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BRICS

2023-08-27T23:33:12Z

TheRedWitch: add summit location

{{External article cleanup|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = BRICS
| full_name = Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa <hr>
| image = Informal_meeting_of_the_BRICS_during_the_2019_G20_Osaka_summit.jpg
| image_size = 245
| alt =
| caption = The BRICS leaders in 2019, from left to right: [[Xi Jinping]], [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Jair Bolsonaro]], [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Cyril Ramaphosa]]
| logo =Infobrics.org_logo.svg
| logo_size = 230
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Official Logo
| map = BRICS_Members.svg
| map_size = 330
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Current members 
----
'''Member states and key leaders:'''
----{{Infobox | subbox = yes
| labelstyle = padding-right:1em;text-align:left
| datastyle = text-align:left
| label1 = [[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] [[Federative_Republic_of_Brazil|Brazil]]
| data1 = President [[Lula da Silva]]
| label2 = [[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] [[Russian_Federation|Russia]]
| data2 = President [[Vladimir Putin]]
| label4 = [[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] [[People%27s_Republic_of_China|China]] (2022 host)
| data4 = President [[Xi Jinping]]
| label5 = [[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_South_Africa|South Africa]]
| data5 = President [[Cyril Ramaphosa]]
| label3 = [[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_India|India]]
| data3 = Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]
}}<hr>
| abbreviation = BRICS
| predecessor = BRIC
| named_after = Member states' initials
| type = [[Intergovernmental organization]]
| purpose = Political
| fields = International politics
| membership = 5
| membership_year = 2022
| funding = Member states
| formerly = BRIC
| headquarters = [[New Development Bank|BRICS Tower]]
| location_city = [[Shanghai]]
| location_country = China
| website =
}}

'''BRICS''' is an acronym for five leading emerging economies: [[Brazil|'''B'''razil]], [[Russia|'''R'''ussia]], [[India|'''I'''ndia]], [[China|'''C'''hina]], and [[South Africa|'''S'''outh Africa]]. The first four were initially grouped as "BRIC" (or "the BRICs") in 2001 by Goldman Sachs economist Jim O'Neill, who coined the term to describe fast-growing economies that would collectively dominate the global economy by 2050;<ref>{{Web citation |author=Tilak Doshi |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tilakdoshi/2022/07/21/brics-in-the-new-world-energy-order-hedging-in-oil-geopolitics/ |title=BRICS In The New World Energy Order: Hedging In Oil Geopolitics |newsaper=Forbes |retrieved=2022-11-10}}</ref> [[South Africa]] was added in 2010.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-080411.htm |title=New era as South Africa joins BRICS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418004139/http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-080411.htm |archive-date=18 April 2011 |newspaper=SouthAfrica.info |date=11 April 2010 |retrieved=2012-12-02}}</ref> [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[Argentine Republic|Argentina]], [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]], [[Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]] will be added as members in 2024. <ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Joshua Ramos|newspaper=Watcher.Guru|title=Saudi Arabia, UAE & 4 Other Countries Officially Joining BRICS|date=2023-08-24|url=https://watcher.guru/news/saudi-arabia-uae-4-other-countries-officially-joining-brics|retrieved=2023-08-24}}</ref>

The BRICS have a combined area of 39,746,220 km2 (15,346,100 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 3.21 billion,<ref>{{Web citation|author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|newspaper=United Nations|title=World Population Prospects 2019|date=2019|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617061145/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|archive-date=2021-06-17|retrieved=2021-06-17}}</ref> or about 26.7% of the world's land surface and 41.5% of the global population. Brazil, Russia, India, and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and GDP, and are widely considered to be current or emerging superpowers. All five states are members of the [[G20]], with a combined nominal GDP of US$26.6 trillion (about 26.2% of the [[gross world product]]), a total [[GDP (PPP)]] of around US$51.99 trillion (32.1% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$4.46 trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2018).<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |newspaper=IMF |retrieved=19 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-Issues/2011/1018/Amid-BRICS-rise-and-Arab-Spring-a-new-global-order-forms |title=Amid BRICS' rise and 'Arab Spring', a new global order forms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020201828/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-Issues/2011/1018/Amid-BRICS-rise-and-Arab-Spring-a-new-global-order-forms |archive-date=20 October 2011 |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |date=18 October 2011 |retrieved=20 October 2011 }}</ref>

The BRICS were originally identified for the purpose of highlighting investment opportunities, and had not been a formal [[intergovernmental organization]].<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-08/goldman-s-bric-era-ends-as-fund-closes-after-years-of-losses |title=Goldman's BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses |newspaper=[[Bloomberg]]}}</ref> Since 2009, they have increasingly formed into a more cohesive geopolitical bloc, with their governments meeting annually at formal summits and coordinating multilateral policies;<ref>{{Web citation |author=Tilak Doshi |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tilakdoshi/2022/07/21/brics-in-the-new-world-energy-order-hedging-in-oil-geopolitics/ |title=BRICS In The New World Energy Order: Hedging In Oil Geopolitics |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |retrieved=2022-11-10 }}</ref> China hosted the most recent 14th BRICS summit on 24 July 2022. Bilateral relations among the BRICS are conducted mainly on the basis of noninterference, equality, and mutual benefit.<ref>{{Web citation Gutemberg Pacheco Lopes Junior |url=https://repository.law.wisc.edu/s/uwlaw/media/21534 |title=The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research |newspaper=Wisconsin International Law Journal; |date=13 May 2015 }}</ref>

The BRICS are considered the foremost rival to the [[G7|G7 bloc]] of leading advanced economies,<ref>{{Web citation |author=Tilak Doshi |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tilakdoshi/2022/07/21/brics-in-the-new-world-energy-order-hedging-in-oil-geopolitics/ |title=BRICS In The New World Energy Order: Hedging In Oil Geopolitics |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |retrieved=2022-10-11|date=2022-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104134110/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tilakdoshi/2022/07/21/brics-in-the-new-world-energy-order-hedging-in-oil-geopolitics/?sh=2a23c8d924bf|archive-date=2023-01-04}}</ref> announcing competing initiatives such as the New Development Bank, Contingent Reserve Arrangement, BRICS payment system, and BRICS basket reserve currency. Since 2022, the group has sought to expand membership, with several developing countries expressing interest in joining.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Tom O'Connor |date=2022-10-07 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/brazil-russia-india-china-south-africa-brics-bloc-grows-us-left-out-1757643 |title=Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa BRICS bloc grows with U.S. left out|newspaper=Newsweek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151125/https://www.newsweek.com/brazil-russia-india-china-south-africa-brics-bloc-grows-us-left-out-1757643|archive-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> The BRICS have received praise from numerous commentators.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=168422 |title=Brics a force for world peace, says China |date=8 August 2012 |archive-url= |retrieved=2013-11-09 |newspaper=BusinessDay|archive-date=22 April 2013}}</ref>

== History==
===Name===
The term BRIC was originally developed in the context of foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, ''Building Better Global Economic BRICs'' by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Jim O'Neill;<ref>{{Web citation |author=Jim O'Neill |date=2001 |url=http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/building-better.html |title=Building Better Global Economic BRICs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202851/http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/building-better.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |newspaper=Goldman Sachs |retrieved=12 February 2015. jai shree ram}}</ref> the term was coined by Roopa Purushothaman, who was a Research Assistant in the original report.<ref>{{YouTube citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yqL_iBFXzQ |title=Uday Kotak In Conversation With 'Bridgital Nation' Author N Chandrasekaran''], retrieved 1 January 2020.}}</ref>

For investing purposes, the list of emerging economies sometimes included South Korea, which expanded the acronym to BRICS or BRICK.

