Argentine Republic - Revision history

General-KJ: Added source and minor changes

2026-08-23T15:15:23Z

Added source and minor changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:15, 23 August 2026
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	\| largest_city = Buenos Aires		\| largest_city = Buenos Aires
	\| mode_of_production = [[Neocolonialism\|Neocolonial]] [[capitalism]]		\| mode_of_production = [[Neocolonialism\|Neocolonial]] [[capitalism]]
	\|area_km2=2,780,400\|population_census=46,044,703\|population_census_year=2022\| currency = Argentine peso		\|area_km2=2,780,400\|population_estimate=46,735,004\|population_census=46,044,703\|population_estimate_year=2025\|population_census_year=2022\| currency = Argentine peso ($)
	\| official_languages = Spanish		\|currency_code=ARS\|calling_code=+54\|iso3166code=AR\|cctld=.ar\| official_languages = Spanish
	\|demonym=Argentine<br>Argentinian\| government_type = Federal presidential republic		\|demonym=Argentine<br>Argentinian\| government_type = Federal presidential republic under a [[dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]]
	\| leader_title1 = President		\| leader_title1 = President
	\| leader_name1 = [[Javier Milei]]		\| leader_name1 = [[Javier Milei]]
	\| leader_title2 = Vice President		\| leader_title2 = Vice President
	\| leader_name2 = [[Victoria Villarruel]]}}		\| leader_name2 = [[Victoria Villarruel]]}}
	'''Argentina''', officially the '''Argentine Republic''', is a country in [[Latin America]] located in the southern part of [[South America]] with a eastern coastline on the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It is bordered to the west by [[Republic of Chile\|Chile]], to the north by [[Plurinational State of Bolivia\|Bolivia]] and [[Republic of Paraguay\|Paraguay]], and to the northeast by [[Federative Republic of Brazil\|Brazil]] and [[Oriental Republic of Uruguay\|Uruguay]]. It is ~~currently~~ under $44 billion of [[debt]] to the [[International Monetary Fund\|IMF]].<ref>{{Web citation\|author=[[Ben Norton]]\|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]\|title=Judicial coup in Argentina: Corrupt judges conspire with media oligarchs to ban Cristina Kirchner from office\|date=2022-12-08\|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/08/judicial-coup-argentina-cristina-kirchner/\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209044528/https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/08/judicial-coup-argentina-cristina-kirchner/\|archive-date=2022-12-09\|retrieved=2022-12-10}}</ref>		'''Argentina''', officially the '''Argentine Republic''', is a country in [[Latin America]] located in the southern part of [[South America]] with a eastern coastline on the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It is bordered to the west by [[Republic of Chile\|Chile]], to the north by [[Plurinational State of Bolivia\|Bolivia]] and [[Republic of Paraguay\|Paraguay]], and to the northeast by [[Federative Republic of Brazil\|Brazil]] and [[Oriental Republic of Uruguay\|Uruguay]].

			As of 2022 Argentina is under $44 billion of [[debt]] to the [[International Monetary Fund\|IMF]].<ref>{{Web citation\|author=[[Ben Norton]]\|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]\|title=Judicial coup in Argentina: Corrupt judges conspire with media oligarchs to ban Cristina Kirchner from office\|date=2022-12-08\|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/08/judicial-coup-argentina-cristina-kirchner/\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209044528/https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/08/judicial-coup-argentina-cristina-kirchner/\|archive-date=2022-12-09\|retrieved=2022-12-10}}</ref>

	== History==		== History==
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	The La Aguada were skilled metalworkers who used the “lost wax” technique to create figures, axe heads, and decorative plates. These plates often depicted their symbolic universe, including a common motif known as the Deity of the Empty Hands, which possessed both feline and serpent attributes. They were also master potters, decorating vessels with elaborate incisions and pigments featuring geometric and mythical figures.		The La Aguada were skilled metalworkers who used the “lost wax” technique to create figures, axe heads, and decorative plates. These plates often depicted their symbolic universe, including a common motif known as the Deity of the Empty Hands, which possessed both feline and serpent attributes. They were also master potters, decorating vessels with elaborate incisions and pigments featuring geometric and mythical figures.
	The culture was led by a class of political and religious elites who governed independent clans, each based on a particular lineage. Despite sharing a common religious system, they likely had no central authority. Their complex funerary practices involved burial mounds with bodies arranged in relation to one another. The variation in grave goods points to clear differences in social status. La Aguada appears to be the first culture in the region to establish a rigid [[Social class\|class structure]] and a [[Patriarchy\|patriarchal]] inheritance system, a logical development once wealth accumulation and its passage to descendants became important.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino\|newspaper=Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino\|title=Southern Andes - La Aguada\|url=https://precolombino.cl/wp/en/culturas-americanas/culturas-precolombinas/area-surandina/la-aguada/#:~:text=Environment%20and%20Geography.%20The%20La%20Aguada%20people,zenith%20the%20culture%20covered%20much%20of%20northwest}}</ref>		The culture was led by a class of political and religious elites who governed independent clans, each based on a particular lineage. Despite sharing a common religious system, they likely had no central authority. Their complex funerary practices involved burial mounds with bodies arranged in relation to one another. The variation in grave goods points to clear differences in social status. La Aguada appears to be the first culture in the region to establish a rigid [[Social class\|class structure]] and a [[Patriarchy\|patriarchal]] inheritance system, a logical development once wealth accumulation and its passage to descendants became important.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino\|newspaper=Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino\|title=Southern Andes - La Aguada\|url=https://precolombino.cl/wp/en/culturas-americanas/culturas-precolombinas/area-surandina/la-aguada/#:~:text=Environment%20and%20Geography.%20The%20La%20Aguada%20people,zenith%20the%20culture%20covered%20much%20of%20northwest}}</ref>
	[[File:Le Aguada pyramid.png~~\|center~~\|thumb\|375x375px\|Choya 68, also known as Pirámide de la Aguada, is an archaeological site located in the province of Catamarca, Argentina. Considered one of the few pre-Columbian pyramids identified in Argentine territory. ]]		[[File:Le Aguada pyramid.png\|thumb\|375x375px\|Choya 68, also known as Pirámide de la Aguada, is an archaeological site located in the province of Catamarca, Argentina. Considered one of the few pre-Columbian pyramids identified in Argentine territory. ]]

	==== The Inca Empire (1438 - 1533 CE) ====		==== The Inca Empire (1438 - 1533 CE) ====
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	The Inca ran a unique, non-monetary economy based on [[Planned economy\|central planning]], mandatory labor (mita), and reciprocal exchange within ayllu communities. Citizens provided labor for state projects in return for food, clothing, and shelter. The state managed agricultural production, collected [[Surplus-value\|surplus]] goods, and redistributed them across the empire to ensure basic needs were met for all citizens, though not for the slaves at the bottom of the social order.		The Inca ran a unique, non-monetary economy based on [[Planned economy\|central planning]], mandatory labor (mita), and reciprocal exchange within ayllu communities. Citizens provided labor for state projects in return for food, clothing, and shelter. The state managed agricultural production, collected [[Surplus-value\|surplus]] goods, and redistributed them across the empire to ensure basic needs were met for all citizens, though not for the slaves at the bottom of the social order.
	The Inca had massive infrastructure projects like the Qhapaq Ñan which was an extensive road network throughout the empire, storehouses and administrative centers like the Shincal de Quimivil and the famous Machu Picchu.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Father Bernabe Cobo\|year=1979\|title=History of the Inca Empire\|title-url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7560/730083/html}}</ref>		The Inca had massive infrastructure projects like the Qhapaq Ñan which was an extensive road network throughout the empire, storehouses and administrative centers like the Shincal de Quimivil and the famous Machu Picchu.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Father Bernabe Cobo\|year=1979\|title=History of the Inca Empire\|title-url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7560/730083/html}}</ref>
	[[File:Inca Empire Illustration.jpg~~\|center~~\|thumb\|439x439px\|An illustration of the Inca Empire]]		[[File:Inca Empire Illustration.jpg\|thumb\|439x439px\|An illustration of the Inca Empire]]

