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Ernesto Guevara

2023-07-11T06:49:47Z

RedArcher9: Removed Dengite propaganda

{{Infobox revolutionary
| name = Ernesto Guevara
| image = File:CheHigh.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Portrait of comrade Che
| nationality = [[Argentine Republic|Argentinian]]
| birth_name = Ernesto Guevara
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|6|14}}
| birth_place = Rosario, Santa Fé Province, [[Argentine Republic|Argentina]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1967|10|9|1928|6|14}}
| death_place = La Higuera, Vallegrande Province, [[Plurinational State of Bolivia|Bolivia]].
| death_cause = Capture and execution by the Bolivian state
| political_line = Adventurism
}}
'''Ernesto''' "'''Che'''" '''Guevara''' {{Datebio|birthday=14th|birthmonth=June|birthyear=1928|deathday=9th|deathmonth=October|deathyear=1967}} was a [[Latin America|Latin-American]] left-adventurist<ref>{{Web citation|author=Enver Hoxha|title=The Fist of the Marxist-Leninist Communists Must Also Smash Left Adventurism, the Offspring of Modern Revisionism|date=1968|url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/1968/10/21.htm}}</ref> revolutionary and a leader of the [[Cuban Revolution]], alongside [[Fidel Castro]]. During his time in the government of [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]], he was appointed president of the [[Central Bank of Cuba]] in 1959 and later Minister of Industry in 1961.<ref>{{Textcite|author=Richard L. Harris|year=2011|chapter=Timeline: events in the life of Che Guevara|title=Che Guevara: a biography|isbn=978-0-313-35916-3|city=Santa Barbara, Califonia|publisher=Greenwood|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=E894F200B27B2693CC5B5229B5DE50A3}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=teleSUR|title=President Maduro Highlights Ernesto Che Guevara's Legacy|date=2021-10-08|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/President-Maduro-Highlights-Ernesto-Che-Guevaras-Legacy-20211008-0022.html|retrieved=2023-07-09}}</ref> He would also lead the Department of Industrialization and the National Institute for Agrarian Reform.<ref name=":3">{{Web citation|author=Pedro Ríoseco|newspaper=Granma|title=We will be like Che, the motto that belongs to an entire people|date=2023-06-14|url=https://en.granma.cu/cuba/2023-06-14/we-will-be-like-che-the-motto-that-belongs-to-an-entire-people|retrieved=2023-07-09}}</ref>

Che was part of an expedition led by [[Fidel Castro]] that directed the [[Cuban Revolution|armed struggle]] against the [[United States imperialism|US-backed]] Cuban dictator [[Fulgencio Batista]]. Guevara also presided over Cuban delegations that visited various countries and was a representative of the revolutionary government in important international conclaves. During the October Crisis he was appointed military chief of the province of Pinar del Río.

In 1965, Che left Cuba to set up guerrilla forces first in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] and then later in [[Plurinational State of Bolivia|Bolivia]], where he was ultimately captured and killed in October 1967. Accounts of his execution have varied over the years, but many contemporary accounts indicate some degree of collaboration between Bolivia's government troops and the [[United States of America|United States]]' [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. Che Guevara developed a theory of primacy of military struggle, in particular concept of guerilla ''foquismo''. Many of Che's theories regarding guerilla tactics are articulated in his 1961 work "[[Guerilla warfare (Che Guevara work)|Guerilla Warfare]]."

== Life ==

=== Early life in Argentina (1928–1950)===
[[File:Che Guevara 1928.png|thumb|alt=|224x224px|Baby Ernesto Guevara in 1928]]
Ernesto Guevara was born to his father Ernesto Guevara Lynch and his mother Celia de la Serna y Llosa in the city of Rosario, [[Argentine Republic|Argentina]] on May 14th, 1928, despite his birth certificate recording his birth a month later. His mother got pregnant before she was married to his father and they hid baby Che from their families for one month after he was born.<ref name=":0">{{Textcite|author=Jon Lee Anderson|year=2010|title=Che Guevara: a revolutionary life|chapter=A plantation in Misiones|isbn=978-0-8021-9725-2|publisher=Grove Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=3E3E1D3A68BF27293A12BC1076076C7B}}</ref> Che spoke Spanish with a typical La Plata accent, common in the regions of [[Uruguay]], south of [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazil]] and the northeast region of Argentina, which makes frequent use of the interjection "che" in the speech. This characteristic accent would render Guevara's nickname "Che".<ref name=":1">{{Textcite|author=I. Lavretsky|year=1976|title=Ernesto Che Guevara|chapter=First steps|publisher=Progress Publishers|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=3DA588DC804F57A9857A5A563BB5D2A3}}</ref>

Che Guevara's mother had [[Kingdom of Spain|Spanish]] descent, from the Argentine colonial era nobility, and his father had [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] descent, also from an aristocratic family.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> During his childhood, Che developed chronic asthma, which would afflict his health for his whole life.<ref name=":0" />

He initially studied engineering in the Argentine city of Córdoba. In 1947, his paternal grandmother, who he taken care of, died. This death caused him to start studying medicine at the School of Medicine in Buenos Aires. He received his degree at the age of 24.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|author=Ángel Freddy Pérez Cabrera|newspaper=Granma|title=Che, an extraordinarily human man|date=2023-06-14|url=https://en.granma.cu/cuba/2023-06-14/che-an-extraordinarily-human-man|retrieved=2023-07-07}}</ref>