===First BRIC summit===
The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC General states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.<ref>{{Web citation |archive-url=10 July 2015 |title=Information about BRICS |newspaper=Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br |date=27 March 2013 |url=http://brics6.itamaraty.gov.br/about-brics/information-about-brics the original |retrieved=4 September 2017}}</ref>A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/articles/bric_1.shtml |title=Cooperation within BRIC |archive-url=19 June 2009 |newspaper=Kremlin.ru |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref>

The BRIC grouping's 1st formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8102216.stm |title=First summit for emerging giants |newspaper=[[BBC]] News |date=16 June 2009 |archive-url=18 June 2009 |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref> with [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], [[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[Manmohan Singh]], and [[Hu Jintao]], the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation |author=Gleb Bryanski |date=26 June 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLG67435120090616 |title=BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619134448/https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLG67435120090616 |archive-date=19 June 2009 |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref> The summit's focus was on improving the [[late-2000s recession|global economic situation]] and reforming financial institutions, and discussed how the four countries could better co-operate in the future.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8102216.stm |title=First summit for emerging giants |newspaper=[[BBC]] News |date=16 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002740/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8102216.stm |archive-date=18 June 2009 |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> There was further discussion of ways that [[developing countries]], such as 3/4 of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.<ref name=":0" />

In the aftermath of the Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new [[World currency|global reserve currency]], which would have to be "diverse, stable and predictable."<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.euronews.net/2009/06/16/bric-wants-more-influence/ |title=BRIC wants more influence |newspaper=Euronews |date=16 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621022125/http://www.euronews.net/2009/06/16/bric-wants-more-influence/ |archive-date=21 June 2009 |retrieved=16 June 2009}}</ref> Although the statement that was released did not directly criticize the perceived "dominance" of the [[United States dollar|US dollar]] – something that Russia had criticized in the past – it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Wanfeng Zhou |date=16 June 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-forex-idUSTRE5530NQ20090616 |title=Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |archuve-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/16/us-markets-forex-idUSTRE5530NQ20090616 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |retrieved=6 July 2014}}</ref>

===Entry of South Africa===
In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.<ref name="foreignpolicyjournal.com">
{{Web citation |author=Antonio Graceffo |url=http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |title=BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard |newspaper=Foreign Policy Journal |date=21 January 2011 |retrieved=14 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126031749/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |archive-date=26 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010, after being formally invited by China to join<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bric-safrica-idUSTRE6BN1DZ20101224 |title=China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua |date=24 December 2010 |newspaper=[[Reuters]]|retrieved=9 June 2019|language=en}}</ref> and subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries.<ref name="foreignpolicyjournal.com" /> The group was renamed BRICS – with the "S" standing for South Africa – to reflect the group's expanded membership.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Ben Blanchard, Zhou Xin |date=14 April 2011 |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/southAfricaNews/idAFL3E7FE13B20110414 |title=UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620043200/http://af.reuters.com/article/southAfricaNews/idAFL3E7FE13B20110414 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |newspaper=[[Reuters]] Africa |retrieved=26 April 2013}}</ref> In April 2011, the President of South Africa, [[Jacob Zuma]], attended the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China, as a full member.<ref name="autogenerated1">
{{Web citation |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-12/24/c_13662138.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228032338/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-12/24/c_13662138.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2010 |title=South Africa joins BRIC as full member |newspaper=Xinhua |date=24 December 2010 |retrieved=14 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BRICS-countries-need-to-further-enhance-coordination-Manmohan-Singh/articleshow/7961167.cms |title=BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 April 2011 |retrieved=14 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/brics-should-coordinate-in-key-areas-of-development-pm/775130/ |title=BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM |newspaper=Indian Express |date=10 April 2011 |retrieved=14 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415005531/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/brics-should-coordinate-in-key-areas-of-development-pm/775130 |archive-date=15 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Potential further expansion===
Since South Africa joined the BRIC grouping (now BRICS) in 2010, numerous other countries have expressed interest in joining the bloc, including [[Argentina]] and [[Iran]]. Both signaled their intent to join BRICS during meetings with senior Chinese officials, the current BRICS chair, over the course of the summer of 2022. Beijing backed Argentina's potential accession<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=MercoPress |title=China once again backs Argentina joining BRICS |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/07/china-once-again-backs-argentina-joining-brics |retrieved=1 October 2022}}</ref> following a meeting<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China |title=Wang Yi Attends the G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/kjgzbdfyyq/202207/t20220709_10717939.html |retrieved=1 October 2022}}</ref> between Argentine Foreign Minister Santiago Cafiero and Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi on the margins of the G20 Summit in Indonesia. China once again reiterated their support for Argentina’s potential application during a subsequent meeting between Cafiero and Yi on the margins of the 77th UN General Assembly.<ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=MercoPress |title=China once again backs Argentina joining BRICS |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/07/china-once-again-backs-argentina-joining-brics |retrieved=1 October 2022}}</ref> Likewise, it is understood that both Russia, India, and Brazil support Argentina’s application. Iran also submitted an application in June 2022 to Chinese authorities to join the economic association of emerging markets.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Parisa Hafezi |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-applies-join-brics-group-emerging-countries-2022-06-27/ |retrieved=1 October 2022}}</ref> Relations between Iran, China and Russia have warmed in recent months as all three governments seek new allies against increasing Western opposition. [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Turkey]], and [[Egypt]] also expressed their interest in joining BRICS but have not yet submitted formal requests. There is no formal application process as such to join BRICS, but any hopeful government must receive unanimous backing from all existing BRICS members--Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa--to receive an invitation.

===Developments===
[[File:28_06_2019_Reunião_Informal_do_BRICS_(48142569851).jpg|thumb|right|Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro]] and Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] during the BRICS in [[Brasília]], [[Brazil]].]]
The BRICS Forum, an independent international organization encouraging commercial, political, and cultural cooperation among the BRICS nations, was formed in 2011.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://www.bricsforum.org |newspaper=BRICS Forum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717220554/http://www.bricsforum.org/ |archive-date=17 July 2015 |retrieved=29 November 2012 }}</ref> In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF). However, this loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/russia-brics-imf-idINDEE85K04C20120621|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|title=Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund|date=21 June 2012|retrieved=5 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515075723/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/06/21/russia-brics-imf-idINDEE85K04C20120621|archive-date=15 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In late March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the member countries agreed to create a [[BRICS Development Bank|global financial institution]] intended to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.<ref>jai shree ram

{{Web citation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/mar/28/brics-countries-infrastructure-spending-development-bank |title=Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 March 2013 |retrieved=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030120601/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/mar/28/brics-countries-infrastructure-spending-development-bank |archive-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the summit, the BRICS stated that they planned to finalize the arrangements for this [[New Development Bank]] by 2014.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/g20-brics-india-idINDEE93I0DK20130419 |title=India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=19 April 2013 |retrieved=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528093058/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/04/19/g20-brics-india-idINDEE93I0DK20130419 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, disputes relating to burden sharing and location slowed down the agreements.

At the BRICS leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, holder of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributes the bulk of the currency pool, wants a more significant managing role, said one BRICS official. China also wants to be the location of the reserve. "Brazil and India want the initial capital to be shared equally. We know that China wants more," said a Brazilian official. "However, we are still negotiating, there are no tensions arising yet."<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/g20-brics-fund-idINL6N0I13N720131011 |title=BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 – Russia | Reuters |newspaper=In.reuters.com |date=11 October 2013 |retrieved=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194824/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/11/g20-brics-fund-idINL6N0I13N720131011 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion fund designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, stated that the fund would be created by March 2014.<ref>{{Web citation |author=Silvio Cascione, Patricia Duarte |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-economy-mantega-idINBRE9990WR20131010 |title=Brazil's Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering 'clearly' | Reuters |newspaper=In.reuters.com |date=10 October 2013 |retrieved=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194821/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/10/us-brazil-economy-mantega-idINBRE9990WR20131010 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live }}
</ref> However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.<ref name="rbth1">{{Web citation |url=http://rbth.com/business/2014/04/14/brics_countries_to_set_up_their_own_imf_35891.html |title=rbth.com: "BRICS countries to set up their own IMF" 14 Apr 2014 |date=14 April 2014 |retrieved=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531200454/http://rbth.com/business/2014/04/14/brics_countries_to_set_up_their_own_imf_35891.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> One driver for the BRICS development bank is that the existing institutions primarily benefit extra-BRICS corporations, and the political significance is notable because it allows BRICS member states "to promote their interests abroad… and can highlight the strengthening positions of countries whose opinion is frequently ignored by their developed American and European colleagues."

