022-02-04|url=https://marxist.com/when-the-communists-ruled-in-bavaria.htm|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0058-03/https://marxist.com:443/when-the-communists-ruled-in-bavaria.htm|archive-date=2025-09-20|retrieved=2025-09-20|quote=With the Communists driven out of the government, the Soviet Republic’s most-determined defenders were gone, and the new government planned to cease all resistance. On 1 May, Munich was completely surrounded, and on 2 May, completely conquered. The last town to fall was Kolbermoor in the district of Rosenheim (Upper Bavaria) on 3 May. The horrors of the counter-revolution now raged with full force.}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[Far Eastern Republic|Far Eastern Republic]] || 1920<ref>{{Citation|year=1921|title=Millard's Review of the Far East|title-url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Millard_s_Review_of_the_Far_East/M948aj4yb3AC|page=445|quote=After a week of discussion the buffer state idea was generally accepted and on April 6, 1920, Krasnoschekoff presented a declaration of independence of the Far Eastern Republic.|publisher=China Monthly Review|volume=18}}</ref>|| 1922<ref>{{Web citation|title=Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Far-Eastern-Republic|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0105-55/https://www.britannica.com:443/place/Far-Eastern-Republic|archive-date=2025-09-20|retrieved=2025-09-20|quote=The Far Eastern Republic was then incorporated into the Soviet Union in November 1922.}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| {{Flagicon|Flag of Tuva (1935–1939).svg}} [[Tuvan People's Republic]] || 1921<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ben Cahoon|newspaper=worldstatesmen.org|title=Tannu Tuva|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Russia.htm#Tannu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204055203/http://worldstatesmen.org/Russia.htm#Tannu|archive-date=2012-04-04|retrieved=2025-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Vexillographia|title=Republic of Tuva|url=https://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/subjects/tuva.htm|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0110-37/https://www.vexillographia.ru:443/russia/subjects/tuva.htm|archive-date=2025-09-25|retrieved=2025-09-25|quote=13 – 16 августа 1921 года в местности Суг-Бажи Тандинского хошуна состоялся Всетувинский учредительный хурал (съезд) девяти хошунов, на котором было провозглашено Всегармоничное тувинское аратское государство (тув. Бюгюде найрамдагу тывад арат улус), известное в отечественной историографии как Народная Республика Танну-Тува, и принята его первая Конституция, в главе 1 которой было записано, что "в международных делах государство выступает под покровительством Советской России".}}</ref>|| 1944<ref>{{Web citation|author=Gareth Johnson|newspaper=Young Pioneer Tours|title=The Tuvan Republic: Tsarist Times, Soviet Chic and Modern Russia|url=https://www.youngpioneertours.com/the-tuvan-republic/|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0113-21/https://www.youngpioneertours.com:443/the-tuvan-republic/|archive-date=2025-09-20|retrieved=2025-09-20|quote=However, Tuva’s independence was short-lived. In 1944, at the height of World War II, the Tuvan People’s Republic was voluntarily annexed by the Soviet Union, becoming the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). This transition marked the end of Tuva’s brief experiment with independence and the beginning of a new chapter under Soviet rule.}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1955-1991).svg|20px]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] || 1922<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=History.com|title=USSR established|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/december-30/ussr-established|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250328095751/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/december-30/ussr-established|archive-date=2025-03-28|retrieved=2025-09-20|quote=On December 30, 1922, in post-revolutionary Russia, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is established, comprising a confederation of Russia, Belorussia, Ukraine and the Transcaucasian Federation (divided in 1936 into the Georgian, Azerbaijan and Armenian republics). Also known as the Soviet Union, the new communist state was the successor to the Russian Empire and the first country in the world to be based on Marxist socialism.}}</ref>|| 1991<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Britannica|title=collapse of the Soviet Union|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/the-collapse-of-the-Soviet-Union|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0120-40/https://www.britannica.com:443/event/the-collapse-of-the-Soviet-Union|archive-date=2025-09-20|retrieved=2025-09-20|quote=collapse of the Soviet Union, sequence of events that led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 31, 1991. The former superpower was replaced by 15 independent countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Mongolian_People's_Republic_Flag.png|20px]] [[Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)|Mongolian People's Republic]] || 1924<ref>{{Library citation|link=https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Library:History_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic}}</ref>|| 1990<ref>{{Citation|author=Alan