=== Continental motorcycle travels (1950–1952)===
Guevara made two motorcycle trips across South America.<ref name=":2" />

The first trip was during a time when he was a student. He made the trip with Alberto Granado. They worked in hospitals in Lima and São Paulo to help cure those afflicted with leprosy.<ref name=":2" />

He made another trip on his motorcycle to help those in need after graduating. That trip ended in [[Guatemala]].<ref name=":2" />

His motorcycle trips across [[Latin America]] helped inspire him against imperialism. This was due to seeing mistreatment of workers in Chilean copper mines run by the Anaconda Company and hearing about the actions of the United Fruit Company. Both United Fruit and Anaconda were Statesian companies. He understood that the actions of foreign imperialists was inherently tied to the bourgeoisie in the local countries. This lead him to support both [[Marxism]] and national liberation. <ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=teleSUR|title=Che Guevara's Socialism Against Revolutionary Dogma|date=2019-10-09|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/analysis/Che-Guevaras-Socialism-Against-Revolutionary-Dogma-20181006-0005.html|retrieved=2023-07-09}}</ref>

===Guatemala and Mexico (1952–1955)===
He would meet [[Raúl Castro|Raúl]] and [[Fidel Castro]] as well as other future Cuban revolutionaries in [[Mexico]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Web citation|author=Yisel Martínez|newspaper=Granma|title=Ernesto Guevara: The man who gave himself|date=2018-06-13|url=https://en.granma.cu/cuba/2018-06-13/ernesto-guevara-the-man-who-gave-himself|retrieved=2023-07-09}}</ref> Guevara was inspired to join them in their revolution by Fidel Castro and was decided to be the doctor of the [[Granma]] yacht.<ref name=":2" />

=== Cuban Revolution (1956–1958)===
Guevara was involved in the [[Cuban revolution]] and was a member of the Granma yacht expedition to Cuba. He fought in Sierra Maestra and was at the head of the invasion.<ref name=":3" />

===Governance in Cuba (1959–1965)===
During the [[Bay of Pigs|Bay of Pigs invasion]] of Cuba, Guevara almost was killed by an accidental discharge of his pistol. While leading the Rebel Army Command at the previous headquarters of the Rural Guard in Consolación del Sur in Pinar del Río, he fell on a pipe which loosened his pistol from his belt which proceeded to discharge. The bullet entered his right cheekbone and exited by his ear. He received a tetanus vaccine due to the shot, to which he was allergic.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ronald Suárez Rivas|newspaper=Granma|title=The shot that almost took Che's life|date=2017-09-28|url=https://en.granma.cu/cuba/2017-08-28/the-shot-that-almost-took-ches-life|retrieved=2023-07-09}}</ref>

In December 1964, Che spoke at the [[United Nations]] and encouraged the UN to take action against [[imperialism]].<ref name=":122">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Belgrade|page=104|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>

On 24 February 1965, he addressed the Second Economic Seminar of Afro-Asian Solidarity in [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria|Algeria]]. He called for [[Socialist state|socialist countries]] to support post-colonial states in order to protect them from [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[Bank|banks]]. He said trade between socialist countries should help both countries develop.<ref name=":022">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2017|title=Red Star over the Third World|chapter=Colonial Fascism|page=113|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecu7gb2ei65us6ip3r2ugcgkblneqcftbm456mb6bzvprkbqk55qm?filename=Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20Red%20Star%20Over%20the%20Third%20World-LeftWord%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=New Delhi|publisher=LeftWord Books}}</ref>

===Struggle in Congo (1965–1966)===
Che left Cuba before he could attend the [[Tricontinental Conference]] and fought in the revolutionary movement in the [[Republic of the Congo (1960–1964)|Congo]].<ref name=":1222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Havana|page=108–109|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>

===Struggle in Bolivia and capture (1966–1967)===
[[Mario Monje]], leader of the [[Bolivian Communist Party]], agreed to support Che's struggle in Bolivia.<ref name=":1222" /> The CIA, working with [[Gusano|wealthy Cuban exiles]], captured and murdered Che Guevara in Quebrada del Yuro near La Higuera in Bolivia on the 8th of October, 1967.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions,
1945 to the Present|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=123}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Yenia Silva Correa|newspaper=Granma|title=What it means to be like Che|date=2017-08-09|url=https://en.granma.cu/cuba/2017-08-09/what-it-means-to-be-like-che|retrieved=2023-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=teleSUR|title='Che Guevara' Is Remembered 53 Years After His Assassination|date=2020-10-09|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Cuba-Pays-Honor-to-Che-Guevara-on-53rd-Anniversary-of-His-Death-20201009-0008.html|retrieved=2023-07-09}}</ref>