	=== Colonization ===		=== Colonization ===
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	These initial contacts had a devastating, consequence with [[Genocide\|genocidal]] intent: the intentional introduction of European diseases, especially smallpox and the bubonic plague which would soon cripple the continent's greatest empires.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Crosby, Alfred W.\|year=1972\|title=The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492.\|title-url=https://archive.org/details/columbianexchang0000cros_j1j8}}</ref>		These initial contacts had a devastating, consequence with [[Genocide\|genocidal]] intent: the intentional introduction of European diseases, especially smallpox and the bubonic plague which would soon cripple the continent's greatest empires.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Crosby, Alfred W.\|year=1972\|title=The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492.\|title-url=https://archive.org/details/columbianexchang0000cros_j1j8}}</ref>
	[[File:Aztecs dying off smallpox.jpg~~\|center~~\|thumb\|404x404px\|Aztec people of Mexico dying of smallpox intentionally introduced by the Spaniards.]]		[[File:Aztecs dying off smallpox.jpg\|thumb\|404x404px\|Aztec people of Mexico dying of smallpox intentionally introduced by the Spaniards.]]

	===== '''The Conquest of the Inca Empire''' =====		===== '''The Conquest of the Inca Empire''' =====
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	The Spanish resorted to brutal tactics to break the resistance, including targeting rebel leaders' families. They raped and murdered Manco Inca's sister-wife, using such atrocities to force concessions. The final blow came under Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, who launched a campaign to eradicate the independent Neo-Inca State. In 1572, Spanish forces and their indigenous allies razed Vilcabamba and captured the last Sapa Inca, Túpac Amaru. After a show trial, he was executed, and the mummified remains of past Sapa Incas were desecrated in front of him before his execution, symbolizing the final end of the empire.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Pedro Sarmiento\|year=1999\|title=History of the Incas\|title-url=https://archive.org/details/historyofincas00sarm}}</ref>		The Spanish resorted to brutal tactics to break the resistance, including targeting rebel leaders' families. They raped and murdered Manco Inca's sister-wife, using such atrocities to force concessions. The final blow came under Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, who launched a campaign to eradicate the independent Neo-Inca State. In 1572, Spanish forces and their indigenous allies razed Vilcabamba and captured the last Sapa Inca, Túpac Amaru. After a show trial, he was executed, and the mummified remains of past Sapa Incas were desecrated in front of him before his execution, symbolizing the final end of the empire.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Pedro Sarmiento\|year=1999\|title=History of the Incas\|title-url=https://archive.org/details/historyofincas00sarm}}</ref>
	[[File:Execution of Tupac Amaru.jpg~~\|center~~\|thumb\|350x350px\|Execution of the last Sapa Inca Túpac Amaru in the plaza of Cuzco, 1572]]		[[File:Execution of Tupac Amaru.jpg\|thumb\|350x350px\|Execution of the last Sapa Inca Túpac Amaru in the plaza of Cuzco, 1572]]

	===== Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata & Peru =====		===== Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata & Peru =====
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	=== Operation Condor ===		=== Operation Condor ===
	In 1976, as part of [[Operation Condor]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency\|CIA]] backed a [[Far-right politics\|far-right]] coup in Argentina that overthrew president [[Isabel Perón]]. After the coup, a military junta led by [[Jorge Videla\|Jorge Rafael Videla]] took power and killed or disappeared 30,000 left-wing dissidents.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Uki Goñi\|date=2017-04-28\|title=40 years later, the mothers of Argentina’s 'disappeared' refuse to be silent\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/28/mothers-plaza-de-mayo-argentina-anniversary\|newspaper=The Guardian\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-01}}</ref> Under the junta, [[Milton Friedman\|Friedmanites]] from the United States controlled Argentina's central bank.<ref name=":0" /> In 1983, military rule ended, and Videla was given a life sentence for crimes against humanity in 1985.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Rosario Gabino\|date=2008-10-10\|title=Argentina: Videla a la cárcel\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7664000/7664716.stm\|newspaper=BBC\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-01}}</ref>		In 1976, as part of [[Operation Condor]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency\|CIA]] backed a [[Far-right politics\|far-right]] coup in Argentina that overthrew president [[Isabel Perón]]. After the coup, a military junta led by [[Jorge Videla\|Jorge Rafael Videla]] took power and killed or disappeared 30,000 left-wing dissidents.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Pablo Meriguet\|newspaper=[[People's Dispatch]]\|title=50 years since the start of Argentina’s bloody dictatorship\|date=2026-03-26\|url=https://peoplesdispatch.org/2026/03/26/50-years-since-the-start-of-argentinas-bloody-dictatorship/\|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260327051252/https://peoplesdispatch.org/2026/03/26/50-years-since-the-start-of-argentinas-bloody-dictatorship/\|archive-date=2026-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Uki Goñi\|date=2017-04-28\|title=40 years later, the mothers of Argentina’s 'disappeared' refuse to be silent\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/28/mothers-plaza-de-mayo-argentina-anniversary\|newspaper=The Guardian\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-01}}</ref> Under the junta, [[Milton Friedman\|Friedmanites]] from the United States controlled Argentina's central bank.<ref name=":0" /> In 1983, military rule ended, and Videla was given a life sentence for crimes against humanity in 1985.<ref>{{News citation\|journalist=Rosario Gabino\|date=2008-10-10\|title=Argentina: Videla a la cárcel\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7664000/7664716.stm\|newspaper=BBC\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|retrieved=2022-01-01}}</ref>

	=== Recent history ===		=== Recent history ===
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	==References==		==References==
			[[Category:Argentina\| ]]
	[[Category:Countries]]		[[Category:Countries]]

	<references />		<references />
			[[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]]
			[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]
			[[Category:G15 nations]]
			[[Category:G20 members]]
	[[Category:Latin American countries]]		[[Category:Latin American countries]]
	[[Category:~~Countries targeted by CIA coups~~]]		[[Category:Member states of Mercosur]]

Nasr: added sources

2025-09-26T19:27:27Z

added sources

Nasr: Added main article link

2025-09-26T15:56:10Z

Added main article link

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:56, 26 September 2025
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	===== '''The Conquest of the Inca Empire''' =====		===== '''The Conquest of the Inca Empire''' =====
	[[File:Sapa inca.jpg\|thumb\|327x327px\|Pachacuti, the founder of the Inca Empire lived in the Machu Picchu which was his estate. ]]		{{Main article\|Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)}}[[File:Sapa inca.jpg\|thumb\|327x327px\|Pachacuti, the founder of the Inca Empire lived in the Machu Picchu which was his estate. ]]
	The epidemic killed an estimated 80-90% of the native population, including the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac and his heir around 1528. This tragedy triggered a civil war between his sons, Atahualpa and Huáscar. Francisco Pizarro and his 200 men arrived at this perfect moment of profound weakness.		The epidemic killed an estimated 80-90% of the native population, including the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac and his heir around 1528. This tragedy triggered a civil war between his sons, Atahualpa and Huáscar. Francisco Pizarro and his 200 men arrived at this perfect moment of profound weakness.

