Frantz Fanon - Revision history

Verda.Majo: corrected another link

2026-02-07T14:16:46Z

corrected another link

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:16, 7 February 2026
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	{{Infobox person\|name=Frantz Fanon\|image=Frantz_Fanon.png\|birth_date=July 20, 1925\|death_date=December 6, 1961 (aged 36)\|death_cause=Leukemia\|death_place=Bethesda, [[Maryland]], [[USA]]\|birth_place=Fort-de-France, [[Martinique]], French West Indies\|known=''[[Library:Black Skin, White Masks\|Black Skin, White Masks]]'', ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]''}}		{{Infobox person\|name=Frantz Fanon\|image=Frantz_Fanon.png\|birth_date=July 20, 1925\|death_date=December 6, 1961 (aged 36)\|death_cause=Leukemia\|death_place=Bethesda, [[Maryland]], [[USA]]\|birth_place=Fort-de-France, [[Martinique]], French West Indies\|known=''[[Library:Black Skin, White Masks\|Black Skin, White Masks]]'', ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]''}}

	'''Frantz Fanon''' (July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a psychiatrist, [[Anti-colonialism\|anti-colonial]] political theorist, author, and revolutionary from the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Martinique]]. He is the author of various works including ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' (1952) and ''[[Library:The Wretched of the Earth\|The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961).		'''Frantz Fanon''' (July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a psychiatrist, [[Anti-colonialism\|anti-colonial]] political theorist, author, and revolutionary from the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Martinique]]. He is the author of various works including ''[[Library:Black Skin, White Masks\|Black Skin, White Masks]]'' (1952) and ''[[Library:The Wretched of the Earth\|The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961).

	Born as a [[Colonialism\|colonial]] [[French Republic\|French]] subject, he eventually travelled to France for his education in psychiatry.		Born as a [[Colonialism\|colonial]] [[French Republic\|French]] subject, he eventually travelled to France for his education in psychiatry.

Verda.Majo: fixing link to Black Skin, White Masks in the infobox

2026-02-07T04:36:12Z

fixing link to Black Skin, White Masks in the infobox

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:36, 7 February 2026
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	{{Infobox person\|name=Frantz Fanon\|image=Frantz_Fanon.png\|birth_date=July 20, 1925\|death_date=December 6, 1961 (aged 36)\|death_cause=Leukemia\|death_place=Bethesda, [[Maryland]], [[USA]]\|birth_place=Fort-de-France, [[Martinique]], French West Indies\|known=''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'', ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]''}}		{{Infobox person\|name=Frantz Fanon\|image=Frantz_Fanon.png\|birth_date=July 20, 1925\|death_date=December 6, 1961 (aged 36)\|death_cause=Leukemia\|death_place=Bethesda, [[Maryland]], [[USA]]\|birth_place=Fort-de-France, [[Martinique]], French West Indies\|known=''[[Library:Black Skin, White Masks\|Black Skin, White Masks]]'', ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]''}}

	'''Frantz Fanon''' (July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a psychiatrist, [[Anti-colonialism\|anti-colonial]] political theorist, author, and revolutionary from the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Martinique]]. He is the author of various works including ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' (1952) and ''[[Library:The Wretched of the Earth\|The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961).		'''Frantz Fanon''' (July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a psychiatrist, [[Anti-colonialism\|anti-colonial]] political theorist, author, and revolutionary from the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Martinique]]. He is the author of various works including ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' (1952) and ''[[Library:The Wretched of the Earth\|The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961).

General-KJ: Added categories

2026-02-06T15:27:07Z

Added categories

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:27, 6 February 2026
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	{{Infobox person\|name=Frantz Fanon\|image=Frantz_Fanon.png\|birth_date=July 20, 1925\|death_date=December 6, 1961 (aged 36)\|death_cause=Leukemia\|death_place=Bethesda, Maryland, [[USA]]\|birth_place=Fort-de-France, [[Martinique]], French West Indies\|known=''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'', ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]''}}		{{Infobox person\|name=Frantz Fanon\|image=Frantz_Fanon.png\|birth_date=July 20, 1925\|death_date=December 6, 1961 (aged 36)\|death_cause=Leukemia\|death_place=Bethesda, [[Maryland]], [[USA]]\|birth_place=Fort-de-France, [[Martinique]], French West Indies\|known=''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'', ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]''}}

	'''Frantz Fanon''' (July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a psychiatrist, [[Anti-colonialism\|anti-colonial]] political theorist, author, and revolutionary from the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Martinique]]. He is the author of various works including ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' (1952) and ''[[Library:The Wretched of the Earth\|The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961).		'''Frantz Fanon''' (July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a psychiatrist, [[Anti-colonialism\|anti-colonial]] political theorist, author, and revolutionary from the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Martinique]]. He is the author of various works including ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' (1952) and ''[[Library:The Wretched of the Earth\|The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961).
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	== References ==		== References ==
	<references />		<references />
			[[Category:1925 births]]
			[[Category:1961 deaths]]
	[[Category:Revolutionaries]]		[[Category:Revolutionaries]]
	[[Category:Featured page]]		[[Category:Featured page]]