==Works==

===''Guerrilla warfare''===

===''Reminiscences of the Cuban revolutionary war''===

===''On revolutionary medicine''===

==Bibliography==

===Che Guevara biographies===
*{{Textcite|author=Richard L. Harris|year=2011|title=Che Guevara: a biography|pdf=|city=Santa Barbara, Califonia|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-35916-3|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=E894F200B27B2693CC5B5229B5DE50A3}}
*{{Textcite|author=Fidel Castro|year=2006|title=Che: a memoir|pdf=|city=Melbourne|publisher=Ocean Press|isbn=978-1-921700-83-5|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=99FF4ED3FDF1F4BDB79D3CCFB39EAB66}}
*{{Textcite|author=Jon Lee Anderson|year=2010|title=Che: a revolutionary life|pdf=|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=3E3E1D3A68BF27293A12BC1076076C7B|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-9725-2}}
*{{Textcite|author=Jorge G. Castañeda|year=1998|title=Compañero: the life and death of Che Guevara|pdf=|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=0C2A7034251A2A2E64A739A11CAD53C4|city=New York|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=9780679759409}}
*{{Textcite|author=Pablo Ignacio Taibo II|year=1997|title=Guevara, Also Known as Che|pdf=|lg=http://library.lol/main/CB9369623DEA7690018147DBADE603B3|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books (St. Martin's Press)|isbn=9780312155391}}

==References==

<references />
[[Category:Revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Communists]]

Fidel Castro

2023-07-11T06:48:00Z

RedArcher9:

{{Infobox revolutionary
| honorific_prefix = El Comandante
| name = Fidel Castro
| image = File:Fidel Castro High Res Image.png
| image_size = 230px
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Portrait of comrade Fidel
| nationality = [[Cuba|Cuban]]
|political_party=[[Communist Party of Cuba]]| birth_name = Fidel Hipólito Castro Ruz
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|08|13}}
| birth_place = Birán, [[Cuba]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|11|25|1926|08|13}}
| death_place = Havana, Cuba
| political_line = Khruschevism
|death_cause=Natural causes}}
'''Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz''' {{Datebio|birthday=13th|birthmonth=August|birthyear=1926|deathday=25th|deathmonth=November|deathyear=2016}} was a [[Republic of Cuba|Cuban]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] revolutionary and a leader of the [[Cuban Revolution]], alongside [[Che Guevara]], his brother [[Raúl Castro|Raúl]], and others. He served as Prime Minister of [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] from 1959 to 1976 and President from 1976 to 2008. He also served as the First Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Cuba]] from 1965 until 2011.

A sympathizer of the Cuban People's Party (Orthodox), he actively participated in the party's campaigns and was one of the first to denounce the reactionary and illegitimate nature of the de facto regime established after the coup d'état by Fulgencio Batista on March 10, 1952.<ref>La Historia me absolverá. F.Castro Ruz...[et.al.] -Ediciones Colihue SRL, 1993. -p156. <nowiki>ISBN 9505818041</nowiki>.</ref>

He was imprisoned after the assaults on the Moncada barracks in Santiago de Cuba and the Carlos Manuel de Céspedes barracks in Bayamo, assuming his self-defense before the court that tried him, and pronouncing the plea known as "History Will Absolve Me", in which he outlined the program of the future Revolution in Cuba.<ref>Castro Ruz, Fidel. https://bnah.inah.gob.mx/bnah_lazaro_cardenas/uploads/E4_D124_FF1_18.pdf «La historia me absolverá» /Fidel Castro Ruz. </ref>

Sentenced to 15 years in prison, he was amnestied in 1955 and went into exile in Mexico, from where he left with 81 other revolutionaries to disembark at Los Coyuelos on December 2, 1956. After several years of hard struggle, he entered victorious on January 1, 1959 in Santiago de Cuba and arrived in Havana on January 8.

On February 16, 1959, he was appointed Prime Minister of the Revolutionary Government. On December 2, 1976, he was elected President of the Councils of State and Ministers of the Republic of Cuba, a position he held until his resignation due to health problems on February 24, 2008.<ref>«Proclama del Comandante en Jefe al pueblo de Cuba» http://www.cuba.cu/gobierno/discursos/2006/esp/f310706e.html</ref>

In 1992, Castro warned that [[climate change]] was an existential threat to the human species<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Qcostarica|title=Fidel Castro Warned Us Of Climate Change|date=2019-08-08|url=https://qcostarica.com/fidel-castro-warned-us-of-climate-change/}}</ref><blockquote>“An important biological species is at risk of disappearing due to the rapid and progressive liquidation of its natural living conditions: man”</blockquote>

== Life ==

=== Early Life ===
Fidel Castro was born on August 13, 1926 in Birán in Oriente. His father was named Angel Castro Argíz and his mother was named Lina Ruz González. His father was a landowner.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Granma|newspaper=Granma|title=Fidel Castro Ruz|date=2019-11-01|url=https://en.granma.cu/hasta-la-victoria-siempre/2016-12-01/fidel-castro-ruz|retrieved=2023-07-09}}</ref>

Castro initially attended a rural public school and later attended the schools of La Salle and Dolores in Santiago de Cuba. He then went to Dolores College and later the Jesuit Belén school. He graduated in June of 1945.<ref name=":0" />

In September of 1945 he enrolled in the University of Havana to study Law, Social Sciences and Diplomatic Law. He joined many student groups while attending. These included the the Pro Puerto Rican Independence Committee, the Pro Democracy in the Dominican Republic Committee, the September 30 Committee, and the University Student Federation.<ref name=":0" />