J.K. Sanders|year=1996|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia|title-url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Mongolia/2ZyZmAEACAAJ|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810861916}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg|20px]] [[Chinese Soviet Republic]] || 1931<ref>{{Citation|author=Li Ying|year=2024|title=Red Ink: A History of Printing and Politics in China|title-url=https://www.royalcollins.com/red-ink-a-history-of-printing-and-politics-in-china/|page=63|publisher=Royal Collins Press|isbn=9781487812737}}</ref>|| 1937<ref>{{Citation|author=Lyman P. Van Slyke|year=1968|title=The Chinese Communist movement: a report of the United States War Department, July 1945|title-url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Chinese_Communist_Movement/rVMqAQAAMAAJ|page=44|publisher=Stanford University Press}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Yugoslav_flag.png|20px]] [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] || 1945<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=University of Central Arkansas|title=64. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1992)|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/europerussiacentral-asia-region/64-socialist-federal-republic-of-yugoslavia-1945-1992/|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0137-13/https://uca.edu:443/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/europerussiacentral-asia-region/64-socialist-federal-republic-of-yugoslavia-1945-1992/|archive-date=2025-09-20|retrieved=2025-09-20|quote=The Constituent Assembly proclaimed the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia on November 29, 1945.}}</ref>|| 1992<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Office of the Historian|title=The Breakup of Yugoslavia, 1990–1992|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/breakup-yugoslavia|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0139-10/https://history.state.gov:443/milestones/1989-1992/breakup-yugoslavia|archive-date=2025-09-20|retrieved=2025-09-20}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:People's_Republic_of_Bulgaria_flag.png|20px]] [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] || 1946<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=University of Central Arkansas|title=10. Bulgaria (1908-present)|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/europerussiacentral-asia-region/bulgaria-1908-present/|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0143-56/https://uca.edu:443/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/europerussiacentral-asia-region/bulgaria-1908-present/|archive-date=2025-09-20|retrieved=2025-09-20|quote=Post-Crisis Phase (November 10, 1945-June 4, 1947): Parliamentary elections were held on November 18, 1945, and the FF won some 86 percent of the vote. Opposition political parties had boycotted the parliamentary elections. The British government provided diplomatic assistance (diplomatic recognition) to the government on December 27, 1945. Prime Minister Georgiev formed a communist-dominated government on March 31, 1946. The British government imposed diplomatic sanctions (diplomatic non-recognition) against the government of Prime Minister Georgiev on April 2, 1946. A majority of Bulgarians voted to abolish the monarchy in a referendum on September 8, 1946, and King Symeon II went into exile in Egypt on September 9, 1946. The Bulgarian Republic was proclaimed on September 15, 1946. Elections for the National Assembly (Sobranje) were held on October 27, 1946, and the FF won 366 out of 465 seats. Georgi Dimitrov formed a government on November 22, 1946. The British government provided diplomatic assistance (diplomatic recognition) to the government of Prime Minister Dimitrov on February 12, 1947.}}</ref>|| 1990<ref>{{Web citation|author=Mariya Cheresheva|newspaper=Balkan Insight|title=Bulgaria Marks 28 Years Since Fall of Communism|date=2017-11-10|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2017/11/10/bulgaria-marks-28-years-since-the-collapse-of-the-communist-regime-11-08-2017/|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0146-21/https://balkaninsight.com:443/2017/11/10/bulgaria-marks-28-years-since-the-collapse-of-the-communist-regime-11-08-2017/|archive-date=2025-09-20|retrieved=2025-09-20}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Flag_of_Albania_(1946–1992).svg|20px]] [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania]] || 1946<ref>{{Web citation|author=Enver Hoxha|title=Program of the First Government of the People's Republic of Albania Presented to the People's Assembly of the PRA|date=1946-03-24|url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/1946/03/24.htm|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0152-23/https://www.marxists.org:443/reference/archive/hoxha/works/1946/03/24.htm|archive-date=2025-09-20|retrieved=2025-09-20|quote=On January 11, 1946 the Constituent Assembly proclaimed Albania a People's Republic}}</ref>|| 1992<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Britannica|title=Collapse of communism|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Albania/Collapse-of-communism|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0154-50/https://www.britannica.com:443/place/Albania/Collapse-of-communism|archive-date=2025-09-20|retrieved=2025-09-20}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Flag_of_Poland_(1927–1980).svg|20px]] [[Polish People's Republic]] || 1952<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Institute of National Remembrance|title=Brief History of Poland|url=https://eng.ipn.gov.pl/en/brief-history-of-poland|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2025-0921-0157-27/https://eng.ipn.gov.pl:443/en/brief-history-of-poland|archive-date=2025-09-20|retrieved=2025-09-20|quote=The constitution adopted by the communists introduces a new name for the Polish state, the Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL), which replaces the previously used Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska).}}</ref>|| 1989 | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Flag_of_Romania_(1965–1989).png|20px]] [[Socialist Republic of Romania]] || 1947 || 1989 | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:GDR_flag.png|20px]] [[German Democratic Republic]] || 1949 || 1990 | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Flag_of_Hungary_(1949–1956).svg|20px]] [[Hungarian People's Republic]] || 1949 || 1989 | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg|20px]] [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] || 1954 || 1975 | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Czech_flag.png|20px]] [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] || 1948 || 1990 | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg|20px]] [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]] || 1967 || 1990 | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|20px]] [[Somali Democratic Republic]] || 1969 || 1991 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Republic of the Congo|People's Republic of the Congo]] || 1969 || 1992 | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Flag_of_Derg.png|20px]] [[ Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia]] || 1974 || 1987 | |||
|- | |||
| {{Flagicon|Flag of Mozambique (1975–1983) (16-9).svg.png}} [[People's Republic of Mozambique]] || 1975 || 1990 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Republic of Benin|People's Republic of Benin]] || 1975 || 1992 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Angola|People's Republic of Angola]] || 1975 || 1992 | |||
|- | |||
| {{Flagicon|Flag of Madagascar.svg}} [[Democratic Republic of Madagascar]] || 1975 || 1992 | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1980–1987).svg|20px]] [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992)|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] || 1978 || 1987 | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Grenada_flag.png|20px]] [[People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)|People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada]] || 1979 || 1983 | |||
|- | |||
| [[People's Republic of Kampuchea|People's Republic of Kampuchea]] || 1979 || 1989 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Burkina Faso|People's Republic of Burkina Faso]] || 1984 || 1987 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Republic of Ghana|People's Republic of Ghana]] || 1957 || 1966 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Union of African States|Union of African States]] || 1958 || 1961 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic]] || 1940 || 1956 | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=== Countries with constitutional references to socialism === | === Countries with constitutional references to socialism === | ||
These are countries which reference but do not practice socialism. | |||
* [[File:Flag_of_Algeria.png|20px]] [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria]] | * [[File:Flag_of_Algeria.png|20px]] [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria]] | ||
* [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]] | * {{Flagicon|Flag of Bangladesh.svg.png}} [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]] | ||
* [[Co‑operative Republic of Guyana]] | * {{Flagicon|Guyana flag.png}} [[Co-operative Republic of Guyana|Co‑operative Republic of Guyana]] | ||
* [[File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.png|20px]] [[Republic of Nicaragua]] | * [[File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.png|20px]] [[Republic of Nicaragua]] | ||
* [[File:Flag_of_sri_lanka.png|20px]] [[Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka]] | * [[File:Flag_of_sri_lanka.png|20px]] [[Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka]] | ||
* [[File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg|20px]] [[United Republic of Tanzania | * [[File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg|20px]] [[United Republic of Tanzania]] | ||
* [[Portuguese Republic]] | |||
* [[Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] | |||
* [[Republic of India]] | |||
* [[State of Eritrea]] | |||
* [[ | |||
* [[ | |||
* [[ | |||
* [[ | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
| Line 71: | Line 115: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | |||
[[Category:Marxist terminology]] | [[Category:Marxist terminology]] | ||
Latest revision as of 04:47, 2 June 2026
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A socialist state, socialist republic, or socialist country, sometimes referred to as a workers' state or workers' republic, is a sovereign state which is dictated by the proletariat and undergoing the construction of socialism. The term communist state is often used synonymously in the West specifically when referring to one-party socialist states governed by Marxist–Leninist communist parties, despite these countries being officially socialist states in the process of building socialism. In accordance with the Communist theory on stages of revolution, these countries have not described themselves as communist nor as having implemented a communist society, but are in the process of doing so.