73.64.241.178: spelling error

2025-12-13T02:28:04Z

spelling error

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	=== ''The Wretched of the Earth'' and Death (1961) ===		=== ''The Wretched of the Earth'' and Death (1961) ===
	After an initial checkup in Accra, Fanon travelled to Tunis ~~were~~ he was diagnosed with Leukemia. He was moved to the Soviet Union for treatment at a clinic outside Moscow until early April, but also went back to Tunis as his health slightly improved due to the treatment he recieved there.<ref name=":18" /> Here, he continued to deliver lectures to the [[Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN)]] officers at Ghardimao on the Algerian–Tunisian border.<ref name=":20">{{Citation\|author=David Macey\|year=2012\|title=Frantz Fanon: A Biography\|chapter=The Wretched of the Earth\|page=409-447\|city=London\|publisher=Verso\|lg=http://library.lol/main/178372B05C34D9ED861A2DFE785F473F}}</ref>		After an initial checkup in Accra, Fanon travelled to Tunis where he was diagnosed with Leukemia. He was moved to the Soviet Union for treatment at a clinic outside Moscow until early April, but also went back to Tunis as his health slightly improved due to the treatment he recieved there.<ref name=":18" /> Here, he continued to deliver lectures to the [[Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN)]] officers at Ghardimao on the Algerian–Tunisian border.<ref name=":20">{{Citation\|author=David Macey\|year=2012\|title=Frantz Fanon: A Biography\|chapter=The Wretched of the Earth\|page=409-447\|city=London\|publisher=Verso\|lg=http://library.lol/main/178372B05C34D9ED861A2DFE785F473F}}</ref>

	As his publisher remarks, Fanon’s ''Les Damnés de la terre'' is actually made up of material dictated to his wife in the spring and summer of 1961 during a 10-week period<ref name=":19" />, and supplemented by previously published and reworked material. Less than half the material included in the book was actually produced in 1961. The section on ‘national culture’ is an expanded version of the speech given by Fanon to ''Présence africaine''’s Rome congress at Easter 1959. The final section on ''‘colonial war and mental illness''’ consists mainly of case-notes made in Blida and Tunis between 1954 and 1959, supplemented by a short essay which takes up and revises both Fanon’s 1952 essay on ‘The North-African syndrome’ and his one brief contribution to ''Consciences maghrébines.''<ref name=":20" />		As his publisher remarks, Fanon’s ''Les Damnés de la terre'' is actually made up of material dictated to his wife in the spring and summer of 1961 during a 10-week period<ref name=":19" />, and supplemented by previously published and reworked material. Less than half the material included in the book was actually produced in 1961. The section on ‘national culture’ is an expanded version of the speech given by Fanon to ''Présence africaine''’s Rome congress at Easter 1959. The final section on ''‘colonial war and mental illness''’ consists mainly of case-notes made in Blida and Tunis between 1954 and 1959, supplemented by a short essay which takes up and revises both Fanon’s 1952 essay on ‘The North-African syndrome’ and his one brief contribution to ''Consciences maghrébines.''<ref name=":20" />

Verda.Majo: added links to Library works by Fanon on ProleWiki

2025-08-07T05:14:38Z

added links to Library works by Fanon on ProleWiki

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:14, 7 August 2025
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	* ''Toward the African Revolution'' (1964)		* ''Toward the African Revolution'' (1964)
	* ''Alienation and Freedom'' (2018)		* ''Alienation and Freedom'' (2018)

			== Library works on ProleWiki ==

			* [[:Category:Library works by Frantz Fanon\|List of works by Frantz Fanon on ProleWiki]]
			* [[Library:Black Skin, White Masks\|Black Skin, White Masks]]
			* [[Library:A Dying Colonialism\|A Dying Colonialism]]
			* [[Library:The Wretched of the Earth\|The Wretched of the Earth]]

	== References ==		== References ==

2A09:BAC5:3A23:18C8:0:0:278:3C: Changed a spelling error

2024-10-25T16:57:38Z

Changed a spelling error

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:57, 25 October 2024
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	Fanon was expelled from Algeria shortly after handing in his letter of resignation, in January 1957, and moved to Tunis, Tunesia, where he openly joined the FLN.<ref name=":11" /> His "''Letter of resignation to the Resident Minister''" became an influential text in its own right.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Michael Azar\|newspaper=Eurozine\|title=In the Name of Algeria: Frantz Fanon and the Algerian Revolution\|date=2000-12-06\|url=https://www.eurozine.com/in-the-name-of-algeria/\|retrieved=2023-07-23}}</ref> In it, he writes:<blockquote>"There comes a time when silence becomes dishonesty. The ruling intentions of personal existence are not in accord with the permanent assaults on the most commonplace values. For many months my conscience has been the seat of unpardonable debates. And the conclusion is the determination not to despair of man, in other words, of myself. The decision I have reached is that I cannot continue to bear a responsibility at no matter what cost, on the false pretext that there is nothing else to be done."<ref>{{Citation\|author=Frantz Fanon\|year=1967\|title=Towards the African Revolution\|chapter=Letter to the Resident Minister (1956)\|page=54\|pdf=https://monoskop.org/images/0/05/Fanon_Frantz_Toward_the_African_Revolution_1967.pdf\|city=New York\|publisher=Grove Press\|lg=http://library.lol/main/C8F8C3798A8456BE6DE773A6A2FC6B31}}</ref></blockquote>Josie Fanon gave birth to their first child, Olivier, in 1955.<ref name=":12" />		Fanon was expelled from Algeria shortly after handing in his letter of resignation, in January 1957, and moved to Tunis, Tunesia, where he openly joined the FLN.<ref name=":11" /> His "''Letter of resignation to the Resident Minister''" became an influential text in its own right.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Michael Azar\|newspaper=Eurozine\|title=In the Name of Algeria: Frantz Fanon and the Algerian Revolution\|date=2000-12-06\|url=https://www.eurozine.com/in-the-name-of-algeria/\|retrieved=2023-07-23}}</ref> In it, he writes:<blockquote>"There comes a time when silence becomes dishonesty. The ruling intentions of personal existence are not in accord with the permanent assaults on the most commonplace values. For many months my conscience has been the seat of unpardonable debates. And the conclusion is the determination not to despair of man, in other words, of myself. The decision I have reached is that I cannot continue to bear a responsibility at no matter what cost, on the false pretext that there is nothing else to be done."<ref>{{Citation\|author=Frantz Fanon\|year=1967\|title=Towards the African Revolution\|chapter=Letter to the Resident Minister (1956)\|page=54\|pdf=https://monoskop.org/images/0/05/Fanon_Frantz_Toward_the_African_Revolution_1967.pdf\|city=New York\|publisher=Grove Press\|lg=http://library.lol/main/C8F8C3798A8456BE6DE773A6A2FC6B31}}</ref></blockquote>Josie Fanon gave birth to their first child, Olivier, in 1955.<ref name=":12" />

