Vietnam War - Revision history

Jadenw815 at 04:27, 12 July 2026

2026-07-12T04:27:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:27, 12 July 2026
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	[[File:Liberation of Saigon.png\|thumb\|The last [[United States of America\|U.S.]] occupation forces fleeing Saigon (now [[Ho Chi Minh City]]) in 1975]]		[[File:Liberation of Saigon.png\|thumb\|The last [[United States of America\|U.S.]] occupation forces fleeing Saigon (now [[Ho Chi Minh City]]) in 1975]]
	The '''Vietnam War''' (''Chiến tranh Việt Nam''), also known as the '''Second Indochina War''' or the '''Resistance War against the United States''' (''Kháng chiến chống Mỹ''), was a military conflict between the [[United States of America\|United States]], [[Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)\|South Vietnam]], and their allies, and [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945–1975)\|North Vietnam]] and its allies. The war began shortly after the division of Vietnam in 1954 as per the [[1954 Geneva Conference\|Geneva Conference]] and lasted until the [[Liberation of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Charles G. Boyd\|year=1998\|title=The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=Washington, DC\|publisher=The Nixon Center\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/paris.htm\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> The United States entered the war directly in 1964 under false pretenses, namely the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]], a false-flag attack on Statesian ships.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Andrew Glass\|date=2016-08-07\|title=Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug. 7, 1964\|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/congress-approves-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-aug-7-1964-226732\|newspaper=Politico\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref> In total, the war killed three million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians<ref>{{Citation\|author=Ziad Obermeyer, et al.\|year=2008\|title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=British Medical Journal\|isbn=\|doi=10.1136/bmj.a137\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905/\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> and cost the USA between 700 billion and 1 trillion USD.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=Overkill\|page=65–74}}</ref>		The '''Vietnam War''' (''Chiến tranh Việt Nam''), also known as the '''Second Indochina War''' or the '''Resistance War against the United States''' (''Kháng chiến chống Mỹ''), was a military conflict between the [[United States of America\|United States]], [[Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)\|South Vietnam]], and their allies, and the free [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945–1975)\|North Vietnam]] and its allies. The war began shortly after the division of Vietnam in 1954 as per the [[1954 Geneva Conference\|Geneva Conference]] and lasted until the [[Liberation of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Charles G. Boyd\|year=1998\|title=The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=Washington, DC\|publisher=The Nixon Center\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/paris.htm\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> The United States entered the war directly in 1964 under false pretenses, namely the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]], a false-flag attack on Statesian ships.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Andrew Glass\|date=2016-08-07\|title=Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug. 7, 1964\|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/congress-approves-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-aug-7-1964-226732\|newspaper=Politico\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref> In total, the war killed three million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians<ref>{{Citation\|author=Ziad Obermeyer, et al.\|year=2008\|title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=British Medical Journal\|isbn=\|doi=10.1136/bmj.a137\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905/\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> and cost the USA between 700 billion and 1 trillion USD.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=Overkill\|page=65–74}}</ref>

	== Background ==		== Background ==

185.203.219.65 at 21:04, 16 November 2025

2025-11-16T21:04:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:04, 16 November 2025
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	== U.S. war crimes ==		== U.S. war crimes ==
	From 1967 to 1972, the [[Central Intelligence Agency\|CIA]] helped South Vietnam identify and kill suspected communist guerrillas as part of the [[Phoenix Program]], causing at least 26,000 deaths.{{~~Citation needed~~}}		From 1967 to 1972, the [[Central Intelligence Agency\|CIA]] helped South Vietnam identify and kill suspected communist guerrillas as part of the [[Phoenix Program]], causing at least 26,000 deaths.<ref>{{Library citation\|link=https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Library:Killing_Hope\|quote=Phoenix was a coordinated effort of the United States and South Vietnam to wipe out this infrastructure. Under the program, Vietnamese citizens were rounded up and jailed, often in tiger cages, often tortured, often killed, either in the process of being arrested or subsequently. By Colby's records, during the period between early 1968 and May 1971, 20,587 alleged Vietcong cadres met their death as a result of the Phoenix Program.}}</ref>