Nasr: unboldened text

2025-09-26T15:52:51Z

unboldened text

Nasr: Added some pictures and added clarification

2025-09-24T11:16:42Z

Added some pictures and added clarification

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:16, 24 September 2025
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	The Inca ran a unique, non-monetary economy based on [[Planned economy\|central planning]], mandatory labor (mita), and reciprocal exchange within ayllu communities. Citizens provided labor for state projects in return for food, clothing, and shelter. The state managed agricultural production, collected [[Surplus-value\|surplus]] goods, and redistributed them across the empire to ensure basic needs were met for all citizens, though not for the slaves at the bottom of the social order.		The Inca ran a unique, non-monetary economy based on [[Planned economy\|central planning]], mandatory labor (mita), and reciprocal exchange within ayllu communities. Citizens provided labor for state projects in return for food, clothing, and shelter. The state managed agricultural production, collected [[Surplus-value\|surplus]] goods, and redistributed them across the empire to ensure basic needs were met for all citizens, though not for the slaves at the bottom of the social order.
	The Inca had massive infrastructure projects like the Qhapaq Ñan which was an extensive road network throughout the empire, storehouses and administrative centers like the Shincal de Quimivil and the famous Machu Picchu.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Father Bernabe Cobo\|year=1979\|title=History of the Inca Empire\|title-url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7560/730083/html}}</ref>		The Inca had massive infrastructure projects like the Qhapaq Ñan which was an extensive road network throughout the empire, storehouses and administrative centers like the Shincal de Quimivil and the famous Machu Picchu.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Father Bernabe Cobo\|year=1979\|title=History of the Inca Empire\|title-url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7560/730083/html}}</ref>
			[[File:Inca Empire Illustration.jpg\|center\|thumb\|439x439px\|An illustration of the Inca Empire]]

	=== Colonization ===		=== Colonization ===
Line 61:		Line 62:

	These initial contacts had a devastating, consequence with [[Genocide\|genocidal]] intent: the intentional introduction of European diseases, especially smallpox and the bubonic plague which would soon cripple the continent's greatest empires.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Crosby, Alfred W.\|year=1972\|title=The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492.\|title-url=https://archive.org/details/columbianexchang0000cros_j1j8}}</ref>		These initial contacts had a devastating, consequence with [[Genocide\|genocidal]] intent: the intentional introduction of European diseases, especially smallpox and the bubonic plague which would soon cripple the continent's greatest empires.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Crosby, Alfred W.\|year=1972\|title=The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492.\|title-url=https://archive.org/details/columbianexchang0000cros_j1j8}}</ref>
			[[File:Aztecs dying off smallpox.jpg\|center\|thumb\|404x404px\|Aztec people of Mexico dying of smallpox intentionally introduced by the Spaniards.]]

	===== '''The Conquest of the Inca Empire''' =====		===== '''The Conquest of the Inca Empire''' =====
			[[File:Sapa inca.jpg\|thumb\|327x327px\|Pachacuti, the founder of the Inca Empire lived in the Machu Picchu which was his house. ]]
	The epidemic killed an estimated 80-90% of the native population, including the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac and his heir around 1528. This tragedy triggered a civil war between his sons, Atahualpa and Huáscar. Francisco Pizarro and his 200 men arrived at this perfect moment of profound weakness.		The epidemic killed an estimated 80-90% of the native population, including the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac and his heir around 1528. This tragedy triggered a civil war between his sons, Atahualpa and Huáscar. Francisco Pizarro and his 200 men arrived at this perfect moment of profound weakness.

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	The conquest did not end with Atahualpa's capture. The Spanish installed a puppet ruler, Manco Inca, but after suffering abuse at the hands of the Pizarro brothers, he escaped and raised an army of 200,000 warriors. In 1536, he laid siege to the capital of Cuzco. For 40 years, Manco Inca and his successors waged a [[Guerrilla warfare\|guerrilla]] war from the stronghold of Vilcabamba, killing hundreds of colonists, including Pizarro himself, and severely delaying the Spanish conquest.		The conquest did not end with Atahualpa's capture. The Spanish installed a puppet ruler, Manco Inca, but after suffering abuse at the hands of the Pizarro brothers, he escaped and raised an army of 200,000 warriors. In 1536, he laid siege to the capital of Cuzco. For 40 years, Manco Inca and his successors waged a [[Guerrilla warfare\|guerrilla]] war from the stronghold of Vilcabamba, killing hundreds of colonists, including Pizarro himself, and severely delaying the Spanish conquest.

	The Spanish resorted to brutal tactics to break the resistance, including targeting rebel leaders' families. They raped and murdered Manco Inca's sister-wife, using such atrocities to force concessions. The final blow came under Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, who launched a campaign to eradicate the independent Neo-Inca State. In 1572, Spanish forces and their indigenous allies razed Vilcabamba and captured the last Sapa Inca, Túpac Amaru. After a show trial, he was executed, and the mummified remains of past Incas were desecrated, symbolizing the final end of the empire.		The Spanish resorted to brutal tactics to break the resistance, including targeting rebel leaders' families. They raped and murdered Manco Inca's sister-wife, using such atrocities to force concessions. The final blow came under Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, who launched a campaign to eradicate the independent Neo-Inca State. In 1572, Spanish forces and their indigenous allies razed Vilcabamba and captured the last Sapa Inca, Túpac Amaru. After a show trial, he was executed, and the mummified remains of past Sapa Incas were desecrated in front of him before his execution, symbolizing the final end of the empire.
			[[File:Execution of Tupac Amaru.jpg\|center\|thumb\|350x350px\|Execution of the last Sapa Inca Túpac Amaru in the plaza of Cuzco, 1572]]

	===== Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata & Peru =====		===== Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata & Peru =====
	The fall of the [[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)\|Inca Empire]] enabled the full colonization of modern-day Argentina, funded by Inca wealth and powered by [[Slavery\|enslaved native labor]]. The region was first administered under the Viceroyalty of Peru and later the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The Spanish established oppressive systems designed to extract maximum wealth.		[[File:Abusive Encomenderos.jpg\|thumb\|350x350px\|An encomendero abusing his indigenous slave. ]]
			The fall of the [[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)\|Inca Empire]] enabled the full colonization of modern-day Argentina, funded by Inca wealth and powered by [[Slavery\|enslaved native labor]]. The region was first administered under the Viceroyalty of Peru and later the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The Spanish established oppressive systems designed to extract maximum wealth.