	=== FLN, Tunisia and ~~Dipolmatic~~ Positions (1956-1961) ===		=== FLN, Tunisia and Diplomatic Positions (1956-1961) ===
	Assisted by the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)\|FLN]] in France and its networks in Italy and Switzerland, Fanon arrived in Tunis in late March, early April 1957. Abbane Ramdane immediately appointed Fanon to the press office that was working out of Tunisia and Morocco, then under the name of ''Résistance algérienne''. The first article appeared in late March and discussed the urban militias that France had implemented in Algeria; the second, published in May, discussed the role of Algerian women in the fight for independence. Fanon also started part-time work as a psychiatrist at the Manouba Hospital, via the intervention of the then Tunisian Minister of Health, Ahmed Ben Salah. Abbane Ramdane restructured the press wing starting June 1957, which included laying the groundwork the launching the ''[[El Moudjahid]]'' as the official organ of the FLN, for which Fanon worked in the editorial staff until 1960. In this time period, he was introduced to [[Engel's]] ''The Role of Violence in History'' (also known as ''The Role of Force in History)''<ref>{{Citation\|author=Friedrich Engels\|year=1896 (written 1887)\|title=The Role of Force in History\|page=453\|city=Marx Engels Collected Work, Volume 26, first published in Die Neue Zeit, 1895-96;\|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1887/role-force/index.htm}}</ref> and ''Anti-Dühring,'' which Fanon recieved mildly''.'' <ref name=":13" /> ''El Moudjahid'' came out in Arabic and French editions; Fanon wrote for the latter. One of the first subjects he was assigned to write about was the French left. His articles contain a critique of the left and the french working class. He e.g. writes:<blockquote>"The generalized, and sometimes truly bloody enthusiasm that has marked the participation of the French workers and peasants in the war against the Algerian people has shaken to its foundations the myth of an effective opposition between the people. and the government. According to a significant statement made by one of the French prime ministers, the Nation has identified itself with its army fighting in Algeria. The war in Algeria is being waged conscientiously by all Frenchmen and the few criticisms expressed up to the present time by a few individuals mention only certain methods which "are precipitating the loss of Algeria." But the colonial reconquest in its essence, the armed expedition, the attempt to throttle the liberty of a people, are not condemned."<ref>{{Citation\|author=Frantz Fanon\|year=1967\|title=Towards an African Revolution\|chapter=Algeria Face to Face with the French Torturers\|page=65-66\|pdf=https://monoskop.org/images/0/05/Fanon_Frantz_Toward_the_African_Revolution_1967.pdf\|city=New York\|publisher=Grove Press}}</ref></blockquote>And further:<blockquote>"In a colonial country, it used to be said, there is a community of interests between the colonized people and the working class of the colonialist country. The history of wars of liberation waged by the colonized peoples is the history of the non-verification of this thesis."<ref name=":14">{{Citation\|author=Frantz Fanon\|year=1967\|title=Towards an African Revolution\|chapter=French Intellectuals and Democrats and the Algerian Revolution\|page=82-88\|pdf=https://monoskop.org/images/0/05/Fanon_Frantz_Toward_the_African_Revolution_1967.pdf\|city=New York\|publisher=Grove Press}}</ref></blockquote>He specifically critiques the [[French Communist Party\|PCF]] and other french communists's position on Algeria:<blockquote>The Communist Left, for its part, while proclaiming the necessity for colonial countries to evolve toward independence, requires the maintenance of special links with France. Such positions clearly manifest that even the so-called extremist parties consider that France has rights in Algeria and that the l ightening of domination does not necessarily imply the disappearance of every link. This mental attitude assumes the guise of a technocratic paternalism, of a disingenuous warning against the danger of regression."<ref name=":14" /></blockquote>The writings he produced in that time are difficult to singularly attibute to Fanon, as they often represented a collective editorial effort (in the French language version, as the journal was bilingual, Fanon contributed). ''El Moudjahid'' also published excerpts of the papers Fanon delivered in Accra at the [[All African Peoples Conference (AAPC)]] in 1958 that he attended, together with Boumendjel and Mostefai, as a member of the Algerian delegation. <ref name=":13" />This was Fanon’s first visit to sub-Saharan Africa and it was occasioned by the All-African People’s Congress, held in Accra from 8 to 12 December 1958. Attended by some 200 delegates from twenty-five countries, the Congress was seen by its organizers as a first step towards a Pan-African Commonwealth of a free and independent United States of Africa.<ref name=":17">{{Citation\|author=David Macey\|year=2012\|title=Frantz Fanon: A Biography\|chapter=We Algerians\|page=339-369\|city=London\|publisher=Verso\|lg=http://library.lol/main/178372B05C34D9ED861A2DFE785F473F}}</ref> He met [[Kwame Nkrumah]], [[Félix Moumié]] from Cameroon, [[Patrice Lumumba]], the Kenyan [[Tom Mboya\|Tom M’Boya]] and the UPA’s [[Álvaro Holden Roberto]] at the 1958 conference.<ref name=":18">{{Citation\|author=David Macey\|year=2012\|title=Frantz Fanon: A Biography\|chapter=The Year of Africa\|page=379-408\|city=London\|publisher=Verso\|lg=http://library.lol/main/178372B05C34D9ED861A2DFE785F473F}}</ref>[[File:FanonConference.png\|thumb\|450x450px\|Frantz Fanon speaking at the [[All African People’s Conference (AAPC)]], which was held in Accra, Ghana, between 5 and 13 December 1958.<ref name=":6">{{Web citation\|author=Hamza Hamouchene\|newspaper=Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE)\|title=Frantz Fanon and the Algerian revolution today\|date=2021-04-06\|url=https://roape.net/2021/05/06/frantz-fanon-and-the-algerian-revolution-today/\|retrieved=2023-07-21}}</ref>]]Fanon’s contributions at the [[Congress of Black Writers and Artists\|Second Congress of Black Writers and Artists]] , held in Rome in April 1959, were also excerpted.