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{{Infobox country|name=Republic of Indonesia|native_name=Republik Indonesia|population_estimate= | {{Infobox country|name=Republic of Indonesia|native_name=Republik Indonesia|image_flag=Flag of Indonesia.svg|population_estimate=284,438,782|population_estimate_year=2025|population_census=270,203,917|population_census_year=2020|currency=Indonesian rupiah (Rp)|currency_code=IDR|calling_code=+62|iso3166code=ID|cctld=.id|area_km2=1,904,569|image_coat=National emblem of Indonesia.svg|capital=Jakarta|largest_city=Jakarta|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary presidential republic under a [[dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]]|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Prabowo Subianto]]|leader_title2=Vice President|leader_name2=[[Gibran Rakabuming Raka]]|image_map=Indonesia map.png|map_width=290|official_languages=Indonesian|regional_languages=718 languages|demonym=Indonesian}} | ||
'''Indonesia''', officially the '''Republic of Indonesia''', is an | '''Indonesia''', officially the '''Republic of Indonesia''', is an archipelagic state in [[Southeast Asia]] located between the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] Oceans. Comprising over 17,000 islands, the most major ones being [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Sulawesi]], and parts of [[Borneo]] and [[New Guinea]], Indonesia is the 14th-largest country by area. It shares land borders with [[Independent State of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]], [[Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste]], and [[Malaysia]], and maritime borders with many more. Indonesia is the world's fourth-most-populous country and the largest majority [[Islam|Muslim]] state in the world. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
=== Dutch colonialism === | |||
The [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Slavery|enslaved]] people from Celebes, imprisoned them in secret dungeons, and then sent them to Java. From 1750 to 1811, the population of Banjuwangi in Java dropped from 80,000 to 18,000.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=What Is Liberalism?|page=20–21|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref> | |||
=== Sukarno government - Old Order Era (1945-1967) === | |||
In 1948, during negotiations with the Dutch, the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]] (PKI) attempted a revolution. The army killed many of the PKI's leaders and jailed about 36,000 people. | |||
President [[Sukarno]] tried to form an alliance between the PKI and his [[Nationalism|nationalist]] movement. In 1957, he declared martial law to prevent a communist revolution because 30% of soldiers were in the PKI.<ref name=":12222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Bali|page=|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref><sup>:152–3</sup> | |||
=== Mass killings === | === Mass killings === | ||
In October 1965, General [[Suharto]] accused the | In October 1965, General [[Suharto]] accused the PKI of organizing a coup attempt after the death of six generals.<ref>{{News citation|author=Vincent Bevins|newspaper=The Atlantic|title=What the United States Did in Indonesia|date=2017-10-20|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411204844/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/|archive-date=2022-04-11|retrieved=2022-05-07}}</ref> He overthrew [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]] president Sukarno with [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]], [[Australia|Australian]], and [[United States of America|Statesian]] support<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=Independent|title=Suharto: 'One of the greatest mass murderers of the 20th century'|date=2008-02-03|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/suharto-one-of-the-greatest-mass-murderers-of-the-20th-century-777103.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909040710/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/suharto-one-greatest-mass-murderers-20th-century-777103.html|archive-date=2021-09-09|retrieved=2022-05-07}}</ref> and began mass executions of [[Communism|communists]] and suspected [[Left-wing politics|leftists]]. The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] provided lists of thousands of suspected communists to Suharto.<ref>{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=Introduction|page=41|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref> Trade unionists and ethnic Chinese were also targeted.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Human Rights Watch|title=Indonesia: US Documents Released on 1965-66 Massacres|date=2017-10-18|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/18/indonesia-us-documents-released-1965-66-massacres#|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324004448/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/18/indonesia-us-documents-released-1965-66-massacres|archive-date=2022-03-24|retrieved=2022-05-07}}</ref> | ||
=== Invasion of East Timor === | The military killed up to two million people, including 8% of the population of Bali. [[D. N. Aidit]], the leader of the PKI, was murdered while trying to escape to Yogyakarta.<ref name=":12222" /><sup>:154</sup> | ||
In 1975, one day after U.S. President [[Gerald Ford]] and Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] finished their visit to Indonesia, Suharto began an invasion of | |||