Overview[edit | edit source]
Socialist states commonly have centrally planned economies, democratic centralism, and maintain a policy of secularism or state atheism. Marxist states operate under a dictatorship of the proletariat, which is not the case for all states that constitutionally self-identify as "socialist".
Current socialist states[edit | edit source]
Socialist states[edit | edit source]
Former socialist states[edit | edit source]
Marxist–Leninist states[edit | edit source]
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Countries with constitutional references to socialism[edit | edit source]
These are countries which reference but do not practice socialism.
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ “Subsequently, Red Finns, supported by Russian Bolsheviks, staged a coup d’état in Helsinki (January 28, 1918), proclaiming Finland a Socialist Workers’ Republic.”
"Finnish War of Independence". EBSCO. Archived from the original on 2025-09-25. Retrieved 2025-09-25. - ↑ Rinta-Tassi 1986, pp. 19–22, 497–504; Jussila 2007, pp. 287–288; Haapala 2014, pp. 21–50
- ↑ “On March 21st, 1919, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed.”
Alan Woods (2007-09-03). "The Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919: The Forgotten Revolution - Alan Woods" Libcom. Archived from the original on 2025-09-20. Retrieved 2025-09-20. - ↑ “August 1 is the officially recognized date of the collapse of the Hungarian Soviet Republic.”
Greg Beyer (2025-04-01). "A Brief History of the Hungarian Soviet Republic" TheCollector. Archived from the original on 2025-09-20. Retrieved 2025-09-20. - ↑ “On 7th April, 1919, Levien declared the establishment of the Bavarian Soviet Republic.”
"Bavarian Republic". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 2025-09-20. Retrieved 2025-09-20. - ↑ “With the Communists driven out of the government, the Soviet Republic’s most-determined defenders were gone, and the new government planned to cease all resistance. On 1 May, Munich was completely surrounded, and on 2 May, completely conquered. The last town to fall was Kolbermoor in the district of Rosenheim (Upper Bavaria) on 3 May. The horrors of the counter-revolution now raged with full force.”
Florian Keller (2022-02-04). "When the communists ruled in Bavaria" In Defence of Marxism. Archived from the original on 2025-09-20. Retrieved 2025-09-20. - ↑ “After a week of discussion the buffer state idea was generally accepted and on April 6, 1920, Krasnoschekoff presented a declaration of independence of the Far Eastern Republic.”
Millard's Review of the Far East, vol. 18 (1921). China Monthly Review. - ↑ “The Far Eastern Republic was then incorporated into the Soviet Union in November 1922.”
"Britannica". Archived from the original on 2025-09-20. Retrieved 2025-09-20. - ↑ Ben Cahoon. "Tannu Tuva" worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 2012-04-04. Retrieved 2025-09-20.
- ↑ “13 – 16 августа 1921 года в местности Суг-Бажи Тандинского хошуна состоялся Всетувинский учредительный хурал (съезд) девяти хошунов, на котором было провозглашено Всегармоничное тувинское аратское государство (тув. Бюгюде найрамдагу тывад арат улус), известное в отечественной историографии как Народная Республика Танну-Тува, и принята его первая Конституция, в главе 1 которой было записано, что "в международных делах государство выступает под покровительством Советской России".”
"Republic of Tuva". Vexillographia. Archived from the original on 2025-09-25. Retrieved 2025-09-25. - ↑ “However, Tuva’s independence was short-lived. In 1944, at the height of World War II, the Tuvan People’s Republic was voluntarily annexed by the Soviet Union, becoming the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). This transition marked the end of Tuva’s brief experiment with independence and the beginning of a new chapter under Soviet rule.”