<ref name=":13">{{Citation\|author=Alice Cherki\|title=Frantz Fanon: A Portrait\|chapter=Tunis\|page=100-108\|city=Ithaca\|publisher=Cornell University Press\|lg=http://library.lol/main/474EA3AC5AD100264E3B0A321F1135C8}}</ref>		Assisted by the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)\|FLN]] in France and its networks in Italy and Switzerland, Fanon arrived in Tunis in late March, early April 1957. Abbane Ramdane immediately appointed Fanon to the press office that was working out of Tunisia and Morocco, then under the name of ''Résistance algérienne''. The first article appeared in late March and discussed the urban militias that France had implemented in Algeria; the second, published in May, discussed the role of Algerian women in the fight for independence. Fanon also started part-time work as a psychiatrist at the Manouba Hospital, via the intervention of the then Tunisian Minister of Health, Ahmed Ben Salah. Abbane Ramdane restructured the press wing starting June 1957, which included laying the groundwork the launching the ''[[El Moudjahid]]'' as the official organ of the FLN, for which Fanon worked in the editorial staff until 1960. In this time period, he was introduced to [[Engel's]] ''The Role of Violence in History'' (also known as ''The Role of Force in History)''<ref>{{Citation\|author=Friedrich Engels\|year=1896 (written 1887)\|title=The Role of Force in History\|page=453\|city=Marx Engels Collected Work, Volume 26, first published in Die Neue Zeit, 1895-96;\|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1887/role-force/index.htm}}</ref> and ''Anti-Dühring,'' which Fanon recieved mildly''.'' <ref name=":13" /> ''El Moudjahid'' came out in Arabic and French editions; Fanon wrote for the latter. One of the first subjects he was assigned to write about was the French left. His articles contain a critique of the left and the french working class. He e.g. writes:<blockquote>"The generalized, and sometimes truly bloody enthusiasm that has marked the participation of the French workers and peasants in the war against the Algerian people has shaken to its foundations the myth of an effective opposition between the people. and the government. According to a significant statement made by one of the French prime ministers, the Nation has identified itself with its army fighting in Algeria. The war in Algeria is being waged conscientiously by all Frenchmen and the few criticisms expressed up to the present time by a few individuals mention only certain methods which "are precipitating the loss of Algeria." But the colonial reconquest in its essence, the armed expedition, the attempt to throttle the liberty of a people, are not condemned."<ref>{{Citation\|author=Frantz Fanon\|year=1967\|title=Towards an African Revolution\|chapter=Algeria Face to Face with the French Torturers\|page=65-66\|pdf=https://monoskop.org/images/0/05/Fanon_Frantz_Toward_the_African_Revolution_1967.pdf\|city=New York\|publisher=Grove Press}}</ref></blockquote>And further:<blockquote>"In a colonial country, it used to be said, there is a community of interests between the colonized people and the working class of the colonialist country. The history of wars of liberation waged by the colonized peoples is the history of the non-verification of this thesis."<ref name=":14">{{Citation\|author=Frantz Fanon\|year=1967\|title=Towards an African Revolution\|chapter=French Intellectuals and Democrats and the Algerian Revolution\|page=82-88\|pdf=https://monoskop.org/images/0/05/Fanon_Frantz_Toward_the_African_Revolution_1967.pdf\|city=New York\|publisher=Grove Press}}</ref></blockquote>He specifically critiques the [[French Communist Party\|PCF]] and other french communists's position on Algeria:<blockquote>The Communist Left, for its part, while proclaiming the necessity for colonial countries to evolve toward independence, requires the maintenance of special links with France. Such positions clearly manifest that even the so-called extremist parties consider that France has rights in Algeria and that the l ightening of domination does not necessarily imply the disappearance of every link. This mental attitude assumes the guise of a technocratic paternalism, of a disingenuous warning against the danger of regression."<ref name=":14" /></blockquote>The writings he produced in that time are difficult to singularly attibute to Fanon, as they often represented a collective editorial effort (in the French language version, as the journal was bilingual, Fanon contributed). ''El Moudjahid'' also published excerpts of the papers Fanon delivered in Accra at the [[All African Peoples Conference (AAPC)]] in 1958 that he attended, together with Boumendjel and Mostefai, as a member of the Algerian delegation. <ref name=":13" />This was Fanon’s first visit to sub-Saharan Africa and it was occasioned by the All-African People’s Congress, held in Accra from 8 to 12 December 1958. Attended by some 200 delegates from twenty-five countries, the Congress was seen by its organizers as a first step towards a Pan-African Commonwealth of a free and independent United States of Africa.<ref name=":17">{{Citation\|author=David Macey\|year=2012\|title=Frantz Fanon: A Biography\|chapter=We Algerians\|page=339-369\|city=London\|publisher=Verso\|lg=http://library.lol/main/178372B05C34D9ED861A2DFE785F473F}}</ref> He met [[Kwame Nkrumah]], [[Félix Moumié]] from Cameroon, [[Patrice Lumumba]], the Kenyan [[Tom Mboya\|Tom M’Boya]] and the UPA’s [[Álvaro Holden Roberto]] at the 1958 conference.<ref name=":18">{{Citation\|author=David Macey\|year=2012\|title=Frantz Fanon: A Biography\|chapter=The Year of Africa\|page=379-408\|city=London\|publisher=Verso\|lg=http://library.lol/main/178372B05C34D9ED861A2DFE785F473F}}</ref>[[File:FanonConference.png\|thumb\|450x450px\|Frantz Fanon speaking at the [[All African People’s Conference (AAPC)]], which was held in Accra, Ghana, between 5 and 13 December 1958.<ref name=":6">{{Web citation\|author=Hamza Hamouchene\|newspaper=Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE)\|title=Frantz Fanon and the Algerian revolution today\|date=2021-04-06\|url=https://roape.net/2021/05/06/frantz-fanon-and-the-algerian-revolution-today/\|retrieved=2023-07-21}}</ref>]]Fanon’s contributions at the [[Congress of Black Writers and Artists\|Second Congress of Black Writers and Artists]] , held in Rome in April 1959, were also excerpted.<ref name=":13">{{Citation\|author=Alice Cherki\|title=Frantz Fanon: A Portrait\|chapter=Tunis\|page=100-108\|city=Ithaca\|publisher=Cornell University Press\|lg=http://library.lol/main/474EA3AC5AD100264E3B0A321F1135C8}}</ref>