[[File:NDB-HQ-Photo.jpg|thumb|BRICS Tower headquarters (former Oriental Financial Centre) in Shanghai.]]

In July 2014, the Governor of the Russian Central Bank, Elvira Nabiullina, claimed that the "BRICS partners promote the establishment of a system of multilateral swaps that will allow them to transfer resources to one or another country, if needed" in an article which concluded that "If the current trend continues, soon the dollar will be abandoned by most of the significant global economies and it will be kicked out of the global trade finance."<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://voiceofrussia.com/2014_07_03/BRICS-is-morphing-into-an-anti-dollar-alliance-6229/ |title=voiceofrussia.com: "BRICS morphing into anti-dollar alliance" 3 Jul 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712033220/http://voiceofrussia.com/2014_07_03/BRICS-is-morphing-into-an-anti-dollar-alliance-6229/ |archive-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Over the weekend of 13 July 2014, when the final game of the FIFA World Cup was held, and in advance of the BRICS Fortaleza summit, Putin met fellow leader [[Dilma Rousseff]] to discuss the BRICS development bank, and sign some other bilateral accords on air defense, gas and education. Rouseff said that the BRICS countries "are among the largest in the world and cannot content themselves in the middle of the 21st century with any kind of dependency."<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://news.yahoo.com/brazil-russia-discuss-creation-brics-bank-182127176.html |title=yahoo.com: "Brazil, Russia discuss creation of BRICS bank" 14 Jul 2014 |retrieved=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207225030/http://news.yahoo.com/brazil-russia-discuss-creation-brics-bank-182127176.html |archive-date=7 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations president's in Brasilia, where the development bank and the monetary fund were introduced.<ref name="yn11j">{{Web citation |url=https://news.yahoo.com/brics-launch-bank-tighten-latin-america-ties-034909760.html |title=BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712193150/http://news.yahoo.com/brics-launch-bank-tighten-latin-america-ties-034909760.html |archive-date=12 July 2015 |newspaper=Yahoo.com |date=11 July 2014 |retrieved=13 February 2015}}</ref> The development bank will have capital of US$50 billion with each country contributing US$10 billion, while the monetary fund will have US$100 billion at its disposal.<ref name="yn11j" />

On 15 July, the first day of the BRICS sixth summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the group of emerging economies signed the long-anticipated document to create the US$100 billion [[New Development Bank]] (formerly known as the "BRICS Development Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also inked.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.coursehero.com/file/96729068/BRICS-by-sourav-das-05042020pdf/ BRICS in Fortaleza, Brazil]}}</ref>

At the end of October 2014, Brazil trimmed down its holdings of US government securities to US$261.7 billion; India, US$77.5 billion; China, US$1.25 trillion; South Africa, US$10.3 billion.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-cuts-exposure-to-us-government-securities-at-77-5-billion-in-october/articleshow/45592315.cms |title=India cuts exposure to US government securities at $77.5 billion in October |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910063217/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-cuts-exposure-to-us-government-securities-at-77-5-billion-in-october/articleshow/45592315.cms |archive-date=10 September 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 December 2014 |retrieved=21 December 2014. |alternative-url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/45592315.cms |alternative-archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910063215/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/45592315.cms |alternative-archive-date=10 September 2017 }}</ref>[[File:NDB-HQ-LOGO.jpg|thumb|right|New Development Bank's logo.]]

After the 2015 summit, the respective communications ministers, under a Russian proposal, had a first summit for their ministries in Moscow in October where the host minister, Nikolai Nikiforov, proposed an initiative to further tighten their information technology sectors and challenge the monopoly of the United States in the sector.

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries have been planning an optical fibre submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the [[BRICS Cable]].<ref name="bloomberg">{{Web citation |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aDLKQqIM.ZZ0 |title=Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa |newspaper=[[Bloomberg]] News |date=16 April 2012 |retrieved=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119201528/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aDLKQqIM.ZZ0 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the [[National Security Agency|U.S. National Security Agency]] on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory.<ref name="diplomat">{{Web citation |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/a-fiber-optic-silk-road/ |title=A Fiber-Optic Silk Road |newspaper=[[The Diplomat]] |date=2 April 2015 |author=Rolland Nadège |retrieved=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119180928/https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/a-fiber-optic-silk-road/ |archive-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.telecompaper.com/news/brics-countries-to-cooperate-in-ict-sector--1304946 |title = BRICS countries to cooperate in ICT sector}}</ref> held in Brasília, Brazil.

The [[New Development Bank]], located in China, plans on giving out $15 billion to member nation to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The summit they plan on doing virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia will discuss how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix their multilateral system by reforms.<ref>{{Web citation |title=BRICS To Allocate $15 Billion For Rebuilding Economies Hit By COVID-19 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-brics-to-allocate-15-billion-for-rebuilding-economies-hit-by-covid-19-2220046 |retrieved=20 October 2020 |newspaper=NDTV.com}}</ref> The COVID-19 accepting rate of taking the vaccine is a mixture in the BRICS community. China, India, and South Africa are the most willing to take the vaccine while Brazil and Russia have more skepticism than the other three.<ref>{{Web citation |date=20 October 2020 |title=What do people in BRICS countries think about a COVID-19 vaccine? |url=https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/what-do-people-in-brics-countries-think-about-a-covid-19-vaccine-98356 |retrieved=25 October 2020 |newspaper=Devex}}</ref> During the 13th BRICS summit, Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the [[World Health Organization]] with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese president Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process.<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-china-avoided-open-clash-over-origins-of-covid-19-virus/article36479981.ece |title=India, China avoided open clash over COVID-19 origins |newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 September 2021 |author=Suhasini Haidar, Ananth Krishnan}}</ref>