	Many commanders did not understand the [[Geneva Convention]] and believed they could legally kill or torture POWs. 60% of officers surveyed in 1969 said they would use or threaten torture, and 25% of lieutenants and warrant officers believed they could legally execute civilians for spying.<ref name=":12">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=The Massacre at Trieu Ai\|page=25–36}}</ref> A postwar survey of U.S. generals found that only 19% believed the [[rules of engagement]] were carefully followed.<ref name=":122" />		Many commanders did not understand the [[Geneva Convention]] and believed they could legally kill or torture POWs. 60% of officers surveyed in 1969 said they would use or threaten torture, and 25% of lieutenants and warrant officers believed they could legally execute civilians for spying.<ref name=":12">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=The Massacre at Trieu Ai\|page=25–36}}</ref> A postwar survey of U.S. generals found that only 19% believed the [[rules of engagement]] were carefully followed.<ref name=":122" />
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	=== Chemical weapons ===		=== Chemical weapons ===
	The USA, as part of [[Operation Ranch Hand]], used [[Agent Orange]], a chemical weapon, over vast areas of jungle in Vietnam. The government of Vietnam states that 4 million people were exposed to the agent most of whom suffered life long illnesses and some of whom suffered birth defects.{{~~Citation needed~~}} The USA used millions of gallons of chemical defoliants and millions of pounds of chemical gases.<ref name=":1222" />		The USA, as part of [[Operation Ranch Hand]], used [[Agent Orange]], a chemical weapon, over vast areas of jungle in Vietnam.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Anuva Goel\|year=2022\|title=Agent Orange Reviewed: Potential Role in Peripheral Neuropathy and Neurodegeneration\|title-url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9920643/\|chapter=Agent Orange-The Back Story\|chapter-url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9920643/#S1\|quote=In 1962, the U.S. Air Force initiated the Rainbow Herbicide (green, pink, purple, blue, white orange) spraying missions in South Vietnam. Agent Orange was introduced in 1965 and its use increased between 1966 and 1969. However, reports linking Agent Orange to birth defects (1) halted its use by April, 1970. C-123 aircraft were used for Agent Orange spraying missions because they achieved rapid, broad and intense coverage, i. e. 3 gallons per acre over 340 acres within just a few minutes (1). It is estimated that over eleven million gallons of Agent Orange were sprayed via Operation Ranch Hand, accounting for over 60% of the total recorded herbicide applications during the Vietnam War (1). Between 1965 and 1971, when most of the spraying occurred, 10% of South Vietnam was sprayed once, while 30% or more of the region was sprayed repeatedly (1). After the spraying program was terminated, the nearly 2.2 million remaining gallons of Agent Orange were either incinerated at sea or deposited on Johnston Island, an atoll in the Pacific Ocean.\|pdf=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9920643/pdf/nihms-1869478.pdf}}</ref> The government of Vietnam states that 4 million people were exposed to the agent most of whom suffered life long illnesses and some of whom suffered birth defects.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Ben Stocking\|newspaper=The Washington Post\|title=Agent Orange Still Haunts Vietnam, US\|date=2007-06-14\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/14/AR2007061401077.html\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423062058/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/14/AR2007061401077.html\|archive-date=2017-04-23\|retrieved=2025-11-16\|quote=Vietnam says up to 3 million of its 84 million people have birth defects or other health problems related to dioxin.}}</ref> The USA used millions of gallons of chemical defoliants and millions of pounds of chemical gases.<ref name=":1222" />

	Agent Orange was produced by the [[Dow Chemical\|Dow Chemical Company]] and the [[Monsanto\|Monsanto Company,]] as well as others.{{~~Citation needed~~}}		Agent Orange was produced by the [[Dow Chemical\|Dow Chemical Company]] and the [[Monsanto\|Monsanto Company,]] as well as others.<ref>{{Web citation\|newspaper=Agent Orange Record\|title=Manufacturing Sites\|url=https://agentorangerecord.com/manufacturing-sites/\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921161821/https://agentorangerecord.com/manufacturing-sites/\|archive-date=2020-09-21\|retrieved=2025-11-16\|quote=For the war effort, the US military procured over 20 million gallons of Agent Orange (a roughly fifty-fifty mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T), primarily from nine different companies:

			* Dow Chemical, in Midland MI
			* Monsanto, in Nitro, WV
			* Diamond Alkali/Shamrock, in Newark, NJ
			* Hercules, in Jacksonville, AR
			* Thompson-Hayward Chemical, in Kansas City, KS
			* US Rubber Company/Uniroyal, in Elmira, Ontario
			* Thomson Chemical Corporation, in St Louis, MO
			* Hoffman-Taff Inc, in Verona, MO
			* Agrisect}}</ref>

	==== Napalm ====		==== Napalm ====
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	=== Imperialist forces ===		=== Imperialist forces ===
	The USA lost 58,000 soldiers in Southeast Asia and 75,000 more became severely disabled. 254,000 ~~south~~ Vietnamese soldiers died and 783,000 were wounded.<ref name=":1" />		The USA lost 58,000 soldiers in Southeast Asia and 75,000 more became severely disabled. 254,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died and 783,000 were wounded.<ref name=":1" />