CriticalResist at 10:09, 23 September 2024

2024-09-23T10:09:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:09, 23 September 2024
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	<references />		<references />
	[[Category:Revolutionaries]]		[[Category:Revolutionaries]]
			[[Category:Featured page]]

Starkillerfish: Changed heading referring to Fanon's book from "Black Skin, White Mask" (incorrect) to "Black Skin, White Masks" (correct)

2023-11-01T08:44:27Z

Changed heading referring to Fanon's book from "Black Skin, White Mask" (incorrect) to "Black Skin, White Masks" (correct)

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:44, 1 November 2023
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	== Work and Thought ==		== Work and Thought ==

	=== ''Black Skin, White ~~Mask~~'' ===		=== ''Black Skin, White Masks'' ===

	=== ''A Dying Colonialism'' ===		=== ''A Dying Colonialism'' ===

J Pi: /* The Wretched of the Earth and Death (1961) */

2023-09-22T11:53:21Z

The Wretched of the Earth and Death (1961)

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:53, 22 September 2023
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	He was kept in a hotel upon arrival without treatment for several days until he contracted pneumonia. Accounts differ on the remainder: Reports have ranged from Fanon visiting and subsequently dying in New York City to his remaining just in Washington, D.C. It is also unclear how much, if any, information was divulged by Fanon, but his training as a psychiatrist and his knowledge of the torture techniques employed by the French during his time in Blida-Joinville propably proved useful. <ref name=":21" />		He was kept in a hotel upon arrival without treatment for several days until he contracted pneumonia. Accounts differ on the remainder: Reports have ranged from Fanon visiting and subsequently dying in New York City to his remaining just in Washington, D.C. It is also unclear how much, if any, information was divulged by Fanon, but his training as a psychiatrist and his knowledge of the torture techniques employed by the French during his time in Blida-Joinville propably proved useful. <ref name=":21" />

	By the time Fanon was taken to the National ~~Insitutes~~ of Health in Bethesda, Maryland<ref name=":22" />on October 10, 1961<ref name=":20" /> , he was on the verge of death. He had been admitted under the name of Ibrahim Omar Fanon, a Libyan ''nom de guerre'' he had assumed in order to enter a hospital in Rome after being wounded in Morocco during a mission for the Algerian National Liberation Front. <ref name=":22" /> He was put through several blood transfusions. His wife and son were brought to him.<ref name=":21" /> He died on the 6th December 1961.<ref name=":22" /> His body was brought to Tunis and then to a liberated Algeria, where, after a long procession with military rituals he was laid to rest.<ref name=":21" /> Later, his body was moved to a martyrs' (''Chouhada'') graveyard at Aïn Kerma in eastern Algeria.		By the time Fanon was taken to the National Institute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland<ref name=":22" />on October 10, 1961<ref name=":20" />, he was on the verge of death. He had been admitted under the name of Ibrahim Omar Fanon, a Libyan ''nom de guerre'' he had assumed in order to enter a hospital in Rome after being wounded in Morocco during a mission for the Algerian National Liberation Front. <ref name=":22" /> He was put through several blood transfusions. His wife and son were brought to him.<ref name=":21" /> He died on the 6th December 1961.<ref name=":22" /> His body was brought to Tunis and then to a liberated Algeria, where, after a long procession with military rituals he was laid to rest.<ref name=":21" /> Later, his body was moved to a martyrs' (''Chouhada'') graveyard at Aïn Kerma in eastern Algeria.