==Summits==
The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Prior to South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011. The most recent BRICS leaders' summit took place virtually on 23 June 2022 hosted by China.<ref>{{Web citation |title=14th BRICS summit to be held in China: Check date, place and other details |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/14th-brics-summit-to-be-held-in-china-check-date-place-and-other-details/articleshow/92271827.cms |retrieved=2022-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=2022-06-17 |title=China's Xi to host virtual BRICS leaders summit on June 23 - Xinhua |language=en |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-host-virtual-brics-leaders-summit-june-23-xinhua-2022-06-17/ |retrieved=2022-07-17}}</ref> India has hosted the BRICS 2021 summit at New Delhi & amid tensions with China, Chinese president [[Xi Jinping]] had made a soft move by supporting India's Chairmanship in 2021.<ref name="BRICS Brazil">{{Web citation |title=BRICS BRASIL 2019 – Theme and priorities |url=http://brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br/en/2019-brazilian-presidency/theme-and-priorities |newspaper=brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sr. No.!!Date(s)!!Host country!!Host leader!!Location!! Notes
|-
|1st||16 June 2009|| [[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] [[Russian_Federation|Russia]]||[[Dmitry Medvedev]]||{{small|Yekaterinburg (Sevastianov's House)}}|| The summit was to discuss the global recession taking place at the time, future cooperation among states, and trade. Some of the specific topics discussed were food, trade, climate trade, and security for the nations. They called out for a more influential voice and representation for up and coming markets. Note at the time South Africa was not yet admitted to the BRICS organization at the time.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts">{{Web citation |date=15 October 2018|title=What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts |url=https://africa-facts.org/what-is-brics/ |retrieved=3 November 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2nd||15 April 2010||[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] [[Federative_Republic_of_Brazil|Brazil]]||[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]||{{small|Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)}}.||The second summit continued on the conversation of the global recession and how to recover. They had a conversation on the IMF, climate change, and more ways to form cooperation among states.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts" />
|-
|3rd||14 April 2011||[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] [[People%27s_Republic_of_China|China]]||[[Hu Jintao]]||{{small|Sanya (Sheraton Sanya Resort)}} ||{{small|First summit to include South Africa alongside the original [[BRIC]] countries.}} The third summit had nations debating on the global and internal economies of countries.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts" />
|-
|4th ||29 March 2012||[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_India|India]]||[[Manmohan Singh]]||{{small|New Delhi (Taj Mahal Hotel)}}|| {{small|The [[BRICS Cable]] announced an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS countries.}} The fourth summit discussed how the organization could prosper from the global recession and how they could take advantage of that to help their economies. BRICS had the intention of improving their global power and to provide adequate development for their state.<ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Citation |date=15 March 2011 |chapter=How aid for trade could help SVEs integrate in the global economy |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14217/9781848591004-6-en |retrieved=3 November 2020 |website=dx.doi.org |series=Economic Paper |pages=30–37 |doi=10.14217/9781848591004-6-en |isbn=9781848591004 |title=Effectiveness of Aid for Trade in Small and Vulnerable Economies |publisher=Commonwealth}}</ref>
|-
|5th||26–27 March 2013 || [[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_South_Africa|South Africa]]||[[Jacob Zuma]]||{{small|Durban (Durban ICC)}}||The fifth summit discusses the New Development Bank proposition and Contingent Reserve Agreement. BRICS also announced the Business Council and its Think Tank Council.<ref name="dx.doi.org" />
|-
|6th||14–17 July 2014||[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] Brazil||[[Dilma Rousseff]]||{{small|Fortaleza (Centro de Eventos do Ceará)}}<ref>
{{Web citation |url=http://www.postwesternworld.com/2013/07/04/a-cupula-de-durban-e-o-futuro-dos-brics/ |title=A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS |publisher=Post-Western World |date=4 July 2013 |retrieved=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907140905/http://www.postwesternworld.com/2013/07/04/a-cupula-de-durban-e-o-futuro-dos-brics/ |archive-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=live}}
</ref>||{{small|BRICS [[New Development Bank]] and [[BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement]] agreements signed.}} The members of BRICS conversed with each other about political coordination, development, and economic growth. They established the Fortaleza Declaration and Action Plan.<ref name="africa-facts.org">{{Web citation |date=15 October 2018 |title=What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts |url=https://africa-facts.org/what-is-brics/ |retrieved=4 November 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|7th ||8–9 July 2015||[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] Russia||[[Vladimir Putin]]||{{small|Ufa (Congress Hall)<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://ufacity.info/eng/press/news/117306.html |title=Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015 |publisher=UfaCity.info |retrieved=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325165310/http://ufacity.info/eng/press/news/117306.html |archive-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}||{{small|Joint summit with [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]-[[Eurasian Economic Union|EAEU]]}}. The seventh summit discussed global, economic problems, and better ways to foster cooperation among member states.<ref name="africa-facts.org" />
|-
|8th||15–16 October 2016||[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] India||[[Narendra Modi]]||{{small|Benaulim (Taj Exotica)}}||{{small|Joint summit with [[BIMSTEC]]}}. The eighth BRICS summit debated on topics like counter-terrorism, economies, and climate change. BRICS also issued the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to harden their relationships.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Web citation |date=15 October 2018 |title=What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts |url=https://africa-facts.org/what-is-brics/ |retrieved=5 November 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|9th||3–5 September 2017||[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] China||[[Xi Jinping]]||{{small|Xiamen (Xiamen International Conference Center)}}||{{small|Joint summit with EMDCD}}. The ninth summit was an event that talked about a bright future for BRICS and what their goals intend to be. They still covered and debated on international and regional issues with one another; hopeful to keep moving forward.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
|-
| 10th||25–27 July 2018||[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] South Africa||[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]||{{small|Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre)}}||
|-
|11th||13–14 November 2019||[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] Brazil|| [[Jair Bolsonaro]]|| {{small|Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)}}<ref name="BRICS Brazil" />||
|-
|12th||21–23 July 2020 (postponed due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]])<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://eng.brics-russia2020.ru/news/20200527/395729/BRICS-and-the-SCO-summits-postponed.html |title=BRICS and the SCO summits postponed | Official website of the Russian BRICS Chairmanship in 2020}}</ref> 17 November 2020 (video conference)<ref>{{Web citation |title=BRICS Summit to be held virtually on Nov 17; strengthening cooperation, global stability on agenda |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/brics-summit-to-be-held-virtually-on-nov-17-cooperation-strengthening-global-stability-on-agenda/story-Io02j2Xpb81KAx03C13O1M.html |retrieved=5 October 2020 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=5 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>||[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] Russia||Vladimir Putin||{{small|Saint Petersburg}}<ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5d3209879a7947184d6b66f9 |title=Путин заявил о переносе саммитов БРИКС и ШОС из Челябинска |retrieved=19 July 2019}}</ref>||
|-
| 13th||9 September 2021 (video conference)||[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] India||Narendra Modi||{{small|New Delhi}}||
|-
|14th||23 June 2022 (video conference)||[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] China||Xi Jinping||Beijing||
|-
|15th||2023||[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] South Africa|| Cyril Ramaphosa||Johannesburg
|
|}

==Member countries==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Country
!Population (in Thousands) (2018)
! |PPP GDP bil. USD (2022 est.)<ref name="autogenerated2" />
! style="font-size:85%" |PPP GDP per capita USD (2022 est.)<ref name="autogenerated2" />
!GDP growth (2022 est.)<ref>
{{Web Citation |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report |retrieved=2022-04-20 |newspaper=IMF |language=en}}
</ref>
!Government spending
!Exports<ref>
{{Web citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |newspaper=[[CIA]] |retrieved=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004073036/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2078rank.html |archive-date=4 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>
!Imports<ref>
{{Web citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2087rank.html |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |newspaper=[[CIA]] |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004070323/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2087rank.html |archive-date=4 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>
!Literacy rate<ref>
{{Web citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html|title=Field Listing :: Literacy |newspaper=[[CIA]] The World Factbook |retrieved=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124171442/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html |archive-date=24 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}
</ref>
!Life expectancy (years, avg.)<ref>
{{Web citation |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272596/9789241565585-eng.pdf |title=World Health Statistics 2018 |newspaper=Who.int |date=6 June 2018 |retrieved=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206172337/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272596/9789241565585-eng.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2018 |url-status=live }}
</ref>
!HDI (2021)<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2020 |date=2020 |retrieved=5 November 2022 |newspaper=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] [[Federative_Republic_of_Brazil|Brazil]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]210,869.000||3,782 || 17,684||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]4.6%||$846.6 bn||$393.2 bn ||$201.9 bn||94.4%||76.8||0.754 (high)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] [[Russian_Federation|Russia]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]143,964.709||4,649||31,967||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]4.7%|| $414.0 bn||$336.8 bn||$212.7 bn||99.7%||72.7||0.822 (very high)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_India|India]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]] 1,367,089.879||11,665||8,293||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]8.9%||$616.0 bn||$303.4 bn||$426.8 bn|| 72.1%||68.8||0.633 (medium)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] [[People%27s_Republic_of_China|China]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]] 1,415,045.928||30,074||21,291||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]8.0%||$2,031.0 bn||$3,363.0 bn||$2,055.0 bn||96.4%|| 76.4||0.768 (high)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_South_Africa|South Africa]]'''||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]57,398.421||949||15,556||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]4.9%|| $95.27 bn||$78.25 bn||$80.22 bn||94.3% ||63.6 ||0.713 (high)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''Average'''|| [[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]627,060.914||8,119.9||19,041||[[File:Increase2.svg|11x11px|]]6.2%||$800.574 bn||$562.94 bn||$446.68 bn||93%||71.2||0.741 (high)
|}

[[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[Argentine Republic|Argentina]], [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]], [[Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]] have been accepted as members and will officially join on 1 January, 2024.<ref name=":1" />

[[Bangladesh]], [[Egypt]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Uruguay]] are members of BRICS [[New Development Bank]].