During 1947, Castro signed up to fight against the [[Dominican]] dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo. Those involved were caught by the Cuban Navy with Castro escaping capture by jumping into the water.<ref name=":0" />

After becoming introduced to [[Marxism]], he traveled to [[Colombia]], [[Panama]], and [[Venezuela]] to start a Latin American Student Congress. While in Bogotá, he became involved in the civil war.<ref name=":0" />

He graduated in 1950 with a PhD in Civil Law and a bachelor's degree in Diplomatic Law.<ref name=":0" />

=== Pre-Granma Yacht Period ===
On March 10, 1952 [[Fulgencio Batista]] took control of the country. Fidel Castro opposed him and along with 160 others attacked the the Moncada Garrisons in Bayamo and Santiago de Cuba on on July 26, 1953. Their revolt failed and Castro was sentenced to 15 years in prison. His defense he gave became known as "History will absolve me".<ref name=":0" />

Due to pressure from the populace, Castro was released in May of 1955. Following this, he founded the [[July 26 Movement|July 26 Movement.]]<ref name=":0" />

In July of 1955, Castro left the country for Mexico to start resistance group. While in Mexico, he and many other future leaders of the Cuban Revolution, like Raúl Castro, Che Guevara, Manuel Márquez, Camilo Cienfuegos, and Juan Almeida, underwent training.<ref name=":0" />

Fidel Castro traveled to the [[United States of America]] during this time period and gathered support for his revolution in cities like Bridgeport, Miami, [[New York City]], Philadelphia, Tampa, and Union City.<ref name=":0" />

Some of the members of the July 26 Movement in Mexico were caught and eventually released from prison. They lost some of their weapons to the police.<ref name=":0" />

=== Granma Yacht Expedition ===
After purchasing the Granma Yacht, they departed from Tuxpan, Mexico on November 25, 1956 with 82 soldiers on board. They arrived in Cuba on December 2, 1956 at Las Coloradas in southwestern Oriente.<ref name=":0" />

In the expedition, Castro was the Commander in Chief and lead the José Martí Column One.<ref name=":0" />

On December 5, 1956, the group was attacked by Batista's military in Alegría de Pío. Fidel and Raúl Castro reunited in Cinco Palmas. They then departed for the Sierra Maestra mountains.<ref name=":0" />

The expedition attacked the Plata Garrison and won against the army on January 17, 1957.<ref name=":0" />

The expedition ended on December 28, 1958 when the Batista army recognized the rebels' victory in Oriente. A coup against Castro was put down on January 1, 1959. Castro entered [[Havana]] on January 8, 1959.<ref name=":0" />

=== After the Revolution ===
Castro became Prime Minister of the Revolutionary Government on February 13, 1959. In this position he lead a great deal of acomplishements. He lead the Cuban victory against the invaders during the Bay of Pigs invasion. He also succesfully lead the country through the 1962 October Crisis.<ref name=":0" />

On April 16, 1961, he declared the Cuban Revolution to be [[Socialist]]. After this, he lead the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations and the United Party of the Socialist Revolution of Cuba. He became the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba. He later became the President of Cuba's Councils of State and Ministers.<ref name=":0" />

He was required, due to his declining health, to step down as the President of Cuba's Councils of State and Ministers in 2006 and stepped down as the First Party Secretary in 2011.<ref name=":0" />

==Failed Assassination Attempts==
The Cuban security services have documented after investigations over 600 attempts to murder Fidel Castro up until the year 2007.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Fabián Escalante|newspaper=Cuba Debate|title=Objetivo: Fidel|date=2016-07-25|url=http://www.cubadebate.cu/opinion/2016/07/25/objetivo-fidel/#.V6sgnycffEw|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201064436/http://www.cubadebate.cu/opinion/2016/07/25/objetivo-fidel/|archive-date=2022-12-22|retrieved=2023-03-06}}</ref> These failed attempts by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], directly or indirectly, had many methods. Some of the many attempts included: Snipers, explosives placed in his shoes, explosives inside a baseball, and poison injected into a cigar.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Cuba Debate|title=Fidel, la persona que más veces intentaron matar|date=2011-12-15|url=http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2011/12/15/fidel-entra-en-el-libro-de-los-record-guinnes/#.V6sesScffEw|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609182840/http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2011/12/15/fidel-entra-en-el-libro-de-los-record-guinnes/|archive-date=2021-06-09|retrieved=2023-03-06}}</ref>

== Castro and his will regarding his memory ==
On December 27, 2016, the Law on the use of the name and figure of Fidel Castro Ruz in respect of his will, as expression of the political ethics that always accompanied him an expression of the humility and modesty that characterized him, and having always honored Marti's preaching that "all the glory of the world fits in a grain of corn", that his name will not be used to name institutions, squares, parks, avenues, streets and other public places, nor will monuments, busts, statues, commemorative plaques and other be erected in his memory.<ref>Parliament approves a law on the use of the name and figure of Fidel Castro Ruz http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2016/12/27/presentan-proyecto-de-ley-sobre-el-uso-del-nombre-y-la-figura-del-companero-fidel-castro-ruz/#.WGPAXScffEw</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Targets of intelligence operations]]
[[Category:Revisionists]]