	On the day that the news of Fanon’s death reached Paris, the French police began to seize copies of ''Les Damnés de la terre'' from the book-shops. In New York, the GPRA’s representatives at the UN gave copies of it to diplomats as a Christmas present.<ref name=":20" />		On the day that the news of Fanon’s death reached Paris, the French police began to seize copies of ''Les Damnés de la terre'' from the book-shops. In New York, the GPRA’s representatives at the UN gave copies of it to diplomats as a Christmas present.<ref name=":20" />

J Pi: Added the engels source

2023-09-22T11:48:26Z

Added the engels source

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	=== FLN, Tunisia and Dipolmatic Positions (1956-1961) ===		=== FLN, Tunisia and Dipolmatic Positions (1956-1961) ===
	Assisted by the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)\|FLN]] in France and its networks in Italy and Switzerland, Fanon arrived in Tunis in late March, early April 1957. Abbane Ramdane immediately appointed Fanon to the press office that was working out of Tunisia and Morocco, then under the name of ''Résistance algérienne''. The first article appeared in late March and discussed the urban militias that France had implemented in Algeria; the second, published in May, discussed the role of Algerian women in the fight for independence. Fanon also started part-time work as a psychiatrist at the Manouba Hospital, via the intervention of the then Tunisian Minister of Health, Ahmed Ben Salah. Abbane Ramdane restructured the press wing starting June 1957, which included laying the groundwork the launching the ''[[El Moudjahid]]'' as the official organ of the FLN, for which Fanon worked in the editorial staff until 1960. In this time period, he was introduced to [[Engel's]] ''The Role of Violence in History'' and ''Anti-Dühring,'' which Fanon recieved mildly''.'' <ref name=":13" /> ''El Moudjahid'' came out in Arabic and French editions; Fanon wrote for the latter. One of the first subjects he was assigned to write about was the French left. His articles contain a critique of the left and the french working class. He e.g. writes:<blockquote>"The generalized, and sometimes truly bloody enthusiasm that has marked the participation of the French workers and peasants in the war against the Algerian people has shaken to its foundations the myth of an effective opposition between the people. and the government. According to a significant statement made by one of the French prime ministers, the Nation has identified itself with its army fighting in Algeria. The war in Algeria is being waged conscientiously by all Frenchmen and the few criticisms expressed up to the present time by a few individuals mention only certain methods which "are precipitating the loss of Algeria." But the colonial reconquest in its essence, the armed expedition, the attempt to throttle the liberty of a people, are not condemned."<ref>{{Citation\|author=Frantz Fanon\|year=1967\|title=Towards an African Revolution\|chapter=Algeria Face to Face with the French Torturers\|page=65-66\|pdf=https://monoskop.org/images/0/05/Fanon_Frantz_Toward_the_African_Revolution_1967.pdf\|city=New York\|publisher=Grove Press}}</ref></blockquote>And further:<blockquote>"In a colonial country, it used to be said, there is a community of interests between the colonized people and the working class of the colonialist country. The history of wars of liberation waged by the colonized peoples is the history of the non-verification of this thesis."<ref name=":14">{{Citation\|author=Frantz Fanon\|year=1967\|title=Towards an African Revolution\|chapter=French Intellectuals and Democrats and the Algerian Revolution\|page=82-88\|pdf=https://monoskop.org/images/0/05/Fanon_Frantz_Toward_the_African_Revolution_1967.pdf\|city=New York\|publisher=Grove Press}}</ref></blockquote>He specifically critiques the [[French Communist Party\|PCF]] and other french communists's position on Algeria:<blockquote>The Communist Left, for its part, while proclaiming the necessity for colonial countries to evolve toward independence, requires the maintenance of special links with France. Such positions clearly manifest that even the so-called extremist parties consider that France has rights in Algeria and that the l ightening of domination does not necessarily imply the disappearance of every link. This mental attitude assumes the guise of a technocratic paternalism, of a disingenuous warning against the danger of regression."<ref name=":14" /></blockquote>The writings he produced in that time are difficult to singularly attibute to Fanon, as they often represented a collective editorial effort (in the French language version, as the journal was bilingual, Fanon contributed). ''El Moudjahid'' also published excerpts of the papers Fanon delivered in Accra at the [[All African Peoples Conference (AAPC)]] in 1958 that he attended, together with Boumendjel and Mostefai, as a member of the Algerian delegation. <ref name=":13" />This was Fanon’s first visit to sub-Saharan Africa and it was occasioned by the All-African People’s Congress, held in Accra from 8 to 12 December 1958. Attended by some 200 delegates from twenty-five countries, the Congress was seen by its organizers as a first step towards a Pan-African Commonwealth of a free and independent United States of Africa.<ref name=":17">{{Citation\|author=David Macey\|year=2012\|title=Frantz Fanon: A Biography\|chapter=We Algerians\|page=339-369\|city=London\|publisher=Verso\|lg=http://library.lol/main/178372B05C34D9ED861A2DFE785F473F}}</ref> He met [[Kwame Nkrumah]], [[Félix Moumié]] from Cameroon, [[Patrice Lumumba]], the Kenyan [[Tom Mboya\|Tom M’Boya]] and the UPA’s [[Álvaro Holden Roberto]] at the 1958 conference.<ref name=":18">{{Citation\|author=David Macey\|year=2012\|title=Frantz Fanon: A Biography\|chapter=The Year of Africa\|page=379-408\|city=London\|publisher=Verso\|lg=http://library.lol/main/178372B05C34D9ED861A2DFE785F473F}}</ref>[[File:FanonConference.png\|thumb\|450x450px\|Frantz Fanon speaking at the [[All African People’s Conference (AAPC)]], which was held in Accra, Ghana, between 5 and 13 December 1958.<ref name=":6">{{Web citation\|author=Hamza Hamouchene\|newspaper=Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE)\|title=Frantz Fanon and the Algerian revolution today\|date=2021-04-06\|url=https://roape.net/2021/05/06/frantz-fanon-and-the-algerian-revolution-today/\|retrieved=2023-07-21}}</ref>]]Fanon’s contributions at the [[Congress of Black Writers and Artists\|Second Congress of Black Writers and Artists]] , held in Rome in April 1959, were also excerpted.