In addition, [[Algeria]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Indonesia]], [[Mexico]], [[Nigeria]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sudan]], [[Syria]], [[Turkey]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Zimbabwe]] have expressed interest in membership of BRICS.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130427/180876832.html |title=Syria Seeks to Join Shanghai Group, BRICS – Minister |newspaper=RIA Novosti |date=27 April 2013 |retrieved=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108000726/http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130427/180876832.html |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/Emerging-Markets-Rush-To-Join-BRICS-Alliance-As-High-Energy-Prices-Persist.html |title=Emerging Markets Rush To Join BRICS Alliance As High Energy Prices Persist |newspaper=Clarin |date=21 August 2022 |retrieved=21 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://calrev.org/2019/04/30/french-soft-power-resetting-african-relations/ |title=FRANCE RESETS AFRICAN RELATIONS: A POTENTIAL LESSON FOR PRESIDENT TRUMP |author=Aaron Genin |date=30 April 2019 |newspaper=The California Review |language=en-US |retrieved=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation |author=Nassima Dib |date=July 31, 2022 |title=Président Tebboune: l'Algérie satisfait en grande partie aux conditions d'adhésion aux BRICS |language=French |newspaper=[[Algeria Press Service]] |url=https://www.aps.dz/economie/143407-president-tebboune-l-algerie-satisfait-en-grande-partie-aux-conditions-d-adhesion-aux-brics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801040638/https://www.aps.dz/economie/143407-president-tebboune-l-algerie-satisfait-en-grande-partie-aux-conditions-d-adhesion-aux-brics |archive-date=August 1, 2022}}</ref>

==Financial architecture==
[[File:Shanghai skyline waterfront pudong 5166168 69 70.jpg|right|thumb|The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai.]]
[[File:Signing of documents at 6th BRICS Summit.jpeg|right|thumb|The New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) were signed into treaty at the 2014 BRICS summit in [[Brazil]].]]
[[File:NDB-Chart-BRICS.png|thumb|right|Equal distribution of shares between the shareholders of the NDB.]]
Currently, there are two components that make up the financial architecture of BRICS, namely, the New Development Bank (NDB), or sometimes referred to as the BRICS Development Bank, and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). Both of these components were signed into treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.

===New Development Bank===

{{Main article|New Development Bank}}

The '''New Development Bank (NDB)''', formally referred to as the '''BRICS Development Bank''',<ref>{{Web citation|author=Indiasnaps News Network|newspaper=Indiasnaps|title=BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency|date=16 July 2014|url=http://indiasnaps.com/brics-bank-to-be-headquartered-in-shanghai-india-to-hold-presidency/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812062235/http://indiasnaps.com/brics-bank-to-be-headquartered-in-shanghai-india-to-hold-presidency/|archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending will be infrastructure projects<ref name="allabout">{{Web citation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/17/what-the-new-bank-of-brics-is-all-about/ |title=What the new bank of BRICS is all about |date=17 July 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |retrieved=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717190437/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/17/what-the-new-bank-of-brics-is-all-about/ |archive-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hpos">{{Web citation |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/parag-khanna/new-brics-bank_b_5600027.html |title=New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order |date=18 July 2014 |newspaper=The Huffington Post |retrieved=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719184109/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/parag-khanna/new-brics-bank_b_5600027.html |archive-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually.<ref name="hpos" /> South Africa will be the African Headquarters of the Bank named the "New Development Bank Africa Regional Centre."<ref name="bill">{{Web citation |url = http://in.rbth.com/world/2014/07/16/brics_countries_launch_100_billion_developmental_bank_currency_pool_36733.html |title=BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool |date=16 July 2014 |newspaper=Russia & India Report |retrieved=20 July 2014}}</ref> The bank will have starting capital of $50 billion, with wealth increased to $100 billion over time.<ref name="ready">{{Web citation |url=http://in.rbth.com/economics/2014/07/10/brics_bank_ready_for_launch_-_russian_finance_minister_36599.html |title=BRICS Bank ready for launch – Russian Finance Minister |date= 10 July 2014 |newspaper=Russia & India Report |retrieved=20 July 2014}}</ref> Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa will initially contribute $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion.<ref name="bill" /><ref name="ready" /> It has so far 53 projects under way worth around $15 billion.<ref>{{Web citation |title=History |url=https://www.ndb.int/about-us/essence/history/ |retrieved=9 November 2020 |newspaper=New Development Bank |language=en-US}}</ref>

Recently [[Bangladesh]], [[Egypt]], the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Uruguay]] were added as new members of BRICS New Development Bank (NDB).<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/brics-development-bank-admits-uae-bangladesh-uruguay-new-members-2021-09-02/ BRICS development bank admits UAE, Bangladesh, Uruguay as new members]</ref>

===BRICS CRA===

{{Main article|BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement}}

The '''BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement''' ('''CRA''') is a framework for providing protection against global liquidity pressures.<ref name="allabout" /><ref name="ready" /><ref name="rics">{{Web citation |url=http://in.rbth.com/world/2014/07/17/brics_currency_fund_to_protect_members_from_volatility_-_russias_top_ba_36767.html |title=BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility – Russia's top banker |date= 17 July 2014 |newspaper=Russia & India Report |retrieved=20 July 2014}}</ref> This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures.<ref name="allabout" /><ref name="rics" /> It is found that emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment.<ref>{{Citation |doi=10.1080/10220461.2015.1069208 |title=The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement |journal=South African Journal of International Affairs |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=307–324 |year=2015 |author=Mayamiko Biziwick, Nicolette Cattaneo, David Fryer |s2cid=153695521}}</ref> The CRA is generally seen as a competitor to the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and along with the [[New Development Bank]] is viewed as an example of increasing South-South cooperation.<ref name="allabout" /> It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the ''Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement'', signed at Fortaleza, Brazil on 15 July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey it entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=The Central Bank of Russian Federation|title=On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings|date=2015-09-04|url=http://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/pr.aspx?file=04092015_185039eng2015-09-04T18_46_05.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002172250/http://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/pr.aspx?file=04092015_185039eng2015-09-04T18_46_05.htm|archive-date=2016-08-02|retrieved=2016-09-22}}</ref>

=== BRICS payment system===

At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from BRICS nations, initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the [[Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication|Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)]] system. Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov stated in an interview, "The finance ministers and executives of the BRICS central banks are negotiating… setting up payment systems and moving on to settlements in national currencies. SWIFT or not, in any case we’re talking about… a global multilateral payment system that would provide greater independence, would create a definite guarantee for BRICS."<ref>[https://haryana.pscnotes.com/international/dmpq-brics-payment-system/ BRICS payment system]</ref>

The Central Bank of Russia (CBR) also started consultations with BRICS nations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The main benefits highlighted were backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system. The Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Russia, Olga Skorobogatova, stated in an interview, "The only topic that may be of interest to all of us within BRICS is to consider and talk over the possibility of setting up a system that would apply to the BRICS countries, used as a backup."<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://in.rbth.com/economics/2015/06/01/russia_offers_to_discuss_brics_prototype_of_swift_global_system_43421 |title=Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system |newspaper=Russia & India Report |date=1 June 2015 |retrieved=26 March 2016}}</ref>

China has also initiated the development of their own SWIFT-alternative payment-system called the [[Cross-Border Inter-Bank Payments System|Cross-Border Inter-Bank Payments System (CIPS)]], which would provide a network that enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions in a secure, standardized, and reliable environment.<ref name="Reuters1">{{Web citation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-yuan-payments-exclusive-idUSKBN0M50BV20150309?irpc=932 |title=Exclusive: China's international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 – sources |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=9 March 2015 |retrieved=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924214126/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/09/us-china-yuan-payments-exclusive-idUSKBN0M50BV20150309?irpc=932 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> India also has its alternative [[Structured Financial Messaging System|Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS)]], as does Russia with its [[SPFS|Система передачи финансовых сообщений (СПФС)/System for Transfer of Financial Messages (SPFS)]].