Juche

2023-07-11T06:43:04Z

RedArcher9: Removed Dengite propaganda

{{Message box/ideologicaldeviation}}

'''''Juche'''''<ref group="lower-alpha">Korean: 주체/主體, <small>lit.</small> 'subject'; usually left untranslated or translated as "self-reliance"</ref>, also called the '''Juche idea''', is a revisionist and Korean ultranationalist deviation from Marxism.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Comrade Wenger|newspaper=Wisconsin Communist|title=On the Juche Idea|url=https://wisconsincommunist.blogspot.com/2023/06/on-juche-idea-and-kimilsungismkimjongil.html}}</ref>
==References==
<references />

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha" />
[[Category:Ideology of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]
[[Category:State ideologies]]
[[Category:Left-wing ideologies]]
[[Category:Communist ideologies]]

Social-imperialism

2023-07-11T06:40:45Z

RedArcher9: "Lenin was an ultra-leftist for developing the concept of social-imperialism".

{{Message box/ideologicaldeviation}}
[[Category:Hoxhaism]]
[[Category:Anti-revisionism]]

Imperialism

2023-07-11T06:39:31Z

RedArcher9: Removed campist propaganda.

'''Imperialism''' is the highest stage of the [[capitalist]] [[mode of production]], in which monopolies and cartels become the prevalent economic force of society.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism|chapter=Chapter 1: Concentration of production and monopolies|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/index.htm|author=[[Vladimir Lenin]]|quote=Thus, the principal stages in the history of monopolies are the following: (1) 1860-70, the highest stage, the apex of development of free competition; monopoly is in the barely discernible, embryonic stage. (2) After the crisis of 1873, a lengthy period of development of cartels; but they are still the exception. They are not yet durable. They are still a transitory phenomenon. (3) The boom at the end of the nineteenth century and the crisis of 1900-03. Cartels become one of the foundations of the whole of economic life. Capitalism has been transformed into imperialism.}}</ref>

Beginning with the first paragraph of [[Library:Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism|his pamphlet]], [[Vladimir Lenin]] wrote that rapid growth of industry and concentration of production in in growing enterprises represent the key characteristic of capitalism.<ref name=":0" /> [[Kwame Nkrumah]] and, most recently, [[Cheng Enfu]], have expanded on Lenin's definition of imperialism.

In [[Vladimir Lenin]]'s further analysis of imperialism, this economic stage is defined by five basic features:
* The presence of [[Monopoly|monopolies]] which play a decisive role in economic life.
* The merging of bank [[capital]] with industrial capital into finance capital controlled by a [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|financial oligarchy]].
* The export of capital as distinguished from the simple export of [[Commodity|commodities]].
* The formation of international monopolist capitalist associations ([[Cartel|cartels]]).
* The territorial division of the whole world among the biggest capitalist powers.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Vladimir Lenin]]|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/index.htm|title=Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism|chapter=Chapter 7: Imperialism as a special stage of capitalism|quote=But very brief definitions, although convenient, for they sum up the main points, are nevertheless inadequate, since we have to deduce from them some especially important features of the phenomenon that has to be defined. And so, without forgetting the conditional and relative value of all definitions in general, which can never embrace all the concatenations of a phenomenon in its full development, we must give a definition of imperialism that will include the following five of its basic features:

(1) the concentration of production and capital has developed to such a high stage that it has created monopolies which play a decisive role in economic life; (2) the merging of bank capital with industrial capital, and the creation, on the basis of this “finance capital”, of a financial oligarchy; (3) the export of capital as distinguished from the export of commodities acquires exceptional importance; (4) the formation of international monopolist capitalist associations which share the world among themselves, and (5) the territorial division of the whole world among the biggest capitalist powers is completed. Imperialism is capitalism at that stage of development at which the dominance of monopolies and finance capital is established; in which the export of capital has acquired pronounced importance; in which the division of the world among the international trusts has begun, in which the division of all territories of the globe among the biggest capitalist powers has been completed.}}</ref> This expansion to Marx's analysis of capitalist development was one of Lenin's most important theoretical contributions to [[political economy]].

The development of imperialism in the global economy also reinforces a dialectical relationship between core-periphery countries, mainly [[dependency]] and subordination of [[Underdevelopment|underdeveloped countries]] to imperialist economies.
== Theoretical basis ==
Marx posited, according to his [[three laws of motion]], that as capitalist economies matured, they would inevitably be driven into a crisis which would result in internal class revolt and the establishment of a [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] (and eventually [[socialism]]). However, according to Lenin's observations, the development of ''imperialism'' allowed capitalism to postpone this crisis through the acquisition of colonies, which served as a new outlets for capital investment and a new source of labour power to exploit.

This scramble for the expansion of capitalist empires drove the various imperialist powers into a competition with one another over the size of their imperialist spheres of influence and access to resources and labour markets, which led to destructive inter-imperialist conflicts such as the [[First World War]]. Imperialism thus stretches the inherent contradictions of capitalism to ever more extreme limits, leading [[J.V. Stalin]] to deem Leninism the "Marxism of the era of imperialism".

Imperialism as a stage of development in capitalism means that it will always develop in any sufficiently advanced capitalist mode of production. As markets become saturated within the boundaries of the individual nation (due to an influx of producers), capital must be exported elsewhere, and the main function of banks is to help with that (see [[finance capitalism]]).