	The '''Encomienda''' was a labor system that "entrusted" non-Christian natives to colonizers, who were granted the right to demand tribute and labor in exchange for military protection and Christianization. In practice, it was ~~a form of~~ slavery. Natives were forced to meet impossible quotas for tribute or work in deadly conditions, leading to mass mortality.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Medeiros, Carmen\|newspaper=Dispossessions in the Americas\|title=COLONIAL LEGISLATIONS AS A FRAMEWORK FOR DISPOSSESSIONS IN THE CENTRAL ANDES: THE COLONIAL MITA\|url=https://dia.upenn.edu/en/content/TL005Mita/#:~:text=Abstract.%20In%20the%20context%20of%20the%20Spanish,costs%20in%20the%20silver%20mines%20of%20Potos%C3%AD.}}</ref>		The '''Encomienda''' was a labor system that "entrusted" non-Christian natives to [[Colonialism\|colonizers]], who were granted the right to demand tribute and labor in exchange for military protection and [[Catholicism\|Christianization]]. In practice, it was slavery. Natives were forced to meet impossible quotas for tribute and starve or miss the quota and get abused while also being expected to work in deadly conditions, leading to mass mortality.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Medeiros, Carmen\|newspaper=Dispossessions in the Americas\|title=COLONIAL LEGISLATIONS AS A FRAMEWORK FOR DISPOSSESSIONS IN THE CENTRAL ANDES: THE COLONIAL MITA\|url=https://dia.upenn.edu/en/content/TL005Mita/#:~:text=Abstract.%20In%20the%20context%20of%20the%20Spanish,costs%20in%20the%20silver%20mines%20of%20Potos%C3%AD.}}</ref>

	The real killer was the silver mine at Potosí. Men, women, and children were forced into mercury mines, working 20-hour days. An estimated two to eight million Inca slaves died from poisoning, exhaustion, disease, and suicide. The conditions were so horrific that African slaves were eventually brought in to replace the decimated native population.		The real killer was the silver mine at Potosí. Men, women, and children were forced into mercury mines, working 20-hour days for six months at a time. An estimated '''two to eight million''' Inca slaves died from mercury poisoning, exhaustion, disease, and suicide. The conditions were so horrific that African slaves were eventually brought in to replace the decimated native population.

	Viceroy Francisco de Toledo institutionalized this exploitation by repurposing the Inca '''Mit'a''' system. Originally a mandatory public service for state projects, Toledo twisted it into a forced labor draft. To manage it, he forced scattered villages into centralized towns called ''reducciones'', making it easier to count people and select slaves for the mines. One-seventh of all adult men were forced to work in Potosí. The conditions were so brutal that many fled, creating a labor shortage that led mine owners to illegally extend shifts and intensify demands. A 2021 study provides evidence that this system caused an indirect genocide, leading to a catastrophic population collapse whose effects are still visible today.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Miguel Angel Carpio\|year=2021\|title=Did the Colonial mita Cause a Population Collapse? What Current Surnames Reveal in Peru\|title-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/did-the-colonial-mita-cause-a-population-collapse-what-current-surnames-reveal-in-peru/D8267DF8063B918E488753BDD24C37B7}}</ref>		Viceroy Francisco de Toledo institutionalized this exploitation by repurposing the Inca '''Mit'a''' system. Originally a mandatory public service for state projects, Toledo twisted it into a forced labor draft. To manage it, he forced scattered villages into centralized towns called ''reducciones'', making it easier to count people and select slaves for the mines. One-seventh of all adult men were forced to work in Potosí. The conditions were so brutal that many fled, creating a labor shortage that led mine owners to illegally extend shifts and intensify demands. A 2021 study provides evidence that this system caused an indirect genocide, leading to a catastrophic population collapse whose effects are still visible today.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Miguel Angel Carpio\|year=2021\|title=Did the Colonial mita Cause a Population Collapse? What Current Surnames Reveal in Peru\|title-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/did-the-colonial-mita-cause-a-population-collapse-what-current-surnames-reveal-in-peru/D8267DF8063B918E488753BDD24C37B7}}</ref>
			[[File:Guarani.jpg\|center\|thumb\|434x434px]]

	=== Independence ===		=== Independence ===

Nasr: Added pictures

2025-09-24T10:19:02Z

Added pictures

Nasr: Expanded the colonization period of Argentina.

2025-09-23T21:26:51Z

Expanded the colonization period of Argentina.

@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 === Colonization ===
-In the early 16th century the territory of Argentina was [[Colonialism|colonized]] by the [[Monarchy of Spain (1516–1700)|Spanish]] in their search for silver. The independent development of the indigenous population was disrupted and they were either [[Slavery|enslaved]] or forced from their land. [[Landlord|Landlords]] and the [[Catholicism|Catholic Church]] took over vast swathes of land with the indigenous population being sent to work in the mines and when there wasn't enough workers the Spanish imported slaves from [[Africa]].<ref name="ArgentinaGSE" />
 === Independence ===

Nasr: small edit, fixing the timeline of the inca empire

2025-09-23T11:45:43Z

small edit, fixing the timeline of the inca empire

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:45, 23 September 2025
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	The culture was led by a class of political and religious elites who governed independent clans, each based on a particular lineage. Despite sharing a common religious system, they likely had no central authority. Their complex funerary practices involved burial mounds with bodies arranged in relation to one another. The variation in grave goods points to clear differences in social status. La Aguada appears to be the first culture in the region to establish a rigid [[Social class\|class structure]] and a [[Patriarchy\|patriarchal]] inheritance system, a logical development once wealth accumulation and its passage to descendants became important.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino\|newspaper=Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino\|title=Southern Andes - La Aguada\|url=https://precolombino.cl/wp/en/culturas-americanas/culturas-precolombinas/area-surandina/la-aguada/#:~:text=Environment%20and%20Geography.%20The%20La%20Aguada%20people,zenith%20the%20culture%20covered%20much%20of%20northwest}}</ref>		The culture was led by a class of political and religious elites who governed independent clans, each based on a particular lineage. Despite sharing a common religious system, they likely had no central authority. Their complex funerary practices involved burial mounds with bodies arranged in relation to one another. The variation in grave goods points to clear differences in social status. La Aguada appears to be the first culture in the region to establish a rigid [[Social class\|class structure]] and a [[Patriarchy\|patriarchal]] inheritance system, a logical development once wealth accumulation and its passage to descendants became important.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino\|newspaper=Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino\|title=Southern Andes - La Aguada\|url=https://precolombino.cl/wp/en/culturas-americanas/culturas-precolombinas/area-surandina/la-aguada/#:~:text=Environment%20and%20Geography.%20The%20La%20Aguada%20people,zenith%20the%20culture%20covered%20much%20of%20northwest}}</ref>

	==== The Inca Empire (~~1480~~ - ~~1530~~ CE) ====		==== The Inca Empire (1438 - 1533 CE) ====
	[[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)]]		[[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)]]

Nasr: Expanded the pre-colonization period of Argentina

2025-09-22T09:53:18Z

Expanded the pre-colonization period of Argentina

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 == History==
-=== Pre-colonial===
+=== Pre-colonization===
-Before colonization, Argentina was home to various indigenous peoples. The northwest was home to the Diaguitas, a settled people who had mastered agriculture, metallurgy, and irrigation. The center and northeast were home to the Guaraní, Chané, Charrúa, and Querandíes, all of whom were also sedentary peoples. The south of the country was home to nomadic peoples, namely the Mapuche (Araucani) and Teuelche people.<ref name=ArgentinaGSE>{{Citation|year=1970|chapter=Argentina|chapter-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Argentina|title=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] (3rd ed.)|volume=2|page=167-180|city=Moscow|pdf=https://ia804601.us.archive.org/2/items/B-001-032-507-748-ALL/БСЭ_3изд_т02_735.pdf|trans-title=Boljšaja sovjetskaja enciklopjedija|trans-lang=Russian}}</ref>
+Before [[Colonialism|colonization]], Argentina was home to various indigenous peoples.
 === Colonization ===