	=== Revolutionary forces ===		=== Revolutionary forces ===

CriticalResist at 08:48, 5 September 2023

2023-09-05T08:48:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:48, 5 September 2023
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	[[File:Liberation of Saigon.png\|thumb\|The last [[United States of America\|U.S.]] occupation forces fleeing Saigon (now [[Ho Chi Minh City]]) in 1975]]		[[File:Liberation of Saigon.png\|thumb\|The last [[United States of America\|U.S.]] occupation forces fleeing Saigon (now [[Ho Chi Minh City]]) in 1975]]
	The '''Vietnam War''' (''Chiến tranh Việt Nam''), also known as the '''Second Indochina War''' or the '''Resistance War against the United States''' (''Kháng chiến chống Mỹ''), was a military conflict between the [[United States of America\|United States]], [[Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)\|South Vietnam]], and their allies, and [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945–1975)\|North Vietnam]] and its allies. The war began shortly after the division of Vietnam in 1954 as per the [[1954 Geneva Conference\|Geneva Conference]] and lasted until the [[Liberation of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Charles G. Boyd\|year=1998\|title=The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=Washington, DC\|publisher=The Nixon Center\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/paris.htm\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> The United States entered the war directly in 1964 under false pretenses, namely the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]], a false-flag attack on Statesian ships.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Andrew Glass\|date=2016-08-07\|title=Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug. 7, 1964\|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/congress-approves-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-aug-7-1964-226732\|newspaper=Politico\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref> In total, the war killed three million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians<ref>{{Citation\|author=Ziad Obermeyer, et al.\|year=2008\|title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=British Medical Journal\|isbn=\|doi=10.1136/bmj.a137\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905/\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> and cost the USA between $700 billion and $1 trillion.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=Overkill\|page=65–74}}</ref>		The '''Vietnam War''' (''Chiến tranh Việt Nam''), also known as the '''Second Indochina War''' or the '''Resistance War against the United States''' (''Kháng chiến chống Mỹ''), was a military conflict between the [[United States of America\|United States]], [[Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)\|South Vietnam]], and their allies, and [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945–1975)\|North Vietnam]] and its allies. The war began shortly after the division of Vietnam in 1954 as per the [[1954 Geneva Conference\|Geneva Conference]] and lasted until the [[Liberation of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Charles G. Boyd\|year=1998\|title=The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=Washington, DC\|publisher=The Nixon Center\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/paris.htm\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> The United States entered the war directly in 1964 under false pretenses, namely the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]], a false-flag attack on Statesian ships.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Andrew Glass\|date=2016-08-07\|title=Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug. 7, 1964\|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/congress-approves-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-aug-7-1964-226732\|newspaper=Politico\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref> In total, the war killed three million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians<ref>{{Citation\|author=Ziad Obermeyer, et al.\|year=2008\|title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=British Medical Journal\|isbn=\|doi=10.1136/bmj.a137\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905/\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> and cost the USA between 700 billion and 1 trillion USD.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=Overkill\|page=65–74}}</ref>

	== Background ==		== Background ==

CriticalResist at 08:48, 5 September 2023

2023-09-05T08:48:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:48, 5 September 2023
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	[[File:Liberation of Saigon.png\|thumb\|The last [[United States of America\|U.S.]] occupation forces fleeing Saigon (now [[Ho Chi Minh City]]) in 1975]]		[[File:Liberation of Saigon.png\|thumb\|The last [[United States of America\|U.S.]] occupation forces fleeing Saigon (now [[Ho Chi Minh City]]) in 1975]]
	The '''Vietnam War''' (''Chiến tranh Việt Nam''), also known as the '''Second Indochina War''' or the '''Resistance War against the United States''' (''Kháng chiến chống Mỹ''), was a military conflict between the [[United States of America\|United States]], [[Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)\|South Vietnam]], and their allies, and [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945–1975)\|North Vietnam]] and its allies. The war began shortly after the division of Vietnam in 1954 as per the [[1954 Geneva Conference\|Geneva Conference]] and lasted until the [[Liberation of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Charles G. Boyd\|year=1998\|title=The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=Washington, DC\|publisher=The Nixon Center\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/paris.htm\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> The United States entered the war directly in 1964 under false pretenses, namely the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]], a false-flag attack on ~~American~~ ships.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Andrew Glass\|date=2016-08-07\|title=Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug. 7, 1964\|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/congress-approves-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-aug-7-1964-226732\|newspaper=Politico\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref> In total, the war killed three million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians<ref>{{Citation\|author=Ziad Obermeyer, et al.\|year=2008\|title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=British Medical Journal\|isbn=\|doi=10.1136/bmj.a137\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905/\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> and cost the USA between $700 billion and $1 trillion.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=Overkill\|page=65–74}}</ref>		The '''Vietnam War''' (''Chiến tranh Việt Nam''), also known as the '''Second Indochina War''' or the '''Resistance War against the United States''' (''Kháng chiến chống Mỹ''), was a military conflict between the [[United States of America\|United States]], [[Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)\|South Vietnam]], and their allies, and [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945–1975)\|North Vietnam]] and its allies. The war began shortly after the division of Vietnam in 1954 as per the [[1954 Geneva Conference\|Geneva Conference]] and lasted until the [[Liberation of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Charles G. Boyd\|year=1998\|title=The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=Washington, DC\|publisher=The Nixon Center\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/paris.htm\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> The United States entered the war directly in 1964 under false pretenses, namely the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]], a false-flag attack on Statesian ships.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Andrew Glass\|date=2016-08-07\|title=Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug. 7, 1964\|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/congress-approves-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-aug-7-1964-226732\|newspaper=Politico\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref> In total, the war killed three million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians<ref>{{Citation\|author=Ziad Obermeyer, et al.\|year=2008\|title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=British Medical Journal\|isbn=\|doi=10.1136/bmj.a137\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905/\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> and cost the USA between $700 billion and $1 trillion.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=Overkill\|page=65–74}}</ref>