<ref name=":13">{{Citation\|author=Alice Cherki\|title=Frantz Fanon: A Portrait\|chapter=Tunis\|page=100-108\|city=Ithaca\|publisher=Cornell University Press\|lg=http://library.lol/main/474EA3AC5AD100264E3B0A321F1135C8}}</ref>		Assisted by the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)\|FLN]] in France and its networks in Italy and Switzerland, Fanon arrived in Tunis in late March, early April 1957. Abbane Ramdane immediately appointed Fanon to the press office that was working out of Tunisia and Morocco, then under the name of ''Résistance algérienne''. The first article appeared in late March and discussed the urban militias that France had implemented in Algeria; the second, published in May, discussed the role of Algerian women in the fight for independence. Fanon also started part-time work as a psychiatrist at the Manouba Hospital, via the intervention of the then Tunisian Minister of Health, Ahmed Ben Salah. Abbane Ramdane restructured the press wing starting June 1957, which included laying the groundwork the launching the ''[[El Moudjahid]]'' as the official organ of the FLN, for which Fanon worked in the editorial staff until 1960. In this time period, he was introduced to [[Engel's]] ''The Role of Violence in History'' (also known as ''The Role of Force in History)''<ref>{{Citation\|author=Friedrich Engels\|year=1896 (written 1887)\|title=The Role of Force in History\|page=453\|city=Marx Engels Collected Work, Volume 26, first published in Die Neue Zeit, 1895-96;\|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1887/role-force/index.htm}}</ref> and ''Anti-Dühring,'' which Fanon recieved mildly''.'' <ref name=":13" /> ''El Moudjahid'' came out in Arabic and French editions; Fanon wrote for the latter. One of the first subjects he was assigned to write about was the French left. His articles contain a critique of the left and the french working class. He e.g. writes:<blockquote>"The generalized, and sometimes truly bloody enthusiasm that has marked the participation of the French workers and peasants in the war against the Algerian people has shaken to its foundations the myth of an effective opposition between the people. and the government. According to a significant statement made by one of the French prime ministers, the Nation has identified itself with its army fighting in Algeria. The war in Algeria is being waged conscientiously by all Frenchmen and the few criticisms expressed up to the present time by a few individuals mention only certain methods which "are precipitating the loss of Algeria." But the colonial reconquest in its essence, the armed expedition, the attempt to throttle the liberty of a people, are not condemned."<ref>{{Citation\|author=Frantz Fanon\|year=1967\|title=Towards an African Revolution\|chapter=Algeria Face to Face with the French Torturers\|page=65-66\|pdf=https://monoskop.org/images/0/05/Fanon_Frantz_Toward_the_African_Revolution_1967.pdf\|city=New York\|publisher=Grove Press}}</ref></blockquote>And further:<blockquote>"In a colonial country, it used to be said, there is a community of interests between the colonized people and the working class of the colonialist country. The history of wars of liberation waged by the colonized peoples is the history of the non-verification of this thesis."<ref name=":14">{{Citation\|author=Frantz Fanon\|year=1967\|title=Towards an African Revolution\|chapter=French Intellectuals and Democrats and the Algerian Revolution\|page=82-88\|pdf=https://monoskop.org/images/0/05/Fanon_Frantz_Toward_the_African_Revolution_1967.pdf\|city=New York\|publisher=Grove Press}}</ref></blockquote>He specifically critiques the [[French Communist Party\|PCF]] and other french communists's position on Algeria:<blockquote>The Communist Left, for its part, while proclaiming the necessity for colonial countries to evolve toward independence, requires the maintenance of special links with France. Such positions clearly manifest that even the so-called extremist parties consider that France has rights in Algeria and that the l ightening of domination does not necessarily imply the disappearance of every link. This mental attitude assumes the guise of a technocratic paternalism, of a disingenuous warning against the danger of regression."<ref name=":14" /></blockquote>The writings he produced in that time are difficult to singularly attibute to Fanon, as they often represented a collective editorial effort (in the French language version, as the journal was bilingual, Fanon contributed). ''El Moudjahid'' also published excerpts of the papers Fanon delivered in Accra at the [[All African Peoples Conference (AAPC)]] in 1958 that he attended, together with Boumendjel and Mostefai, as a member of the Algerian delegation. <ref name=":13" />This was Fanon’s first visit to sub-Saharan Africa and it was occasioned by the All-African People’s Congress, held in Accra from 8 to 12 December 1958. Attended by some 200 delegates from twenty-five countries, the Congress was seen by its organizers as a first step towards a Pan-African Commonwealth of a free and independent United States of Africa.<ref name=":17">{{Citation\|author=David Macey\|year=2012\|title=Frantz Fanon: A Biography\|chapter=We Algerians\|page=339-369\|city=London\|publisher=Verso\|lg=http://library.lol/main/178372B05C34D9ED861A2DFE785F473F}}</ref> He met [[Kwame Nkrumah]], [[Félix Moumié]] from Cameroon, [[Patrice Lumumba]], the Kenyan [[Tom Mboya\|Tom M’Boya]] and the UPA’s [[Álvaro Holden Roberto]] at the 1958 conference.<ref name=":18">{{Citation\|author=David Macey\|year=2012\|title=Frantz Fanon: A Biography\|chapter=The Year of Africa\|page=379-408\|city=London\|publisher=Verso\|lg=http://library.lol/main/178372B05C34D9ED861A2DFE785F473F}}</ref>[[File:FanonConference.png\|thumb\|450x450px\|Frantz Fanon speaking at the [[All African People’s Conference (AAPC)]], which was held in Accra, Ghana, between 5 and 13 December 1958.<ref name=":6">{{Web citation\|author=Hamza Hamouchene\|newspaper=Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE)\|title=Frantz Fanon and the Algerian revolution today\|date=2021-04-06\|url=https://roape.net/2021/05/06/frantz-fanon-and-the-algerian-revolution-today/\|retrieved=2023-07-21}}</ref>]]Fanon’s contributions at the [[Congress of Black Writers and Artists\|Second Congress of Black Writers and Artists]] , held in Rome in April 1959, were also excerpted.<ref name=":13">{{Citation\|author=Alice Cherki\|title=Frantz Fanon: A Portrait\|chapter=Tunis\|page=100-108\|city=Ithaca\|publisher=Cornell University Press\|lg=http://library.lol/main/474EA3AC5AD100264E3B0A321F1135C8}}</ref>