PuzzledFox99 at 15:40, 7 January 2025

2025-01-07T15:40:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:40, 7 January 2025
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	== History==		== History==
	=== Pre-colonial===		=== Pre-colonial===
	Before colonization, Argentina was home to various indigenous peoples. The northwest was home to the Diaguitas, a settled people who had mastered agriculture, metallurgy, and irrigation. The center and northeast were home to the Guaraní, Chané, Charrúa, and Querandíes, all of whom were also sedentary peoples. The south of the country was home to nomadic peoples, namely the Mapuche (Araucani) and Teuelche people.<ref>{{Citation\|year=1970\|chapter=Argentina\|chapter-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Argentina\|title=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] (3rd ed.)\|volume=2\|page=167-180\|city=Moscow\|pdf=https://ia804601.us.archive.org/2/items/B-001-032-507-748-ALL/БСЭ_3изд_т02_735.pdf\|trans-title=Boljšaja sovjetskaja enciklopjedija\|trans-lang=Russian}}</ref>		Before colonization, Argentina was home to various indigenous peoples. The northwest was home to the Diaguitas, a settled people who had mastered agriculture, metallurgy, and irrigation. The center and northeast were home to the Guaraní, Chané, Charrúa, and Querandíes, all of whom were also sedentary peoples. The south of the country was home to nomadic peoples, namely the Mapuche (Araucani) and Teuelche people.<ref name=ArgentinaGSE>{{Citation\|year=1970\|chapter=Argentina\|chapter-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Argentina\|title=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] (3rd ed.)\|volume=2\|page=167-180\|city=Moscow\|pdf=https://ia804601.us.archive.org/2/items/B-001-032-507-748-ALL/БСЭ_3изд_т02_735.pdf\|trans-title=Boljšaja sovjetskaja enciklopjedija\|trans-lang=Russian}}</ref>

	=== Colonization ===		=== Colonization ===
	In the early 16th century the territory of Argentina was [[Colonialism\|colonized]] by the [[Monarchy of Spain (1516–1700)\|Spanish]] in their search for silver. The independent development of the indigenous population was disrupted and they were either [[Slavery\|enslaved]] or forced from their land. [[Landlord\|Landlords]] and the [[Catholicism\|Catholic Church]] took over vast swathes of land with the indigenous population being sent to work in the mines and when there wasn't enough workers the Spanish imported slaves from [[Africa]].<ref~~>{{Citation\|author~~=~~V. I. Ermolaev\|year=1979\|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia\|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Argentina\|chapter=Argentina\|section=The colonial period}}<~~/~~ref~~>		In the early 16th century the territory of Argentina was [[Colonialism\|colonized]] by the [[Monarchy of Spain (1516–1700)\|Spanish]] in their search for silver. The independent development of the indigenous population was disrupted and they were either [[Slavery\|enslaved]] or forced from their land. [[Landlord\|Landlords]] and the [[Catholicism\|Catholic Church]] took over vast swathes of land with the indigenous population being sent to work in the mines and when there wasn't enough workers the Spanish imported slaves from [[Africa]].<ref name="ArgentinaGSE" />

	=== Independence ===		=== Independence ===

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:27, 26 September 2025
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	Before [[Colonialism\|colonization]], Argentina was home to various indigenous peoples.		Before [[Colonialism\|colonization]], Argentina was home to various indigenous peoples.

	The first recorded human settlement in Argentina dates back approximately 13,000 years, located on the southern tip of Patagonia. These early inhabitants were hunter-gatherers who are estimated to have settled around 10,000 BC and slowly spread throughout the land.		The first recorded human settlement in Argentina dates back approximately 13,000 years, located on the southern tip of Patagonia. These early inhabitants were hunter-gatherers who are estimated to have settled around 10,000 BC and slowly spread throughout the land.<ref>{{Web citation\|newspaper=UNESCO\|title=Cueva de las Manos and associated sites of the Pinturas river basin\|date=2018-01-31\|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6297/}}</ref>

	==== The Tafí People (1000 - 500 BCE) ====		==== The Tafí People (1000 - 500 BCE) ====
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	===== '''The Conquest of the Inca Empire''' =====		===== '''The Conquest of the Inca Empire''' =====
	{{Main article\|Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)}}[[File:Sapa inca.jpg\|thumb\|327x327px\|Pachacuti, the founder of the Inca Empire lived in the Machu Picchu which was his estate. ]]		{{Main article\|Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)}}[[File:Sapa inca.jpg\|thumb\|327x327px\|Pachacuti, the founder of the Inca Empire lived in the Machu Picchu which was his estate. ]]
	The epidemic killed an estimated 80-90% of the native population, including the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac and his heir around 1528. This tragedy triggered a civil war between his sons, Atahualpa and Huáscar. Francisco Pizarro and his 200 men arrived at this perfect moment of profound weakness.		The epidemic killed an estimated 80-90% of the native population, including the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac and his heir around 1528. This tragedy triggered a civil war between his sons, Atahualpa and Huáscar. Francisco Pizarro and his 200 men arrived at this perfect moment of profound weakness.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Philip Ainsworth\|year=1932\|title=Fall of the Inca empire and the Spanish rule in Peru\|title-url=https://archive.org/details/fallofincaempire00mean}}</ref>

	A critical factor often omitted is the role of indigenous allies. The Inca Empire had recently subjugated many tribes, and groups like the Cañaris, Chankas, and Huancas saw the Spanish as liberators. Pizarro was thus joined by tens of thousands of warriors, forming a massive army that capitalized on widespread resentment against the Incas, though this was a grave mistake as the spanish proved to be extremely brutal compared to the Incas.		A critical factor often omitted is the role of indigenous allies. The Inca Empire had recently subjugated many tribes, and groups like the Cañaris, Chankas, and Huancas saw the Spanish as liberators. Pizarro was thus joined by tens of thousands of warriors, forming a massive army that capitalized on widespread resentment against the Incas, though this was a grave mistake as the spanish proved to be extremely brutal compared to the Incas.<ref>{{Citation\|author=María Rostworowski Tovar de Diez Canseco\|year=2016\|title=Mujer y poder en los Andes coloniales\|title-url=https://books.google.se/books/about/Mujer_y_poder_en_los_Andes_coloniales.html?id=44dCDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref>

	Pizarro set a trap for the new emperor, Atahualpa, under the guise of a diplomatic meeting. The Spanish performed the ''Requerimiento'', a legal formality demanding [[Catholicism\|Catholic]] conversion to justify an attack. Since power in the Inca Empire was highly centralized, the subsequent kidnapping of Atahualpa decapitated the already fractured state.		Pizarro set a trap for the new emperor, Atahualpa, under the guise of a diplomatic meeting. The Spanish performed the ''Requerimiento'', a legal formality demanding [[Catholicism\|Catholic]] conversion to justify an attack. Since power in the Inca Empire was highly centralized, the subsequent kidnapping of Atahualpa decapitated the already fractured state.<ref>{{Citation\|author=R. Alan Covey\|year=2023-7-19\|title=The Fall of the Inca Empire\|title-url=https://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-1121?d=%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199366439.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199366439-e-1121&p=emailAuvi%2F68L97izg}}</ref>

	The conquest did not end with Atahualpa's capture. The Spanish installed a puppet ruler, Manco Inca, but after suffering abuse at the hands of the Pizarro brothers, he escaped and raised an army of 200,000 warriors. In 1536, he laid siege to the capital of Cuzco. For 40 years, Manco Inca and his successors waged a [[Guerrilla warfare\|guerrilla]] war from the stronghold of Vilcabamba, killing hundreds of colonists, including Pizarro himself, and severely delaying the Spanish conquest.		The conquest did not end with Atahualpa's capture. The Spanish installed a puppet ruler, Manco Inca, but after suffering abuse at the hands of the Pizarro brothers, he escaped and raised an army of 200,000 warriors. In 1536, he laid siege to the capital of Cuzco. For 40 years, Manco Inca and his successors waged a [[Guerrilla warfare\|guerrilla]] war from the stronghold of Vilcabamba, killing hundreds of colonists, including Pizarro himself, and severely delaying the Spanish conquest.<ref>{{Citation\|author=John Hemming\|year=2004\|title=The Conquest of the Inca\|title-url=https://books.google.se/books/about/The_Conquest_of_the_Incas.html?id=5N1hyznNUhoC&redir_esc=y#:~:text=This%20monumental%20work%20of%20history%20removes%20the%20Incas,Christopher%20Award.%20Index%3B%20photographs%2C%20maps%2C%20and%20line%20drawings.}}</ref>