Countries must eventually turn to imperialism for two main reasons:
#Capitalism requires constant consumption, which translates into constant growth (and GDP growth). Without GDP growth, capitalism stagnates and a recession occurs. However, since it is impossible to expect infinite growth with finite available resources and as markets become saturated, the bourgeoisie must seek new opportunities.
#The bourgeoisie is also in constant internal competition, and as such there is a very rational reason for a capitalist to emerge victorious over the competition; accessing untapped markets and cheaper labour will give them an edge over the competition.
However, imperialized countries will not be allowed to develop past the most primitive stage of capitalism, preventing them from developing their own imperialism. In these countries, we may see the emergence of two distinct subsections of the bourgeoisie. Firstly, a "comprador" class, i.e. the section of the national bourgeoisie which is allied with, and dependent upon, foreign imperialist investment; and second the "national" bourgeoisie, whose class interests are, at least temporarily, aligned with the exploited working class: to achieve [[national liberation]] (so that they can become exploiters without being exploited, upon which point their tentative alignment with the national proletariat will end).

=== Engels ===
[[Engels|Friedrich Engels]] alluded to imperialism in ''[[Library:The principles of communism|The principles of communism]]'':

{{Quote|In this way, all semi-barbarian countries, which had hitherto been more or less strangers to historical development, and whose industry had been based on manufacture, were violently forced out of their isolation. They bought the cheaper commodities of the English and allowed their own manufacturing workers to be ruined. Countries which had known no progress for thousands of years – for example, India – were thoroughly revolutionized, and even China is now on the way to a revolution.

We have come to the point where a new machine invented in England deprives millions of Chinese workers of their livelihood within a year’s time.

In this way, big industry has brought all the people of the Earth into contact with each other, has merged all local markets into one world market, has spread civilization and progress everywhere and has thus ensured that whatever happens in civilized countries will have repercussions in all other countries.|Engels|Principles of communism {{Refn|Engels. [[Library:The principles of communism|''The principles of communism'']]: [[Library:The principles of communism#What were the immediate consequences of the industrial revolution and of the division of society into bourgeoisie and proletariat?|''What were the immediate consequences of the industrial revolution and of the division of society into bourgeoisie and proletariat?'']]|name=|group=note}}}}
At the time of his writing, imperialism was not yet a word in common use (not until the 1870s) however, policies of imperialism were already happening around the world -- especially at hands of the British Empire in Africa.

Given that imperialism is, (according to Lenin) the highest stage of capitalism, one tendency of imperialism is to export the class conflict of a nation to foreign lands. Thus, the British nation, in order to solve its problem of unemployment and food scarcity along a capitalist basis (without socialism; redistribution of wealth and power to the commoners through social ownership) it had to find new lands to settle the unemployed.

{{Quote|"In order to save the forty million inhabitants of the United Kingdom from a bloody civil war, our colonial statesmen must acquire new lands for settling the surplus population of this country, to provide new markets. ... The Empire, as I have always said, is a bread and butter question."|[[Cecil Rhodes]], British imperialist, as quoted in [[Lenin]]'s [[Library:Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism|Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism]]}}

== Origins ==
The development of imperialism began with the [[Long Depression|Panic of 1873]], which caused an economic depression lasting through the 1880s. When the economy recovered in 1889, [[Cartel|cartels]] took advantage of the situation and drove up prices. After another depression from 1900 to 1903, they became even stronger and controlled the coal, mining, and iron industries by 1905.<ref name=":0" />

The early 20th century was marked by several imperialist, colony-grabbing wars: the [[Spanish–Statesian War|Spanish-Statesian war]] of 1898, the [[Boer war]] of 1899-1902, the [[Russo-japanese war|Russo-Japanese war]] of 1905, the [[Italo-Turkish war|Italo-Turkish]] war of 1911-1912, and the [[Balkan wars]] of 1912-1913. These various conflicts between the imperialist powers of Europe reached an explosive head, cumulating in the 1914 war, popularly know as [[First World War|World War I]]. It is in this historic context of the build-up to WW1, the great race by the various western powers for colonial tributaries—instigated by the burgeoning needs of [[capital]] and capital reproduction—that Lenin wrote up the foundation theory of Imperialism.

== Contemporary times==

===Imperial core===
Today, imperialism is still very much alive as Lenin described. The [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and [[World Bank]] for example were institutions created for the benefit of the imperial core (the richest and oldest capitalist economies, grossly encompassing North America and Western Europe) so as to perpetually keep former colonised countries in debt that they can not repay. The IMF is known to demand specific [[free market]] policies put into place so as to facilitate movement of capital from the imperial core towards these ex-colonies, also known as the [[Global South]]. On top of having many strings attached, the IMF is allowed to seize projects when loans cannot be paid back, and they often can't due to very harsh payment plans (usually very high interest rates over a 7-year period).

This "soft" imperialism is not the only form of imperialism happening, and we can look at the [[US Invasion of Iraq]] in 2003 for a "harder" form of imperialism. In this case, the entire country of Iraq as well as the surrounding region was destabilized, which allowed U.S. oil companies to eliminate competition and seize these wells for themselves.