==Reception==
[[File:14 11 2019 Diálogo dos Líderes com o Conselho Empresarial do BRICS e o Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento (49066644892).jpg|thumb|right|The five leaders of BRICS in [[Brasília]], [[Brazil]].]]
In 2012, [[Hu Jintao]], the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace.<ref name="BRICS Peace Defender">{{Web citation |title=Brics a force for world peace, says China |url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=168422 |newspaper=[[Business Day (South Africa)|4=Business Day]] |date=8 August 2012 |retrieved=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130422020755/http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=168422 |archive-date=22 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

===BRICS Pro Tempore Presidency===
The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS. In 2019, the pro tempore presidency was held by the president of Brazil.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://brics.itamaraty.gov.br/images/CALENDARIOPRESIDENCIAAFRICANA.pdf |title=Archived copy |retrieved=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730203248/http://brics.itamaraty.gov.br/images/CALENDARIOPRESIDENCIAAFRICANA.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was "BRICS:economic growth for an innovative future", and the priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 are the following -Strengthening of the cooperation in Science, technology and innovation; Enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy; Invigoration of the cooperation on the fight against transnational crime, especially against organized crime, money laundering and drug trafficking; Encouragement to the rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council.<ref>{{Web citation |url=http://brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br/en/2019-brazilian-presidency/theme-and-priorities|title=BRICS BRASIL 2019 – Theme and priorities |newspaper=brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br}}</ref> Currently the new President Pro Tempore is Russia and their goals are: investing into BRICS countries in order to strengthen everyone's economies, cooperating in the energy and environmental industries, helping with young children and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping.<ref>{{Web citation |title=BRICS information portal |url=http://infobrics.org/ |retrieved=26 October 2020 |newspaper=BRICS |language=en}}</ref>

==Current leaders==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
|-
!Member
!Image
!Name

!Position
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|25x25px|]] [[Federative_Republic_of_Brazil|Brazil]]
|[[File:Lula.png|150px]]
|[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula da Silva]]
|President of Brazil
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|25x25px|]] [[People%27s_Republic_of_China|China]]
|[[File:Xi_Jinping_waving_hand.jpg|150px]]
|[[Xi Jinping]]
|President of China
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_India|India]]
|[[File:Modi.png|150px]]
|[[Narendra Modi]]
|Prime Minister of India
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|25x25px|]] [[Russian_Federation|Russia]]
|[[File:Putin.png|150px]]
|[[Vladimir Putin]]
|President of Russia
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25x25px|]] [[Republic_of_South_Africa|South Africa]]
|[[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_President_Ramaphosa_(52274438927)_(cropped).jpg|150px]]
|[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]
|President of South Africa
|}

==See also==
*[[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]
*[[BRICS Games]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{Web citation |url=http://www.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-NAN-brics-summit-in-goa-news-and-updates-news-hindi-5439612-PHO.html |title=Eighth Annual BRICS Summit in Goa: (Narendra Modi, Vladimir Putin, Michel Temer, and Xi Jinping) |author=Dainik Bhaskar |date=15 October 2016 }}

==External links==
*''[https://infobrics.org/ Official Website]''
[[Category:Intergovernmental organizations]]
[[Category:Pages needing references]]

Mutulu Shakur

2023-07-10T18:35:56Z

TheRedWitch: Update death date and location

{{Infobox politician|name=Mutulu Shakur|birth_name=Jeral Wayne Williams|birth_date=August 8, 1950|birth_place=Baltimore, Maryland, [[United States of America|United States]]|death_date=July 6, 2023|death_place=Southern California [[United States of America|United States]]|nationality=New Afrikan|political_line=[[Black nationalism]]|image=Mutulu Shakur.png}}

'''Mutulu Shakur''' was a Black nationalist from the United States. He was granted parole in 2022 after spending 36 years as a political prisoner.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Kerbie Joseph|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Dr. Mutulu Shakur granted parole after 36 years as political prisoner|date=2022-11-11|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/dr-mutulu-shakur-granted-parole-after-36-years-as-political-prisoner/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111192211/https://www.liberationnews.org/dr-mutulu-shakur-granted-parole-after-36-years-as-political-prisoner/|archive-date=2022-11-11|retrieved=2022-11-13}}</ref>

== Political work ==
In the late 1960s, Mutulu Shakur joined [[Revolutionary Action Movement]] (RAM). He later joined the [[Republic of New Afrika]].

Shakur was part of the Lincoln Detox Project from 1970 to 1978 in [[New York City]]. The project was founded by the [[Black Panther Party|Black Panthers]], Republic of New Afrika, [[Young Lords]], and [[Students for a Democratic Society]] to help drug addicts.

Mutulu Shakur helped [[Assata Shakur]], another U.S. political prisoner, escape to [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]].<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=[[Peoples Dispatch]]|title=US political prisoner Mutulu Shakur has six months to live. Will courts finally grant compassionate release?|date=2022-07-27|url=https://peoplesdispatch.org/2022/07/27/us-political-prisoner-mutulu-shakur-has-six-months-to-live-will-courts-finally-grant-compassionate-release/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728003731/https://peoplesdispatch.org/2022/07/27/us-political-prisoner-mutulu-shakur-has-six-months-to-live-will-courts-finally-grant-compassionate-release/|archive-date=2022-07-28|retrieved=2022-07-29}}</ref>

== Arrest and imprisonment ==
The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] illegally targeted Shakur as part of [[COINTELPRO]], and the prosecution used illegally seized evidence at his trial in 1988. While in prison, he contracted [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] twice and is currently suffering from cancer.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Joy Powell]]
* [[Leonard Peltier]]
* [[Mumia Abu-Jamal]]

== References ==
[[Category:Black nationalism]]
<references />
[[Category:Targets of intelligence operations]]

Commonwealth of Australia

2023-05-25T22:33:55Z

TheRedWitch: Update monarch

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Commonwealth of Australia}}
{{Infobox country|name=Commonwealth of Australia|native_name=Yarraanbaa Koey Daudai|image_flag=Australia flag.png|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|image_coat=Coat of Arms of Australia.svg|capital=Canberra|area_km2=7,692,024|largest_city=Sydney|population_estimate=25,928,400|population_estimate_year=2022|government_type=[[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]]|leader_title1=Monarch|leader_name1=Charles III|leader_title2=Prime Minister|leader_name2=Scott Morrison|image_map=Australia map.svg|map_width=260|map_caption=Map of Australia with Antarctic claim in light green|national_languages=English}}