	The Spanish resorted to brutal tactics to break the resistance, including targeting rebel leaders' families. They raped and murdered Manco Inca's sister-wife, using such atrocities to force concessions. The final blow came under Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, who launched a campaign to eradicate the independent Neo-Inca State. In 1572, Spanish forces and their indigenous allies razed Vilcabamba and captured the last Sapa Inca, Túpac Amaru. After a show trial, he was executed, and the mummified remains of past Sapa Incas were desecrated in front of him before his execution, symbolizing the final end of the empire.		The Spanish resorted to brutal tactics to break the resistance, including targeting rebel leaders' families. They raped and murdered Manco Inca's sister-wife, using such atrocities to force concessions. The final blow came under Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, who launched a campaign to eradicate the independent Neo-Inca State. In 1572, Spanish forces and their indigenous allies razed Vilcabamba and captured the last Sapa Inca, Túpac Amaru. After a show trial, he was executed, and the mummified remains of past Sapa Incas were desecrated in front of him before his execution, symbolizing the final end of the empire.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Pedro Sarmiento\|year=1999\|title=History of the Incas\|title-url=https://archive.org/details/historyofincas00sarm}}</ref>
	[[File:Execution of Tupac Amaru.jpg\|center\|thumb\|350x350px\|Execution of the last Sapa Inca Túpac Amaru in the plaza of Cuzco, 1572]]		[[File:Execution of Tupac Amaru.jpg\|center\|thumb\|350x350px\|Execution of the last Sapa Inca Túpac Amaru in the plaza of Cuzco, 1572]]

	===== Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata & Peru =====		===== Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata & Peru =====
	[[File:Abusive Encomenderos.jpg\|thumb\|350x350px\|An encomendero abusing his indigenous slave. ]]		[[File:Abusive Encomenderos.jpg\|thumb\|350x350px\|An encomendero abusing his indigenous slave. ]]
	The fall of the [[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)\|Inca Empire]] enabled the full colonization of modern-day Argentina, funded by Inca wealth and powered by [[Slavery\|enslaved native labor]]. The region was first administered under the Viceroyalty of Peru and later the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The Spanish established oppressive systems designed to extract maximum wealth.		The fall of the [[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)\|Inca Empire]] enabled the full colonization of modern-day Argentina, funded by Inca wealth and powered by [[Slavery\|enslaved native labor]]. The region was first administered under the Viceroyalty of Peru and later the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The Spanish established oppressive systems designed to extract maximum wealth.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Andresen, Earl R\|year=2023\|title=Foundation of the Viceroyalty of La Plata\|title-url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/foundation-viceroyalty-la-plata}}</ref>

	The Encomienda was a labor system that "entrusted" non-Christian natives to [[Colonialism\|colonizers]], who were granted the right to demand tribute and labor in exchange for military protection and [[Catholicism\|Christianization]]. In practice, it was slavery. Natives were forced to meet impossible quotas for tribute and starve or miss the quota and get abused while also being expected to work in deadly conditions, leading to mass mortality.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Medeiros, Carmen\|newspaper=Dispossessions in the Americas\|title=COLONIAL LEGISLATIONS AS A FRAMEWORK FOR DISPOSSESSIONS IN THE CENTRAL ANDES: THE COLONIAL MITA\|url=https://dia.upenn.edu/en/content/TL005Mita/#:~:text=Abstract.%20In%20the%20context%20of%20the%20Spanish,costs%20in%20the%20silver%20mines%20of%20Potos%C3%AD.}}</ref>		The Encomienda was a labor system that "entrusted" non-Christian natives to [[Colonialism\|colonizers]], who were granted the right to demand tribute and labor in exchange for military protection and [[Catholicism\|Christianization]]. In practice, it was slavery. Natives were forced to meet impossible quotas for tribute and starve or miss the quota and get abused while also being expected to work in deadly conditions, leading to mass mortality.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Medeiros, Carmen\|newspaper=Dispossessions in the Americas\|title=COLONIAL LEGISLATIONS AS A FRAMEWORK FOR DISPOSSESSIONS IN THE CENTRAL ANDES: THE COLONIAL MITA\|url=https://dia.upenn.edu/en/content/TL005Mita/#:~:text=Abstract.%20In%20the%20context%20of%20the%20Spanish,costs%20in%20the%20silver%20mines%20of%20Potos%C3%AD.}}</ref>

	The real killer was the silver mine at Potosí. Men, women, and children were forced into mercury mines, working 20-hour days for six months at a time. An estimated two to eight million Inca slaves died from mercury poisoning, exhaustion, disease, and suicide. The conditions were so horrific that African slaves were eventually brought in to replace the decimated native population.		The real killer was the silver mine at Potosí. Men, women, and children were forced into mercury mines, working 20-hour days for six months at a time. An estimated two to eight million Inca slaves died from mercury poisoning, exhaustion, disease, and suicide. The conditions were so horrific that African slaves were eventually brought in to replace the decimated native population.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Kris Lane\|year=2015-05-04\|title=Potosí Mines\|title-url=https://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-2?mediaType=Article}}</ref>

	Viceroy Francisco de Toledo institutionalized this exploitation by repurposing the Inca Mit'a system. Originally a mandatory public service for state projects, Toledo twisted it into a forced labor draft. To manage it, he forced scattered villages into centralized towns called ''reducciones'', making it easier to count people and select slaves for the mines. One-seventh of all adult men were forced to work in Potosí. The conditions were so brutal that many fled, creating a labor shortage that led mine owners to illegally extend shifts and intensify demands. A 2021 study provides evidence that this system caused an indirect genocide, leading to a catastrophic population collapse whose effects are still visible today.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Miguel Angel Carpio\|year=2021\|title=Did the Colonial mita Cause a Population Collapse? What Current Surnames Reveal in Peru\|title-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/did-the-colonial-mita-cause-a-population-collapse-what-current-surnames-reveal-in-peru/D8267DF8063B918E488753BDD24C37B7}}</ref>		Viceroy Francisco de Toledo institutionalized this exploitation by repurposing the Inca Mit'a system. Originally a mandatory public service for state projects, Toledo twisted it into a forced labor draft. To manage it, he forced scattered villages into centralized towns called ''reducciones'', making it easier to count people and select slaves for the mines. One-seventh of all adult men were forced to work in Potosí. The conditions were so brutal that many fled, creating a labor shortage that led mine owners to illegally extend shifts and intensify demands. A 2021 study provides evidence that this system caused an indirect genocide, leading to a catastrophic population collapse whose effects are still visible today.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Miguel Angel Carpio\|year=2021\|title=Did the Colonial mita Cause a Population Collapse? What Current Surnames Reveal in Peru\|title-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/did-the-colonial-mita-cause-a-population-collapse-what-current-surnames-reveal-in-peru/D8267DF8063B918E488753BDD24C37B7}}</ref>
	~~[[File:Guarani.jpg\|center\|thumb\|434x434px]]~~