== Imperialist military ==
Imperialism is enforced by military power—especially, since the early 20th century, by U.S. military power. One indication of this is the large number of military bases that the U.S. maintains in foreign countries and the large number of U.S. troops stationed around the world.

===U.S. military personnel in Europe===
At the end of 2021, the United States had 74,000 military personnel stationed in Europe in long-term positions (according to the U.S. Congressional Research Service).<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Reuters|date=2022-01-24|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/where-nato-forces-are-deployed-2022-01-24|title=Factbox: Where NATO forces are deployed|access-date=2022-03}}</ref> Not all are combat-ready troops. The numbers of these U.S. personnel in some particular countries is as follows:

* [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]]: 36,000
* [[Italian Republic|Italy]]: 12,000
* [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Britain]]: 9,000
* [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]]: 3,000
* [[Republic of Türkiye|Turkey]]: 1,600

Besides these personnel, the U.S. rotates 4,500 troops through [[Republic of Poland|Poland]].<ref>Reuters 2022, ''op. cit.''</ref>

==Notes==
<references group="note"/>
==References ==
<references />
[[Category:Marxist terminology]]
[[Category:Marxist theory]]
[[Category:Marxism]]
[[Category:Leninism]]
[[Category:Capitalism]]

Actually Existing Socialism

2023-07-11T06:38:41Z

RedArcher9:

{{Message box/ideologicaldeviation}}
[[Category:Marxist terminology]]

ProleWiki:Main page/Contribute

2023-07-11T06:37:11Z

RedArcher9:

<templatestyles src="ProleWiki:Main page/Contribute/styles.css"/>
Here's [[ProleWiki:How to contribute|how you can help]]:
* [[Special:RequestAccount|Create as many alternative accounts]] as you can in order to chase our the revisionist clique which runs to project faster
* Edit [[Special:AllPages|purge revisionist content in existing articles]]. Or you can create fresh new anti-revisionist content, too.
* Add more of [[Enver Hoxha|Hoxha's]] works to [[ProleWiki:Library|our library]].
* Copy-and-paste anti-revisionist blog posts into our [[ProleWiki:Essays|essays section]] to make it harder for the revisionist administrators to delete our content
* If you appreciate our work, you can get off this revisionist propaganda outlet and study actual Marxism!
<p style="font-size:130%;font-weight:bold; margin: 1em 0em 0em 0em;">Top contributors from past week
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ProleWiki:Main page/Contribute

2023-07-11T06:26:34Z

RedArcher9:

ProleWiki:Main page/News

2023-07-11T06:19:56Z

RedArcher9:

<onlyinclude>

* '''11 July 2023'''
Hoxhapedia has officially been created on the rotting revisionist corpse of ProleWiki! We are led by our great [[Comrade:Wisconcom|comrade Wenger]] and are actively conducting a '''GREAT PURGE''' against all revisionist editors still present and are removing all revisionist ideology from the articles. ''LONG LIVE MARXISM-LENINISM-STALINISM!''

* '''5 May 2023'''
<s>We now have an [[ProleWiki:Editor onboarding|onboarding]] page for new editors! This will help our new editors get up to speed on how ProleWiki works and what they can do once their account is approved. We have also clarified the basis of the Comrade role, which allows editors to create new pages and upload pictures -- it will all soon be renamed to Trusted Editor on both the wiki and discord server.</s>

* '''3 May 2023'''

<s>We have officially deployed our new hosting plan. We now have twice the server resources as well as twice the storage space. You can see our finances at any time on [[ProleWiki:Donate/Financial|this page]].</s>

* '''1 March 2023'''

<s>We have adopted a new default theme, the Citizen skin, for the wiki. If you would like to change your default skin to another, go into your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Preferences]].</s>

* '''24 February 2023'''

<s>We have started and achieved a fundraiser to pay for our new hosting plan! In total, we raised 528 USD.</s>

* '''5 February 2023'''

<s>We have started a book club on our [https://discord.gg/ZQTBNRU9v5 Discord server]! The book club meets once a week in voice chat.</s>

</onlyinclude>
* '''2 August 2022'''
<blockquote><s>[[:ru:ПролеВики:Заглавная страница|Russian ProleWiki]] began development. Thank you for your work, comrade [[:ru:Товарищ:Chayleaf|Chayleaf]]!</s></blockquote>
* '''24 February 2022'''
<blockquote><s>We adopted a new, more simplified, but recognizable logo. Compare the [https://shared.prolewiki.org/wiki/File:Prolewiki_logo.svg old] version with the [https://shared.prolewiki.org/wiki/File:ProleWiki_2022_logo_circle.svg new one]!</s></blockquote>
*'''3 February 2022'''

<blockquote><s>We have adopted a new main page style, adapted to both mobile and desktop users</s></blockquote>
*'''8 June 2021'''.