'''Australia''', officially the '''Commonwealth of Australia''', is a continent and [[Settler colonialism|settler-colonial]] state. Since the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[1975 Australian coup d'état|overthrew the Australian government]] in 1975, Australia has been a de facto vassal state of the [[United States of America|USA]].<ref name=":02">{{News citation|author=John Pilger|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=The Forgotten Coup against the 'Most Loyal Ally'|date=2020-06-01|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/forgotten-cia-coup-against-australia-gough-whitlam/268164/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313225320/https://www.mintpressnews.com/forgotten-cia-coup-against-australia-gough-whitlam/268164/|archive-date=2022-03-13|retrieved=2022-07-02}}</ref>

== History ==

=== British colonization ===
In the 1770's, Captain [[James Cook]] claimed Australia for the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] according to the ''terra nullius'' (nobody's land) principle even though it had already been inhabited for tens of thousands of years. The first European settlement was established at Sydney cove in 1788. In 1790, a Bidjigal man named [[Pemulwuy]] began a twelve-year [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] campaign against the settlers when he fatally speared Philip John McEntire.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Gary Pearce|newspaper=[[Jacobin]]|title=Australia Was Founded on an Act of Genocide. It’s Time to Make Amends.|date=2021-06-27|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/06/australia-genocide-first-nations-indigenous-truth-telling-henry-reynolds-review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430221322/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/06/australia-genocide-first-nations-indigenous-truth-telling-henry-reynolds-review|archive-date=2022-04-30|retrieved=2022-05-15}}</ref> He raided settlers' farms, both to obtain food and as revenge for violence against other Aboriginals. He survived two bullet wounds but was eventually killed in 1802.<ref name=":3">{{News citation|newspaper=Australians Together|title=Busting the myth of peaceful settlement|url=https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/australian-history/busting-the-myth-of-peaceful-settlement/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306022223/https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/australian-history/busting-the-myth-of-peaceful-settlement/|archive-date=2022-03-06|retrieved=2022-05-15}}</ref> In 1803, the British landed on the island Tasmania, which was inhabited by 5,000 people.<ref name=":1">{{News citation|newspaper=[[CGTN]]|title=The truth about white Australia: The genocide few talk about|date=2021-09-17|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-09-17/The-truth-about-white-Australia-The-genocide-few-talk-about-13DwrA1osoM/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919000001/https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-09-17/The-truth-about-white-Australia-The-genocide-few-talk-about-13DwrA1osoM/index.html|archive-date=2021-09-19|retrieved=2022-05-15}}</ref>

In August 1824, the Bathurst region of [[New South Wales]] was placed under martial law after conflicts between Aboriginal people led by [[Windradyne]] and settlers. [[Yagan]], a Nyungar leader, led the resistance in Western Australia until being killed in 1833.<ref name=":3" />

In 1854, gold miners in Ballarat, [[Victoria]] began an uprising known as the [[Eureka rebellion]]. The rebellion was sparked by police harassment and arrests of miners.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=The Socialist|title=The Eureka rebellion|date=2016-04-28|url=https://thesocialist.org.au/the-eureka-rebellion/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703204023/https://thesocialist.org.au/the-eureka-rebellion/|archive-date=2021-07-03|retrieved=2022-05-27}}</ref>

=== Independence ===
In January 1901, Australia became an independent federation. Soon after, the [[Immigration Restriction Act of 1901]] was passed, preventing non-Europeans from entering the country.<ref name=":2">{{News citation|author=Jed Graham|newspaper=History of Yesterday|title=History of the White Australia Policy|date=2020-07-22|url=https://historyofyesterday.com/history-of-the-white-australia-policy-ff0a256fcef1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324024001/https://historyofyesterday.com/history-of-the-white-australia-policy-ff0a256fcef1|archive-date=2022-03-24|retrieved=2022-05-15}}</ref>

In 1956, Australia joined the imperialist [[Five Eyes]] alliance.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Richard Norton-Taylor|date=2010-06-25|title=Not so secret: deal at the heart of UK-US intelligence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/25/intelligence-deal-uk-us-released|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205003607/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/25/intelligence-deal-uk-us-released|archive-date=2013-12-05|retrieved=2022-01-08|quote=}}</ref>

==== 1975 coup ====
In 1972, Prime Minister [[Gough Whitlam]] from the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] was elected and implemented [[universal healthcare]] and free college.<ref>{{Citation|author=Jenny Hocking|year=2008|title=Gough Whitlam: A Moment in History|chapter=|section=|page=321–5|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=The Miegunyah Press|isbn=9780522857054|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> In 1973, the White Australia policy was officially removed.<ref name=":2" /> In 1975, he recognized independence of [[Papua New Guinea]] and returned ancestral lands to the Gurindji people<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=|title=Gough Whitlam – In Office|url=https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers|newspaper=National Archives of Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419124214/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/whitlam/in-office.aspx|archive-date=2013-04-19|retrieved=2022-01-08|quote=}}</ref> but was overthrown by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] shortly after<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2003|title=Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=London|publisher=Common Courage Press|isbn=1-56751-252-6|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://williamblum.org/books/killing-hope/|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> with the help of governor-general [[John Kerr]], who was a former CIA asset.<ref>{{News citation|author=Guy Rundle|newspaper=Crikey|title=The PM, the spy and the governor-general: what John Kerr didn’t tell the palace|date=2020-07-17|url=https://www.crikey.com.au/2020/07/17/john-kerr-palace-letters-whitlam-cia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323230431/https://www.crikey.com.au/2020/07/17/john-kerr-palace-letters-whitlam-cia/|archive-date=2022-03-23|retrieved=2022-05-08}}</ref>

== Aboriginal genocide ==
Early governors of New South Wales sent detachments to terrorize the indigenous populations.<ref name=":0" /> In [[Queensland]], 65,000 Aboriginals were killed by white settlers between 1820 and the early 1900's. Throughout Australia, 140 frontier massacres occurred between 1831 and 1918. In Tasmania, the entire indigenous population was wiped out by 1876. The most recent massacre was in Coniston in the [[Northern Territory]], where 60 Aboriginals, including children, were killed after the death of one settler in 1928.<ref name=":1" /> Until 1965, Aboriginals could not vote.<ref>{{News citation|author=Ron Hall|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Australia)|The Guardian]]|title=NAIDOC Week|date=2022-07-04|url=https://cpa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Guardian2013_2022-07-04.pdf}}</ref>

More than 35% of Australian Aboriginals are now unemployed. In some rural areas, it is as high as 90%. Aboriginal life expectancy is 20 years lower than the rest of Australia and Aboriginals are 29 times more likely than settlers to be in prison.<ref>{{News citation|author=Yabu Bilyana|newspaper=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|title=Yabu Bilyana addresses ICFI World Conference: “Genocide of indigenous peoples is still practiced throughout Australia”|date=2019-04-15|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2019/04/15/berl-a15.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125070036/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2019/04/15/berl-a15.html|archive-date=2021-01-25|retrieved=2022-06-30}}</ref> Despite making up a small percentage of the young population, indigenous youth account for 75% of mandatory sentences.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Lalkar]]|title=Racist persecution of Aborigines in Australia continues unabated|date=2022-12-15|url=https://thecommunists.org/2022/12/15/news/australia-racist-persecution-aborigines-in-australia-unabated/|retrieved=2022-12-17}}</ref>

=== Uluru Statement ===
In 2017, delegates from 250 indigenous communities made a proposal for an indigenous advisory body to the Australian parliament. Prime Minister [[Malcolm Turnbull]] ruled out a referendum that could have enshrined the proposal in the constitution.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=CGTN|title=Australian PM accused of 'humiliating' indigenous leaders|date=2018-08-09|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d774d336b6a4d79457a6333566d54/index.html|retrieved=2022-07-01}}</ref>