	== Background ==		== Background ==

Ledlecreeper27 at 16:52, 14 July 2023

2023-07-14T16:52:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:52, 14 July 2023
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	== References ==		== References ==
	~~[[Category:Wars]]~~
	<references />		<references />
	[[Category:History of Vietnam]]		[[Category:History of Vietnam]]
			[[Category:Wars started by the USA]]

Ledlecreeper27: Bombing

2023-04-09T16:50:49Z

Bombing

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:50, 9 April 2023
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	[[File:Liberation of Saigon.png\|thumb\|The last [[United States of America\|U.S.]] occupation forces fleeing Saigon (now [[Ho Chi Minh City]]) in 1975]]		[[File:Liberation of Saigon.png\|thumb\|The last [[United States of America\|U.S.]] occupation forces fleeing Saigon (now [[Ho Chi Minh City]]) in 1975]]
	The '''Vietnam War''' (''Chiến tranh Việt Nam''), also known as the '''Second Indochina War''' or the '''Resistance War against the United States''' (''Kháng chiến chống Mỹ''), was a military conflict between the [[United States of America\|United States]], [[Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)\|South Vietnam]], and their allies, and [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945–1975)\|North Vietnam]] and its allies. The war began shortly after the division of Vietnam in 1954 as per the [[1954 Geneva Conference\|Geneva Conference]] and lasted until the [[Liberation of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Charles G. Boyd\|year=1998\|title=The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=Washington, DC\|publisher=The Nixon Center\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/paris.htm\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> The United States entered the war directly in 1964 under false pretenses, namely the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]], a false-flag attack on American ships.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Andrew Glass\|date=2016-08-07\|title=Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug. 7, 1964\|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/congress-approves-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-aug-7-1964-226732\|newspaper=Politico\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref> In total, the war killed three million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians<ref>{{Citation\|author=Ziad Obermeyer, et al.\|year=2008\|title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=British Medical Journal\|isbn=\|doi=10.1136/bmj.a137\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905/\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> and cost the USA between $700 billion and $1 trillion.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=Overkill\|page=~~65–70~~}}</ref>		The '''Vietnam War''' (''Chiến tranh Việt Nam''), also known as the '''Second Indochina War''' or the '''Resistance War against the United States''' (''Kháng chiến chống Mỹ''), was a military conflict between the [[United States of America\|United States]], [[Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)\|South Vietnam]], and their allies, and [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945–1975)\|North Vietnam]] and its allies. The war began shortly after the division of Vietnam in 1954 as per the [[1954 Geneva Conference\|Geneva Conference]] and lasted until the [[Liberation of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Charles G. Boyd\|year=1998\|title=The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=Washington, DC\|publisher=The Nixon Center\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/paris.htm\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> The United States entered the war directly in 1964 under false pretenses, namely the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]], a false-flag attack on American ships.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Andrew Glass\|date=2016-08-07\|title=Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug. 7, 1964\|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/congress-approves-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-aug-7-1964-226732\|newspaper=Politico\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref> In total, the war killed three million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians<ref>{{Citation\|author=Ziad Obermeyer, et al.\|year=2008\|title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=British Medical Journal\|isbn=\|doi=10.1136/bmj.a137\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905/\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> and cost the USA between $700 billion and $1 trillion.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=Overkill\|page=65–74}}</ref>

	== Background ==		== Background ==
Line 45:		Line 45:
	Between 1965 and 1968, the U.S. dropped an average of 32 tons of bombs per hour on North Vietnam. The total explosive power of the U.S. bombs in all of Southeast Asia was equivalent to 640 Hiroshima-sized atomic bombs, but most of the bombs were used on the south. The most heavily bombed province was Quảng Trị, whose capital district had 3,000 bombs per km<sup>2</sup>. Only 11 of the province's 3,500 villages avoided bombings.		Between 1965 and 1968, the U.S. dropped an average of 32 tons of bombs per hour on North Vietnam. The total explosive power of the U.S. bombs in all of Southeast Asia was equivalent to 640 Hiroshima-sized atomic bombs, but most of the bombs were used on the south. The most heavily bombed province was Quảng Trị, whose capital district had 3,000 bombs per km<sup>2</sup>. Only 11 of the province's 3,500 villages avoided bombings.