Gareth Johnson. "The Tuvan Republic: Tsarist Times, Soviet Chic and Modern Russia" Young Pioneer Tours. Archived from the original on 2025-09-20. Retrieved 2025-09-20. - ↑ “On December 30, 1922, in post-revolutionary Russia, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is established, comprising a confederation of Russia, Belorussia, Ukraine and the Transcaucasian Federation (divided in 1936 into the Georgian, Azerbaijan and Armenian republics). Also known as the Soviet Union, the new communist state was the successor to the Russian Empire and the first country in the world to be based on Marxist socialism.”
"USSR established". History.com. Archived from the original on 2025-03-28. Retrieved 2025-09-20. - ↑ “collapse of the Soviet Union, sequence of events that led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 31, 1991. The former superpower was replaced by 15 independent countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.”
"collapse of the Soviet Union". Britannica. Archived from the original on 2025-09-20. Retrieved 2025-09-20. - ↑ Aleksandr Guber, Shagdaryn Bira, Sanje Dylykov, Hudogiin Perlee, Georgiy Kim, Shagdarjavyn Natsagdorj, Bazaryn Shirendev, Yevgeniy Zhukov (1973). History of the Mongolian People's Republic. Internet Archive.
- ↑ Alan J.K. Sanders (1996). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810861916
- ↑ Li Ying (2024). Red Ink: A History of Printing and Politics in China (p. 63). Royal Collins Press. ISBN 9781487812737
- ↑ Lyman P. Van Slyke (1968). The Chinese Communist movement: a report of the United States War Department, July 1945 (p. 44). Stanford University Press.
- ↑ “The Constituent Assembly proclaimed the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia on November 29, 1945.”
"64. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1992)". University of Central Arkansas. Archived from the original on 2025-09-20. Retrieved 2025-09-20. - ↑ "The Breakup of Yugoslavia, 1990–1992". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on 2025-09-20. Retrieved 2025-09-20.
- ↑ “Post-Crisis Phase (November 10, 1945-June 4, 1947): Parliamentary elections were held on November 18, 1945, and the FF won some 86 percent of the vote. Opposition political parties had boycotted the parliamentary elections. The British government provided diplomatic assistance (diplomatic recognition) to the government on December 27, 1945. Prime Minister Georgiev formed a communist-dominated government on March 31, 1946. The British government imposed diplomatic sanctions (diplomatic non-recognition) against the government of Prime Minister Georgiev on April 2, 1946. A majority of Bulgarians voted to abolish the monarchy in a referendum on September 8, 1946, and King Symeon II went into exile in Egypt on September 9, 1946. The Bulgarian Republic was proclaimed on September 15, 1946. Elections for the National Assembly (Sobranje) were held on October 27, 1946, and the FF won 366 out of 465 seats. Georgi Dimitrov formed a government on November 22, 1946. The British government provided diplomatic assistance (diplomatic recognition) to the government of Prime Minister Dimitrov on February 12, 1947.”
"10. Bulgaria (1908-present)". University of Central Arkansas. Archived from the original on 2025-09-20. Retrieved 2025-09-20. - ↑ Mariya Cheresheva (2017-11-10). "Bulgaria Marks 28 Years Since Fall of Communism" Balkan Insight. Archived from the original on 2025-09-20. Retrieved 2025-09-20.
- ↑ “On January 11, 1946 the Constituent Assembly proclaimed Albania a People's Republic”
Enver Hoxha (1946-03-24). "Program of the First Government of the People's Republic of Albania Presented to the People's Assembly of the PRA" Archived from the original on 2025-09-20. Retrieved 2025-09-20. - ↑ "Collapse of communism". Britannica. Archived from the original on 2025-09-20. Retrieved 2025-09-20.
- ↑ “The constitution adopted by the communists introduces a new name for the Polish state, the Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL), which replaces the previously used Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska).”
"Brief History of Poland". Institute of National Remembrance. Archived from the original on 2025-09-20. Retrieved 2025-09-20.