	=== Independence ===		=== Independence ===
	[[File:Argentina indigenous map.png\|thumb\|Map of indigenous nations in Argentina]]		[[File:Argentina indigenous map.png\|thumb\|Map of indigenous nations in Argentina]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:52, 26 September 2025
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	==== The Inca Empire (1438 - 1533 CE) ====		==== The Inca Empire (1438 - 1533 CE) ====
	~~[[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)]]~~

	The most powerful and influential empire before the [[Spanish]] arrival, [[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)\|the Inca Empire]] had the most rigid and structured hierarchy of the pre-colonial societies and was a [[Slavery\|slave-based economy]].		The most powerful and influential empire before the [[Spanish]] arrival, [[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)\|the Inca Empire]] had the most rigid and structured hierarchy of the pre-colonial societies and was a [[Slavery\|slave-based economy]].
	Its class structure was a strict, four-tiered hierarchy. The Sapa Inca (emperor) was at the top, followed by the royalty and nobility (including blood relatives and privileged individuals like priests). Below them were the ayllu, the general populace of commoners such as farmers and artisans who provided labor and tribute. At the bottom were the yanaconas (slaves). The nobility enjoyed various privileges, including tax exemptions.		Its class structure was a strict, four-tiered hierarchy. The Sapa Inca (emperor) was at the top, followed by the royalty and nobility (including blood relatives and privileged individuals like priests). Below them were the ayllu, the general populace of commoners such as farmers and artisans who provided labor and tribute. At the bottom were the yanaconas (slaves). The nobility enjoyed various privileges, including tax exemptions.
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	===== '''The Conquest of the Inca Empire''' =====		===== '''The Conquest of the Inca Empire''' =====
	[[File:Sapa inca.jpg\|thumb\|327x327px\|Pachacuti, the founder of the Inca Empire lived in the Machu Picchu which was his ~~house~~. ]]		[[File:Sapa inca.jpg\|thumb\|327x327px\|Pachacuti, the founder of the Inca Empire lived in the Machu Picchu which was his estate. ]]
	The epidemic killed an estimated 80-90% of the native population, including the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac and his heir around 1528. This tragedy triggered a civil war between his sons, Atahualpa and Huáscar. Francisco Pizarro and his 200 men arrived at this perfect moment of profound weakness.		The epidemic killed an estimated 80-90% of the native population, including the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac and his heir around 1528. This tragedy triggered a civil war between his sons, Atahualpa and Huáscar. Francisco Pizarro and his 200 men arrived at this perfect moment of profound weakness.

Line 81:		Line 79:
	The fall of the [[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)\|Inca Empire]] enabled the full colonization of modern-day Argentina, funded by Inca wealth and powered by [[Slavery\|enslaved native labor]]. The region was first administered under the Viceroyalty of Peru and later the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The Spanish established oppressive systems designed to extract maximum wealth.		The fall of the [[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)\|Inca Empire]] enabled the full colonization of modern-day Argentina, funded by Inca wealth and powered by [[Slavery\|enslaved native labor]]. The region was first administered under the Viceroyalty of Peru and later the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The Spanish established oppressive systems designed to extract maximum wealth.

	The ~~'''~~Encomienda~~'''~~ was a labor system that "entrusted" non-Christian natives to [[Colonialism\|colonizers]], who were granted the right to demand tribute and labor in exchange for military protection and [[Catholicism\|Christianization]]. In practice, it was slavery. Natives were forced to meet impossible quotas for tribute and starve or miss the quota and get abused while also being expected to work in deadly conditions, leading to mass mortality.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Medeiros, Carmen\|newspaper=Dispossessions in the Americas\|title=COLONIAL LEGISLATIONS AS A FRAMEWORK FOR DISPOSSESSIONS IN THE CENTRAL ANDES: THE COLONIAL MITA\|url=https://dia.upenn.edu/en/content/TL005Mita/#:~:text=Abstract.%20In%20the%20context%20of%20the%20Spanish,costs%20in%20the%20silver%20mines%20of%20Potos%C3%AD.}}</ref>		The Encomienda was a labor system that "entrusted" non-Christian natives to [[Colonialism\|colonizers]], who were granted the right to demand tribute and labor in exchange for military protection and [[Catholicism\|Christianization]]. In practice, it was slavery. Natives were forced to meet impossible quotas for tribute and starve or miss the quota and get abused while also being expected to work in deadly conditions, leading to mass mortality.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Medeiros, Carmen\|newspaper=Dispossessions in the Americas\|title=COLONIAL LEGISLATIONS AS A FRAMEWORK FOR DISPOSSESSIONS IN THE CENTRAL ANDES: THE COLONIAL MITA\|url=https://dia.upenn.edu/en/content/TL005Mita/#:~:text=Abstract.%20In%20the%20context%20of%20the%20Spanish,costs%20in%20the%20silver%20mines%20of%20Potos%C3%AD.}}</ref>

	The real killer was the silver mine at Potosí. Men, women, and children were forced into mercury mines, working 20-hour days for six months at a time. An estimated ~~'''~~two to eight million~~'''~~ Inca slaves died from mercury poisoning, exhaustion, disease, and suicide. The conditions were so horrific that African slaves were eventually brought in to replace the decimated native population.		The real killer was the silver mine at Potosí. Men, women, and children were forced into mercury mines, working 20-hour days for six months at a time. An estimated two to eight million Inca slaves died from mercury poisoning, exhaustion, disease, and suicide. The conditions were so horrific that African slaves were eventually brought in to replace the decimated native population.