	~~On 17 March 1965~~, ~~a U.S~~. ~~air strike killed 45 civilians, including 37 children~~, ~~in Mân Quang~~.		Between 1964 and 1971, the USA ordered 37 million BLU-3 bomblets, each with 250 steel pellets, and 285 million CBU-24 bombs, each with over 600 smaller cluster bombs inside them, between 1966 and 1971. A single CBU-24 bomb could release 200,000 steel fragments.<ref name=":1222" />

	The bombing of Làng Vây on 2 March 1967 killed at least 100 civilians and wounded 175 more.<ref name=":1222" />		==== Villages destroyed ====

			* On 17 March 1965, a U.S. air strike killed 45 civilians, including 37 children, in Mân Quang.
			* The bombing of Làng Vây on 2 March 1967 killed at least 100 civilians and wounded 175 more.
			* In April 1967, a U.S. F-100 Supersabre bombed the town of Trúc Giang and a nearby village, killing 14 people and wounding 25.
			* In February 1968, a B-52 bomber destroyed the village of Nhị Bình in Gia Định Province, killing 200 civilians and wounding 70.
			* On 8 August 1968, the USA destroyed the village of Cái Răng, killing 72 people and injuring over 200.
			* On 26 February 1969, U.S. and RVA planes, helicopters, and artillery bombed the village of Tân Hiệp in Biên Hòa Province, killing 10 civilians and wiping out the village's livestock.<ref name=":1222" />

	=== Chemical weapons ===		=== Chemical weapons ===
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	==== Napalm ====		==== Napalm ====
	The USA used 400,000 tons of [[napalm]] in Southeast Asia. It killed most of its victims, including 35% within 15–20 minutes. 62% died before their wounds had time to heal.<ref name=":1222" />		The USA used 400,000 tons of [[napalm]] in Southeast Asia. It killed most of its victims, including 35% within 15–20 minutes. 62% died before their wounds had time to heal.<ref name=":1222" />

			==== White phosphorus ====
			White phosphorus spontaneously combusts when exposed to air and burns until its oxygen supply runs out. The U.S. Air Force used over three million white phosphorus rockets throughout the war, and the U.S. military bought 379 white phosphorus grenades in 1969 alone.<ref name=":1222" />

	=== Operation Sunrise ===		=== Operation Sunrise ===

Ledlecreeper27: /* Bombing */

2023-04-09T16:21:31Z

Bombing

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:21, 9 April 2023
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	[[File:Liberation of Saigon.png\|thumb\|The last [[United States of America\|U.S.]] occupation forces fleeing Saigon (now [[Ho Chi Minh City]]) in 1975]]		[[File:Liberation of Saigon.png\|thumb\|The last [[United States of America\|U.S.]] occupation forces fleeing Saigon (now [[Ho Chi Minh City]]) in 1975]]
	The '''Vietnam War''' (''Chiến tranh Việt Nam''), also known as the '''Second Indochina War''' or the '''Resistance War against the United States''' (''Kháng chiến chống Mỹ''), was a military conflict between the [[United States of America\|United States]], [[Republic of Vietnam\|South Vietnam]], and their allies, and [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam\|North Vietnam]] and its allies. The war began shortly after the division of Vietnam in 1954 as per the [[1954 Geneva Conference\|Geneva Conference]] and lasted until the [[Liberation of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Charles G. Boyd\|year=1998\|title=The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=Washington, DC\|publisher=The Nixon Center\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/paris.htm\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> The United States entered the war directly in 1964 under false pretenses, namely the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]], a false-flag attack on American ships.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Andrew Glass\|date=2016-08-07\|title=Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug. 7, 1964\|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/congress-approves-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-aug-7-1964-226732\|newspaper=Politico\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref> In total, the war killed three million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians<ref>{{Citation\|author=Ziad Obermeyer, et al.\|year=2008\|title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=British Medical Journal\|isbn=\|doi=10.1136/bmj.a137\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905/\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> and cost the USA between $700 billion and $1 trillion.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=Overkill\|page=~~65–67~~}}</ref>		The '''Vietnam War''' (''Chiến tranh Việt Nam''), also known as the '''Second Indochina War''' or the '''Resistance War against the United States''' (''Kháng chiến chống Mỹ''), was a military conflict between the [[United States of America\|United States]], [[Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)\|South Vietnam]], and their allies, and [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945–1975)\|North Vietnam]] and its allies. The war began shortly after the division of Vietnam in 1954 as per the [[1954 Geneva Conference\|Geneva Conference]] and lasted until the [[Liberation of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Charles G. Boyd\|year=1998\|title=The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=Washington, DC\|publisher=The Nixon Center\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/paris.htm\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> The United States entered the war directly in 1964 under false pretenses, namely the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]], a false-flag attack on American ships.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Andrew Glass\|date=2016-08-07\|title=Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug. 7, 1964\|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/congress-approves-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-aug-7-1964-226732\|newspaper=Politico\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref> In total, the war killed three million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians<ref>{{Citation\|author=Ziad Obermeyer, et al.\|year=2008\|title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=British Medical Journal\|isbn=\|doi=10.1136/bmj.a137\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905/\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> and cost the USA between $700 billion and $1 trillion.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=Overkill\|page=65–70}}</ref>