=== Denialism ===
In order to avoid persecution for the genocide of the indigenous peoples, the Australian government refused to recognize genocide as a crime until 2002 and has continued to refuse to make it apply to previous genocides.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kaaYvauNho The Holodomor Genocide Question: How Wikipedia Lies to You]</ref>

== Foreign policy ==

=== Aggression against China ===
Australian major general and war criminal [[Jim Moran]] said in 2021 that Australia was going to go to war with China within 10 years and perhaps as early as 2024. He called pacifists "panda huggers" and said China would invade Australia after reunifying with [[Taiwan Province|Taiwan]]. Australian news program ''60 Minutes'' said that Australians must be prepared to die to protect the [[Republic of China]] and called [[New Zealand]] "New [[Xi Jinping|Xi]]-Land" for refusing to align with the [[United States of America|United States]].<ref>{{News citation|author=Caitlin A. Johnstone|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Australian war propaganda keeps getting crazier|date=2021-11-18|url=https://mronline.org/2021/11/18/australian-war-propaganda-keeps-getting-crazier/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217211854/https://mronline.org/2021/11/18/australian-war-propaganda-keeps-getting-crazier/|archive-date=2022-02-17|retrieved=2022-06-30}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Imperialist countries]]
<references />
[[Category:Settler-colonial states]]
[[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]]
[[Category:Continents]]

New Zealand

2023-05-03T02:41:18Z

TheRedWitch: Update leader

{{Infobox country
|name=New Zealand
|native_name=Aotearoa
|capital=Te Whanganui-a-Tara
|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Monarchy
|leader_title1=King
|leader_name1=Charles III
|leader_title2=Governor General
|leader_name2=Cindy Kiro
|leader_title3=Prime Minister
|leader_name3=Jacinda Ardern
|image_map=Aotearoa (orthographic projection).svg
|established_date1=1840 February 6th
|established_event1=Treaty of Waitangi
|image_flag=Flag of Aotearoa.svg
|image_map_size=220px|population_estimate=5,130,381|population_estimate_year=2021|image_coat=Coat of arms of Aotearoa.svg|largest_city=Tāmaki Makaurau|official_languages=Māori, New Zealand Sign Language|recognized_languages=English}}
'''New Zealand''', also known in Maori as '''Aotearoa''', is an island country in the southern Pacific Ocean. It consists primarily of 3 islands: Te Ika-a-Māui (The North Island), Te Waipounamu (The South Island), and Rakiura, but in total there are more than 700 islands.<ref>Carl Walrond, 'Natural environment - Geography and geology', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/natural-environment/page-1 (accessed 29 May 2021)</ref>

Despite its geographical position in the southern hemisphere, Aotearoa is part of the [[Global North and South|Global North]] and as such contributes to and benefits from the process of [[imperialism]]. It is a member of the [[Five Eyes]], the [[Commonwealth|British Commonwealth]], the [[OECD]] and of [[ANZUS]]. Aotearoa sent troops to fight for the allies in the two [[world wars]], for the British in the [[Boer Wars]] and the Malayan Emergency, and for the Americans in the [[Korean War]], the [[Gulf War]], and the [[Afghanistan War]].

Communist and socialist parties in Aotearoa include: [[Communist League (New Zealand)]], [[Organisation for Marxist Unity – New Zealand]], [[Socialist Party of Aotearoa]], and the [[Communist Party of Aotearoa]].

==History==

===Māori history ===
[[File:Migration of Austronesian people across the Pacific.png|thumb|Migration of Austronesian people across the Pacific|alt=|left]]
The Austronesians are an ethnic group that originated in the [[Taiwan|Taiwan province]]. They broke off into many groups around the Indian and Pacific oceans, including the Polynesians. The Polynesian people have been in Polynesia for more than 3000 years, but Aotearoa was first discovered some time around 1200 AD by Kupe. Other Polynesians soon migrated to Aotearoa, the descendants of whom are known today as the Māori, which means ordinary.<ref>John Wilson, 'History - Māori arrival and settlement', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/history/page-1 (accessed 13 June 2021)</ref>

Around the year 1500, a group of Māori migrated east to ''Rēkohu'', later becoming known as the Moriori.

The first Europeans to make contact with the Māori people were Abel Tasman and his crew in 1642.

===Colonization===
After contact with European traders, many Māori tribes began selling food and tāonga (treasures) to exchange for Europeans' industrially produced goods (scissors, toothbrushes, mirrors, etc.).

Eventually — with a growing trading population, new settlements, and ongoing inter-tribal conflicts — settlers also began selling muskets to Māori, heightening those inter-tribal conflicts into what would become The Musket Wars (1807-42). Throughout The Musket Wars, the tribes without coastlines (often used to trade through ports) or that simply didn't trade, also didn't end up with muskets, concentrating victories in tribes with good relations to the traders and settlers.

It's estimated that, over the duration of The Musket Wars, between 20,000 and 30,000 Māori were killed, around 20-30% of the estimated Māori population of 1800.<ref>Basil Keane, 'Musket Wars', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, https://teara.govt.nz/en/musket-wars</ref> Due to the excessive death, Māori land, labour, and commodities either became hugely devalued or disappeared completely from the market, making it easier and cheaper to settle traders and buy or confiscate land.

The Musket Wars are an example of Divide and Rule, an old imperial tactic that sees large powers (in this case Britain) exacerbate relatively minor conflicts to exhaust any possible united opposition.

The Treaty of Waitangi (or Te Tiriti ō Waitangi) was signed on the 6th of February, 1840, between the British Crown and a collection of Māori tribes. The English language version cedes the sovereignty of all signed tribes to the British Crown, whereas the Māori language version cedes governance ("kawanatanga") while maintaining all sovereignty and independence for Māori. Many tribes interpreted it as the British Crown establishing their own tribe equal to all of theirs, not as a superior one.<ref>Claudia Orange. ''The Story of a Treaty''</ref>

After the Treaty of Waitangi, Aotearoa came under the control of the British.

Aotearoa became a dominion after the 1907 Imperial Conference, where the United Kingdom decided to make many of its colonies into dominions.

Aotearoa lost its dominion status due to the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947, and has since been known as the Realm of New Zealand in official sources.

=== Independence ===
In 1951, New Zealand joined the ANZUS military alliance with [[Australia]] and the [[United States of America|United States]]. In 1985, under Prime Minister [[David Lange]] of the [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]], New Zealand began a nuclear-free policy and prohibited U.S. warships from entering its ports. This policy led to New Zealand being expelled from ANZUS. The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] created a scandal that targeted Māori politicians [[Koro Wetere]] and [[Tamati Reedy]] and accused them of embezzling money, causing a rift between the Māori and the Labour Party. In 2016, New Zealand allowed U.S. warships back to its shores.<ref>{{News citation|author=Murray Horton|newspaper=[[Covert Action Magazine]]|title=How the CIA Tried to Overthrow New Zealand’s Progressive Labor Government by Stoking White Racial Rage Against the Indigenous Māori Population|date=2021-09-24|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/09/24/how-the-cia-tried-to-overthrow-new-zealands-progressive-labor-government-by-stoking-white-racial-rage-against-the-indigenous-maori-population/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029000305/https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/09/24/how-the-cia-tried-to-overthrow-new-zealands-progressive-labor-government-by-stoking-white-racial-rage-against-the-indigenous-maori-population/|archive-date=2021-10-29|retrieved=2022-05-22}}</ref>

== Governance ==
The government of Aotearoa provides some free, or sometimes subsidized, healthcare. However dentistry, optometry and audiology are not usually included. Education is free from primary school (beginning age 5/6) to secondary school (ending age 17/18). The first year of tertiary education is free, but all subsequent years are only slightly subsidized. The banking, energy, infrastructure (including roads, rail and buses), insurance, entertainment and tourist industries are all privatized.

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Imperialist countries]]
[[Category:Global north]]