	During the years of his tenure at ''El Moudjahid'', Fanon’s main areas of inquiry included the French reaction and developments in France, life inside Algeria proper, and the political future of the African continent. In group meetings, Fanon clearly refrained from voicing an opinion on Pan-Arabism and the idea of an Arab nation, and in 1958, he did not pronounce himself on the Antilles. He had not authored the article on the Antilles that was published in ''El Moudjahid'', and later, attributed to him in ''Revolution africaine''; in fact, he had refused the assignment. The Article was actually anonymously written by Pierre Chaulet.<ref name=":13" /> In May 1958, he wrote a "Letter to the Youth of Africa" in which he attacked [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny\|Houphouet-Boigny]] who he accused of "having compromised the development of our country for many years to come."<ref name=":15">{{Citation\|author=Albert Memmi\|year=1973\|title=The Impossible Life of Frantz Fanon\|title-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25088315\|page=23-24\|publisher=The Massachusetts Review, Vol.14, No.1, 9-39\|doi=10.2307/25088315}}</ref>		During the years of his tenure at ''El Moudjahid'', Fanon’s main areas of inquiry included the French reaction and developments in France, life inside Algeria proper, and the political future of the African continent. In group meetings, Fanon clearly refrained from voicing an opinion on Pan-Arabism and the idea of an Arab nation, and in 1958, he did not pronounce himself on the Antilles. He had not authored the article on the Antilles that was published in ''El Moudjahid'', and later, attributed to him in ''Revolution africaine''; in fact, he had refused the assignment. The Article was actually anonymously written by Pierre Chaulet.<ref name=":13" /> In May 1958, he wrote a "Letter to the Youth of Africa" in which he attacked [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny\|Houphouet-Boigny]] who he accused of "having compromised the development of our country for many years to come."<ref name=":15">{{Citation\|author=Albert Memmi\|year=1973\|title=The Impossible Life of Frantz Fanon\|title-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25088315\|page=23-24\|publisher=The Massachusetts Review, Vol.14, No.1, 9-39\|doi=10.2307/25088315}}</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:16, 7 February 2026
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	{{Infobox person\|name=Frantz Fanon\|image=Frantz_Fanon.png\|birth_date=July 20, 1925\|death_date=December 6, 1961 (aged 36)\|death_cause=Leukemia\|death_place=Bethesda, [[Maryland]], [[USA]]\|birth_place=Fort-de-France, [[Martinique]], French West Indies\|known=''[[Library:Black Skin, White Masks\|Black Skin, White Masks]]'', ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]''}}		{{Infobox person\|name=Frantz Fanon\|image=Frantz_Fanon.png\|birth_date=July 20, 1925\|death_date=December 6, 1961 (aged 36)\|death_cause=Leukemia\|death_place=Bethesda, [[Maryland]], [[USA]]\|birth_place=Fort-de-France, [[Martinique]], French West Indies\|known=''[[Library:Black Skin, White Masks\|Black Skin, White Masks]]'', ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]''}}

	'''Frantz Fanon''' (July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a psychiatrist, [[Anti-colonialism\|anti-colonial]] political theorist, author, and revolutionary from the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Martinique]]. He is the author of various works including ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' (1952) and ''[[Library:The Wretched of the Earth\|The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961).		'''Frantz Fanon''' (July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a psychiatrist, [[Anti-colonialism\|anti-colonial]] political theorist, author, and revolutionary from the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Martinique]]. He is the author of various works including ''[[Library:Black Skin, White Masks\|Black Skin, White Masks]]'' (1952) and ''[[Library:The Wretched of the Earth\|The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961).

	Born as a [[Colonialism\|colonial]] [[French Republic\|French]] subject, he eventually travelled to France for his education in psychiatry.		Born as a [[Colonialism\|colonial]] [[French Republic\|French]] subject, he eventually travelled to France for his education in psychiatry.