	== Background ==		== Background ==
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	=== Bombing ===		=== Bombing ===
	Between 1965 and 1968, the U.S. dropped an average of 32 tons of bombs per hour on North Vietnam. The total explosive power of the U.S. bombs in all of Southeast Asia was equivalent to 640 Hiroshima-sized atomic bombs, but most of the bombs were used on the south.<ref name=":1222" />		In 1962, US planes launched 12,000 sorties<ref group="lower-alpha">One sortie is one mission flown by one plane</ref> in South Vietnam. The [[United States Air Force\|U.S.]] and [[South Vietnam Air Force\|South Vietnam Air Forces]] flew 3.4 million sorties across Southeast Asia between 1965 and 1972, with the majority in South Vietnam. B-52 bombers flew 126,615 sorties between 1965 and 1973, often bombing civilian areas.

			Between 1965 and 1968, the U.S. dropped an average of 32 tons of bombs per hour on North Vietnam. The total explosive power of the U.S. bombs in all of Southeast Asia was equivalent to 640 Hiroshima-sized atomic bombs, but most of the bombs were used on the south. The most heavily bombed province was Quảng Trị, whose capital district had 3,000 bombs per km<sup>2</sup>. Only 11 of the province's 3,500 villages avoided bombings.

			On 17 March 1965, a U.S. air strike killed 45 civilians, including 37 children, in Mân Quang.

			The bombing of Làng Vây on 2 March 1967 killed at least 100 civilians and wounded 175 more.<ref name=":1222" />

	=== Chemical weapons ===		=== Chemical weapons ===
	The USA, as part of [[Operation Ranch Hand]], used [[Agent Orange]], a chemical weapon, over vast areas of jungle in Vietnam. The government of Vietnam states that 4 million people were exposed to the agent most of whom suffered life long illnesses and some of whom suffered birth defects.{{Citation needed}} The USA used millions of gallons of chemical defoliants and millions of pounds of chemical gases.<ref name=":1222" />		The USA, as part of [[Operation Ranch Hand]], used [[Agent Orange]], a chemical weapon, over vast areas of jungle in Vietnam. The government of Vietnam states that 4 million people were exposed to the agent most of whom suffered life long illnesses and some of whom suffered birth defects.{{Citation needed}} The USA used millions of gallons of chemical defoliants and millions of pounds of chemical gases.<ref name=":1222" />

	Agent Orange was produced by the [[Dow Chemical\|Dow Chemical Company]] and the [[Monsanto\|Monsanto Company,]] as well as others.		Agent Orange was produced by the [[Dow Chemical\|Dow Chemical Company]] and the [[Monsanto\|Monsanto Company,]] as well as others.{{Citation needed}}

			==== Napalm ====
			The USA used 400,000 tons of [[napalm]] in Southeast Asia. It killed most of its victims, including 35% within 15–20 minutes. 62% died before their wounds had time to heal.<ref name=":1222" />

	=== Operation Sunrise ===		=== Operation Sunrise ===
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	== Legacy ==		== Legacy ==
	In the USA, the Vietnam War was correctly considered a U.S. defeat until [[Ronald Reagan]] rebranded it as a "[[Historical revisionism\|noble cause]]." Historians continue to deny or ignore U.S. war crimes.<ref name=":1" />		In the USA, the Vietnam War was correctly considered a U.S. defeat until [[Ronald Reagan]] rebranded it as a "[[Historical revisionism\|noble cause]]." Historians continue to deny or ignore U.S. war crimes.<ref name=":1" />

			== Notes ==
			<references group="lower-alpha" />

	== References ==		== References ==

Ledlecreeper27: Bombing

2023-04-02T23:31:59Z

Bombing

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:31, 2 April 2023
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	U.S. soldiers killed 63 civilians at Truong Khanh. They reported 13 as enemy KIAs and claimed that 18 more died from airstrikes.<ref name=":122" />		U.S. soldiers killed 63 civilians at Truong Khanh. They reported 13 as enemy KIAs and claimed that 18 more died from airstrikes.<ref name=":122" />

			=== Bombing ===
			Between 1965 and 1968, the U.S. dropped an average of 32 tons of bombs per hour on North Vietnam. The total explosive power of the U.S. bombs in all of Southeast Asia was equivalent to 640 Hiroshima-sized atomic bombs, but most of the bombs were used on the south.<ref name=":1222" />