	Viceroy Francisco de Toledo institutionalized this exploitation by repurposing the Inca ~~'''~~Mit'a~~'''~~ system. Originally a mandatory public service for state projects, Toledo twisted it into a forced labor draft. To manage it, he forced scattered villages into centralized towns called ''reducciones'', making it easier to count people and select slaves for the mines. One-seventh of all adult men were forced to work in Potosí. The conditions were so brutal that many fled, creating a labor shortage that led mine owners to illegally extend shifts and intensify demands. A 2021 study provides evidence that this system caused an indirect genocide, leading to a catastrophic population collapse whose effects are still visible today.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Miguel Angel Carpio\|year=2021\|title=Did the Colonial mita Cause a Population Collapse? What Current Surnames Reveal in Peru\|title-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/did-the-colonial-mita-cause-a-population-collapse-what-current-surnames-reveal-in-peru/D8267DF8063B918E488753BDD24C37B7}}</ref>		Viceroy Francisco de Toledo institutionalized this exploitation by repurposing the Inca Mit'a system. Originally a mandatory public service for state projects, Toledo twisted it into a forced labor draft. To manage it, he forced scattered villages into centralized towns called ''reducciones'', making it easier to count people and select slaves for the mines. One-seventh of all adult men were forced to work in Potosí. The conditions were so brutal that many fled, creating a labor shortage that led mine owners to illegally extend shifts and intensify demands. A 2021 study provides evidence that this system caused an indirect genocide, leading to a catastrophic population collapse whose effects are still visible today.<ref>{{Citation\|author=Miguel Angel Carpio\|year=2021\|title=Did the Colonial mita Cause a Population Collapse? What Current Surnames Reveal in Peru\|title-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/did-the-colonial-mita-cause-a-population-collapse-what-current-surnames-reveal-in-peru/D8267DF8063B918E488753BDD24C37B7}}</ref>
	[[File:Guarani.jpg\|center\|thumb\|434x434px]]		[[File:Guarani.jpg\|center\|thumb\|434x434px]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:19, 24 September 2025
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	==== The Tafí People (1000 - 500 BCE) ====		==== The Tafí People (1000 - 500 BCE) ====
			[[File:Diaguita tafi people.jpg\|thumb\|382x382px\|An illustration of the Tafi / Diaguita's lifestyle.]]
	The Tafí people built interconnected villages with a unique cultural tradition, no house could be taller than another. This suggests an absence of class distinctions, as archaeologists have found no evidence of palaces, special housing for religious authorities, or signs of wealth accumulation. Furthermore, there are no signs that the Tafí were involved in any conflicts or wars, leading to the conclusion that they formed a relatively peaceful and egalitarian society.		The Tafí people built interconnected villages with a unique cultural tradition, no house could be taller than another. This suggests an absence of class distinctions, as archaeologists have found no evidence of palaces, special housing for religious authorities, or signs of wealth accumulation. Furthermore, there are no signs that the Tafí were involved in any conflicts or wars, leading to the conclusion that they formed a relatively peaceful and egalitarian society.
	The Tafï had a complex spiritual life indicated by them building ceremonial structures such as menhirs and large communal enclosures.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Rafa Burgos\|newspaper=EL PAIS\|title=The Tafí: a thousand years of peace and social equality in the Andes\|date=2023-05-08\|url=https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-05-08/the-tafi-a-thousand-years-of-peace-and-social-equality-in-the-andes.html#:~:text=In%20a%20historical%20period%20in%20which%20incipient,hundreds%20of%20years%20successfully%20perpetuated%20an%20economic}}</ref>		The Tafï had a complex spiritual life indicated by them building ceremonial structures such as menhirs and large communal enclosures.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Rafa Burgos\|newspaper=EL PAIS\|title=The Tafí: a thousand years of peace and social equality in the Andes\|date=2023-05-08\|url=https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-05-08/the-tafi-a-thousand-years-of-peace-and-social-equality-in-the-andes.html#:~:text=In%20a%20historical%20period%20in%20which%20incipient,hundreds%20of%20years%20successfully%20perpetuated%20an%20economic}}</ref>
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	==== The Condorhuasi People (200 BCE - 500 CE) ====		==== The Condorhuasi People (200 BCE - 500 CE) ====
			[[File:Condorhausi sculpture.jpg\|thumb\|285x285px\|A Condorhausi sculpture that represents two figures, back to back, one smaller than the other, the larger one marked as male and the smaller one female, both raising their hands to their face. ]]
	The Condorhuasi people traveled and established a vast trade network and had a deep connection to rituals. They were situated in the Hualfin Valley and surrounding areas in Catamarca province. They built multiple ritual sites and were obsessed with transformation, as seen in their art depicting figures with multiple limbs, humans turning into animals, and [[Transgender\|gender-swapping]]. Their esoteric culture involved traditions of using psychedelics in rituals, accompanied by vivid imagery of animated stone beings and ancestors re-animated as stone creatures. They were highly artistic, leaving behind numerous esoteric ceramics and colorful, masked stone figures.		The Condorhuasi people traveled and established a vast trade network and had a deep connection to rituals. They were situated in the Hualfin Valley and surrounding areas in Catamarca province. They built multiple ritual sites and were obsessed with transformation, as seen in their art depicting figures with multiple limbs, humans turning into animals, and [[Transgender\|gender-swapping]]. Their esoteric culture involved traditions of using psychedelics in rituals, accompanied by vivid imagery of animated stone beings and ancestors re-animated as stone creatures. They were highly artistic, leaving behind numerous esoteric ceramics and colorful, masked stone figures.
	They are considered the precursor of the La Aguada culture.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Benjamin Alberti\|newspaper=MET MUSEUM\|title=Stone Masks and Figurines from Northwest Argentina (500 BCE–650 CE)\|date=2024-03-01\|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/stone-masks-and-figurines-from-northwest-argentina}}</ref>		They are considered the precursor of the La Aguada culture.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Benjamin Alberti\|newspaper=MET MUSEUM\|title=Stone Masks and Figurines from Northwest Argentina (500 BCE–650 CE)\|date=2024-03-01\|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/stone-masks-and-figurines-from-northwest-argentina}}</ref>

	==== The La Aguada People (500 - 900 CE) ====		==== The La Aguada People (500 - 900 CE) ====
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	They had a flourishing agricultural economy, growing beans, squash, peanuts, and corn in terraced fields irrigated by complex hydraulic systems. They also collected fruit from chañar and algarrobo trees and participated actively in extensive trans-andean trade networks.		They had a flourishing agricultural economy, growing beans, squash, peanuts, and corn in terraced fields irrigated by complex hydraulic systems. They also collected fruit from chañar and algarrobo trees and participated actively in extensive trans-andean trade networks.
	The La Aguada were skilled metalworkers who used the “lost wax” technique to create figures, axe heads, and decorative plates. These plates often depicted their symbolic universe, including a common motif known as the Deity of the Empty Hands, which possessed both feline and serpent attributes. They were also master potters, decorating vessels with elaborate incisions and pigments featuring geometric and mythical figures.		The La Aguada were skilled metalworkers who used the “lost wax” technique to create figures, axe heads, and decorative plates. These plates often depicted their symbolic universe, including a common motif known as the Deity of the Empty Hands, which possessed both feline and serpent attributes. They were also master potters, decorating vessels with elaborate incisions and pigments featuring geometric and mythical figures.
	The culture was led by a class of political and religious elites who governed independent clans, each based on a particular lineage. Despite sharing a common religious system, they likely had no central authority. Their complex funerary practices involved burial mounds with bodies arranged in relation to one another. The variation in grave goods points to clear differences in social status. La Aguada appears to be the first culture in the region to establish a rigid [[Social class\|class structure]] and a [[Patriarchy\|patriarchal]] inheritance system, a logical development once wealth accumulation and its passage to descendants became important.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino\|newspaper=Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino\|title=Southern Andes - La Aguada\|url=https://precolombino.cl/wp/en/culturas-americanas/culturas-precolombinas/area-surandina/la-aguada/#:~:text=Environment%20and%20Geography.%20The%20La%20Aguada%20people,zenith%20the%20culture%20covered%20much%20of%20northwest}}</ref>		The culture was led by a class of political and religious elites who governed independent clans, each based on a particular lineage. Despite sharing a common religious system, they likely had no central authority. Their complex funerary practices involved burial mounds with bodies arranged in relation to one another. The variation in grave goods points to clear differences in social status. La Aguada appears to be the first culture in the region to establish a rigid [[Social class\|class structure]] and a [[Patriarchy\|patriarchal]] inheritance system, a logical development once wealth accumulation and its passage to descendants became important.<ref>{{Web citation\|author=Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino\|newspaper=Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino\|title=Southern Andes - La Aguada\|url=https://precolombino.cl/wp/en/culturas-americanas/culturas-precolombinas/area-surandina/la-aguada/#:~:text=Environment%20and%20Geography.%20The%20La%20Aguada%20people,zenith%20the%20culture%20covered%20much%20of%20northwest}}</ref>
			[[File:Le Aguada pyramid.png\|center\|thumb\|375x375px\|Choya 68, also known as Pirámide de la Aguada, is an archaeological site located in the province of Catamarca, Argentina. Considered one of the few pre-Columbian pyramids identified in Argentine territory. ]]

	==== The Inca Empire (1438 - 1533 CE) ====		==== The Inca Empire (1438 - 1533 CE) ====