=== Suharto Government - New Order Era (1967-1998) === | |||
==== Invasion of East Timor (1975) ==== | |||
In 1975, one day after U.S. President [[Gerald Ford]] and Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] finished their visit to Indonesia, Suharto began an invasion of East Timor. Indonesian forces overthrew East Timor's government and killed 100,000 to 200,000 people out of a total population of 600,000.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=1995|title=Against Empire|chapter=Imperial Domination Updated|section=With Rational Violence|page=16|pdf=http://uploads.worldlibrary.org/uploads/pdf/20180112220352parenti_against_empire.pdf}}</ref> The CIA stated that this may not have been possible without U.S. support. Suharto ruled until 1998.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:Indonesia| ]] | |||
[[Category:Asian countries]] | |||
[[Category:BRICS]] | |||
[[Category:Countries]] | [[Category:Countries]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]] | ||
[[Category:Former Dutch colonies]] | |||
[[Category:Global south]] | [[Category:Global south]] | ||
<references /> | |||
[[Category:Member states of ASEAN]] | |||
Latest revision as of 10:10, 16 January 2026
| Republic of Indonesia Republik Indonesia | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |
 | |
| Capital and largest city | Jakarta |
| Official languages | Indonesian |
| Recognised regional languages | 718 languages |
| Demonym(s) | Indonesian |
| Dominant mode of production | Capitalism |
| Government | Unitary presidential republic under a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie |
• President | Prabowo Subianto |
• Vice President | Gibran Rakabuming Raka |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,904,569 km² |
| Population | |
• 2025 estimate | 284,438,782 |
• 2020 census | 270,203,917 |
| Currency | Indonesian rupiah (Rp) (IDR) |
| Calling code | +62 |
| ISO 3166 code | ID |
| Internet TLD | .id |
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is an archipelagic state in Southeast Asia located between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Comprising over 17,000 islands, the most major ones being Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea, Indonesia is the 14th-largest country by area. It shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste, and Malaysia, and maritime borders with many more. Indonesia is the world's fourth-most-populous country and the largest majority Muslim state in the world.
History[edit | edit source]
Dutch colonialism[edit | edit source]
The Dutch enslaved people from Celebes, imprisoned them in secret dungeons, and then sent them to Java. From 1750 to 1811, the population of Banjuwangi in Java dropped from 80,000 to 18,000.[1]
Sukarno government - Old Order Era (1945-1967)[edit | edit source]
In 1948, during negotiations with the Dutch, the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) attempted a revolution. The army killed many of the PKI's leaders and jailed about 36,000 people.
President Sukarno tried to form an alliance between the PKI and his nationalist movement. In 1957, he declared martial law to prevent a communist revolution because 30% of soldiers were in the PKI.[2]:152–3
Mass killings[edit | edit source]
In October 1965, General Suharto accused the PKI of organizing a coup attempt after the death of six generals.[3] He overthrew non-aligned president Sukarno with British, Australian, and Statesian support[4] and began mass executions of communists and suspected leftists. The CIA provided lists of thousands of suspected communists to Suharto.[5] Trade unionists and ethnic Chinese were also targeted.[6]
The military killed up to two million people, including 8% of the population of Bali. D. N. Aidit, the leader of the PKI, was murdered while trying to escape to Yogyakarta.[2]:154
Suharto Government - New Order Era (1967-1998)[edit | edit source]
Invasion of East Timor (1975)[edit | edit source]
In 1975, one day after U.S. President Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger finished their visit to Indonesia, Suharto began an invasion of East Timor. Indonesian forces overthrew East Timor's government and killed 100,000 to 200,000 people out of a total population of 600,000.[7] The CIA stated that this may not have been possible without U.S. support. Suharto ruled until 1998.[4]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Domenico Losurdo (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History: 'What Is Liberalism?' (pp. 20–21). [PDF] Verso. ISBN 9781844676934 [LG]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'Bali'. [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]
- ↑ Vincent Bevins (2017-10-20). "What the United States Did in Indonesia" The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Suharto: 'One of the greatest mass murderers of the 20th century'" (2008-02-03). Independent. Archived from the original on 2021-09-09. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
- ↑ Austin Murphy (2000). The Triumph of Evil: 'Introduction' (p. 41). [PDF] European Press Academic Publishing. ISBN 8883980026
- ↑ "Indonesia: US Documents Released on 1965-66 Massacres" (2017-10-18). Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 2022-03-24. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
- ↑ Michael Parenti (1995). Against Empire: 'Imperial Domination Updated; With Rational Violence' (p. 16). [PDF]