	=== Chemical weapons ===		=== Chemical weapons ===

Ledlecreeper27: Statistics

2023-04-02T22:15:31Z

Statistics

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:15, 2 April 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:Liberation of Saigon.png\|thumb\|The last [[United States of America\|U.S.]] occupation forces fleeing Saigon (now [[Ho Chi Minh City]]) in 1975]]		[[File:Liberation of Saigon.png\|thumb\|The last [[United States of America\|U.S.]] occupation forces fleeing Saigon (now [[Ho Chi Minh City]]) in 1975]]
	The '''Vietnam War''' (''Chiến tranh Việt Nam''), also known as the '''Second Indochina War''' or the '''Resistance War against the United States''' (''Kháng chiến chống Mỹ''), was a military conflict between the [[United States of America\|United States]], [[Republic of Vietnam\|South Vietnam]], and their allies, and [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam\|North Vietnam]] and its allies. The war began shortly after the division of Vietnam in 1954 as per the [[1954 Geneva Conference\|Geneva Conference]] and lasted until the [[Liberation of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Charles G. Boyd\|year=1998\|title=The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=Washington, DC\|publisher=The Nixon Center\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/paris.htm\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> The United States entered the war directly in 1964 under false pretenses, namely the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]], a false-flag attack on American ships.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Andrew Glass\|date=2016-08-07\|title=Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug. 7, 1964\|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/congress-approves-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-aug-7-1964-226732\|newspaper=Politico\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref> In total, the war killed three million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Ziad Obermeyer, et al.\|year=2008\|title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=British Medical Journal\|isbn=\|doi=10.1136/bmj.a137\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905/\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref>		The '''Vietnam War''' (''Chiến tranh Việt Nam''), also known as the '''Second Indochina War''' or the '''Resistance War against the United States''' (''Kháng chiến chống Mỹ''), was a military conflict between the [[United States of America\|United States]], [[Republic of Vietnam\|South Vietnam]], and their allies, and [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam\|North Vietnam]] and its allies. The war began shortly after the division of Vietnam in 1954 as per the [[1954 Geneva Conference\|Geneva Conference]] and lasted until the [[Liberation of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Charles G. Boyd\|year=1998\|title=The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=Washington, DC\|publisher=The Nixon Center\|isbn=\|doi=\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/paris.htm\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> The United States entered the war directly in 1964 under false pretenses, namely the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]], a false-flag attack on American ships.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Andrew Glass\|date=2016-08-07\|title=Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Aug. 7, 1964\|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/congress-approves-gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-aug-7-1964-226732\|newspaper=Politico\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref> In total, the war killed three million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians<ref>{{Citation\|author=Ziad Obermeyer, et al.\|year=2008\|title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme\|chapter=\|section=\|page=\|quote=\|pdf=\|city=\|publisher=British Medical Journal\|isbn=\|doi=10.1136/bmj.a137\|lg=\|mia=\|title-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905/\|chapter-url=\|trans-title=\|trans-lang=}}</ref> and cost the USA between $700 billion and $1 trillion.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=Overkill\|page=65–67}}</ref>

	== Background ==		== Background ==
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	By June 1967, U.S. troops were spending 86% of their time attempting to draw enemy troops out of hiding to fight them. The Vietnamese rarely fell for such traps and instead lured the U.S. into situations that would be advantageous for the revolutionaries.<ref name=":122" />		By June 1967, U.S. troops were spending 86% of their time attempting to draw enemy troops out of hiding to fight them. The Vietnamese rarely fell for such traps and instead lured the U.S. into situations that would be advantageous for the revolutionaries.<ref name=":122" />

	At the peak of the war in 1969, there were over 540,000 troops in Vietnam in addition to over 100,000 in nearby countries. Soldiers from U.S. satellite states such as [[Commonwealth of Australia\|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], the [[Republic of the Philippines\|Philippines]], [[Kingdom of Thailand\|Thailand]], and [[Republic of Korea\|south Korea]] also participated in the war. The [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam\|south Vietnamese army]] also grew to a force of nearly a million by the end of the war. The United States retreated from Vietnam in early 1973 but continued to support the southern government until its defeat in 1975.<ref name=":1" />		At the peak of the war in 1969, there were over 540,000 troops in Vietnam in addition to over 100,000 in nearby countries. Soldiers from U.S. satellite states such as [[Commonwealth of Australia\|Australia]], [[New Zealand]], the [[Republic of the Philippines\|Philippines]], [[Kingdom of Thailand\|Thailand]], and [[Republic of Korea\|south Korea]] also participated in the war. The [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam\|south Vietnamese army]] also grew to a force of nearly a million by the end of the war.<ref name=":1" /> 37% of the U.S. military budget was spent on Vietnam, and 50% of Marines and 33% of the [[United States Navy\|Navy]] were fighting against Vietnam.<ref name=":1222" /> The United States retreated from Vietnam in early 1973 but continued to support the southern government until its defeat in 1975.<ref name=":1" />

	== U.S. war crimes ==		== U.S. war crimes ==
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	=== Chemical weapons ===		=== Chemical weapons ===
	The USA, as part of [[Operation Ranch Hand]], used [[Agent Orange]], a chemical weapon, over vast areas of jungle in Vietnam. The government of Vietnam states that 4 million people were exposed to the agent most of whom suffered life long illnesses and some of whom suffered birth defects.		The USA, as part of [[Operation Ranch Hand]], used [[Agent Orange]], a chemical weapon, over vast areas of jungle in Vietnam. The government of Vietnam states that 4 million people were exposed to the agent most of whom suffered life long illnesses and some of whom suffered birth defects.{{Citation needed}} The USA used millions of gallons of chemical defoliants and millions of pounds of chemical gases.<ref name=":1222" />

	Agent Orange was produced by the [[Dow Chemical\|Dow Chemical Company]] and the [[Monsanto\|Monsanto Company,]] as well as others.		Agent Orange was produced by the [[Dow Chemical\|Dow Chemical Company]] and the [[Monsanto\|Monsanto Company,]] as well as others.

Ledlecreeper27: War crimes

2023-04-02T20:50:08Z

War crimes

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:50, 2 April 2023
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	Many commanders did not understand the [[Geneva Convention]] and believed they could legally kill or torture POWs. 60% of officers surveyed in 1969 said they would use or threaten torture, and 25% of lieutenants and warrant officers believed they could legally execute civilians for spying.<ref name=":12">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=The Massacre at Trieu Ai\|page=25–36}}</ref> A postwar survey of U.S. generals found that only 19% believed the [[rules of engagement]] were carefully followed.<ref name=":122" />		Many commanders did not understand the [[Geneva Convention]] and believed they could legally kill or torture POWs. 60% of officers surveyed in 1969 said they would use or threaten torture, and 25% of lieutenants and warrant officers believed they could legally execute civilians for spying.<ref name=":12">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=The Massacre at Trieu Ai\|page=25–36}}</ref> A postwar survey of U.S. generals found that only 19% believed the [[rules of engagement]] were carefully followed.<ref name=":122" />

	U.S. officers rewarded soldiers for killing Vietnamese people, and soldiers with high kill counts received rest and recreation passes, extra food and beer, medals, badges, and light duty at base camp. In order to increase their kill count, soldiers often killed prisoners. However, in the event of large massacres, they often reported lower numbers or planted weapons on bodies to avoid suspicion.<ref name=":122">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=A System of Suffering\|page=~~40–50~~}}</ref>		U.S. officers rewarded soldiers for killing Vietnamese people, and soldiers with high kill counts received rest and recreation passes, extra food and beer, medals, badges, and light duty at base camp. In order to increase their kill count, soldiers often killed prisoners. However, in the event of large massacres, they often reported lower numbers or planted weapons on bodies to avoid suspicion.<ref name=":122">{{Citation\|author=Nick Turse\|year=2013\|title=Kill Anything That Moves\|isbn=9780805086911\|city=[[New York City]]\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9C38F09ECE21CCBF99DF72C4C1BC04B8\|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecxjlu6vjw5bpohintus4ozngphwc2eiqgatjl66f5nzjsnh6sx5a?filename=Nick%20Turse%20-%20Kill%20Anything%20That%20Moves_%20The%20Real%20American%20War%20in%20Vietnam-Picador%20USA%20%282013%29.pdf\|chapter=A System of Suffering\|page=40–60}}</ref>

			A 1970 study of refugees in Quảng Nam Province found that 80% of refugees blamed the U.S. and its allies for destroying their villages, 18% blamed firefights between both sides, and only 2% blamed revolutionary forces.<ref name=":122" />

	=== Massacres of civilians ===		=== Massacres of civilians ===
			On 9 July 1965, U.S. forces killed 100 civilians and burned 185 houses on Kỳ Hòa island off the coast Quảng Tín Province.<ref name=":122" />

	On 21 October 1967, Lieutenant [[Robert Maynard]] ordered [[United States Marine Corps\|Marines]] to kill the entire population of Triệu Ái village in Quảng Trị Province following the death of a marine from a trap. Soldiers threw grenades into bomb shelters, burned houses, and killed a total of 12 civilians. Maynard was eventually court-martialed, but only for failing to properly report the incident.<ref name=":12" />		On 21 October 1967, Lieutenant [[Robert Maynard]] ordered [[United States Marine Corps\|Marines]] to kill the entire population of Triệu Ái village in Quảng Trị Province following the death of a marine from a trap. Soldiers threw grenades into bomb shelters, burned houses, and killed a total of 12 civilians. Maynard was eventually court-martialed, but only for failing to properly report the incident.<ref name=":12" />

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	Agent Orange was produced by the [[Dow Chemical\|Dow Chemical Company]] and the [[Monsanto\|Monsanto Company,]] as well as others.		Agent Orange was produced by the [[Dow Chemical\|Dow Chemical Company]] and the [[Monsanto\|Monsanto Company,]] as well as others.

			=== Operation Sunrise ===
			During the 1960s, the U.S. burned many villages (including over a dozen in one week in 1962) and forced their inhabitants into concentration camps. Villagers only received a 24-hour notice, and almost a quarter lost all their possessions. 95% of refugees said their new houses were less comfortable and 87% said their overall lives were worse than in the war zone. Within months, thousands of refugees were starving. The U.S. only spent 0.25% of its war budget on supporting these refugees by 1967, and it continued to drop afterwards.<ref name=":122" />

	== South Korean war crimes ==		== South Korean war crimes ==