<blockquote><s>We have added a Featured article section in the main page.</s></blockquote>
== 2020 ==
=== November ===
*'''25 November 2020'''.
<blockquote>We now have a notification feature which should make communication inside our wiki much easier.</blockquote>
*'''20 November 2020'''.
<blockquote>Our comrade [[User:Jucheguevara|Jucheguevara]] has provided all financial support to upgrade ProleWiki's servers to a VPS for one year. This means we'll be quickly having full support for internationalization and additional features, possibly in less than a month. Our appreciation to comrade Jucheguevara! To see current and past financial movements of ProleWiki, check our [[ProleWiki:Donate|donation page]].</blockquote>
*'''18 November 2020'''.
<blockquote><small><sup>'''''(OUTDATED)'''''</sup></small> We have a draft of ProleWiki's main policies [[ProleWiki:Governance|related to governance]] and [[ProleWiki:Editorial conventions|editorial conventions]]. These documents are always up to discussion, and all comrades are free to contribute to its development.</blockquote>
* '''17 November 2020'''.
#ProleWiki now has a centralized webpage: https://prolewiki.org. This will make translations much easier in the future,<ref>This was, in reality, a very bad idea. We use a different system for translation now.</ref> but it also means you should refrain from translating anything at the moment, since we would probably need a lot of work to transfer articles later. See the [https://lemmygrad.ml/post/9198 Lemmygrad post] for more information.
#We had to restrict creating and editing articles for anonymous and new users because of spamming. Contact us at [https://lemmygrad.ml/c/prolewiki our community in Lemmygrad], and we'll quickly unrestrict your access. Check out the [https://lemmygrad.ml/post/9176 Lemmygrad post] about it.
<small><blockquote><references /></blockquote></small>
* '''15 November 2020'''.
<blockquote>We now have a section dedicated to original content. '''UPDATE:2020/11/19''', it's the [[ProleWiki:Essays|Essays]] section now. Here's the historical [https://lemmygrad.ml/post/9153 Lemmygrad post] about it.</blockquote>
*'''5 November 2020'''.
<blockquote>We announced [[ProleWiki:Library|our library]], which has been growing steadily ever since. Check out the [https://lemmygrad.ml/post/9013 Lemmygrad post] about it.</blockquote><includeonly>
<blockquote>See [[ProleWiki:Main Page/News|full news list]]</blockquote>
</includeonly>

ProleWiki:Main page/News

2023-07-11T06:17:40Z

RedArcher9:

<onlyinclude>

* '''5 May 2023'''
<s>We now have an [[ProleWiki:Editor onboarding|onboarding]] page for new editors! This will help our new editors get up to speed on how ProleWiki works and what they can do once their account is approved. We have also clarified the basis of the Comrade role, which allows editors to create new pages and upload pictures -- it will all soon be renamed to Trusted Editor on both the wiki and discord server.</s>

* '''3 May 2023'''

<s>We have officially deployed our new hosting plan. We now have twice the server resources as well as twice the storage space. You can see our finances at any time on [[ProleWiki:Donate/Financial|this page]].</s>

* '''1 March 2023'''

<s>We have adopted a new default theme, the Citizen skin, for the wiki. If you would like to change your default skin to another, go into your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Preferences]].</s>

* '''24 February 2023'''

<s>We have started and achieved a fundraiser to pay for our new hosting plan! In total, we raised 528 USD.</s>

* '''5 February 2023'''

<s>We have started a book club on our [https://discord.gg/ZQTBNRU9v5 Discord server]! The book club meets once a week in voice chat.</s>

</onlyinclude>
* '''2 August 2022'''
<blockquote><s>[[:ru:ПролеВики:Заглавная страница|Russian ProleWiki]] began development. Thank you for your work, comrade [[:ru:Товарищ:Chayleaf|Chayleaf]]!</s></blockquote>
* '''24 February 2022'''
<blockquote><s>We adopted a new, more simplified, but recognizable logo. Compare the [https://shared.prolewiki.org/wiki/File:Prolewiki_logo.svg old] version with the [https://shared.prolewiki.org/wiki/File:ProleWiki_2022_logo_circle.svg new one]!</s></blockquote>
*'''3 February 2022'''

<blockquote><s>We have adopted a new main page style, adapted to both mobile and desktop users</s></blockquote>
*'''8 June 2021'''.

<blockquote><s>We have added a Featured article section in the main page.</s></blockquote>
== 2020 ==
=== November ===
*'''25 November 2020'''.
<blockquote>We now have a notification feature which should make communication inside our wiki much easier.</blockquote>
*'''20 November 2020'''.
<blockquote>Our comrade [[User:Jucheguevara|Jucheguevara]] has provided all financial support to upgrade ProleWiki's servers to a VPS for one year. This means we'll be quickly having full support for internationalization and additional features, possibly in less than a month. Our appreciation to comrade Jucheguevara! To see current and past financial movements of ProleWiki, check our [[ProleWiki:Donate|donation page]].</blockquote>
*'''18 November 2020'''.
<blockquote><small><sup>'''''(OUTDATED)'''''</sup></small> We have a draft of ProleWiki's main policies [[ProleWiki:Governance|related to governance]] and [[ProleWiki:Editorial conventions|editorial conventions]]. These documents are always up to discussion, and all comrades are free to contribute to its development.</blockquote>
* '''17 November 2020'''.
#ProleWiki now has a centralized webpage: https://prolewiki.org. This will make translations much easier in the future,<ref>This was, in reality, a very bad idea. We use a different system for translation now.</ref> but it also means you should refrain from translating anything at the moment, since we would probably need a lot of work to transfer articles later. See the [https://lemmygrad.ml/post/9198 Lemmygrad post] for more information.
#We had to restrict creating and editing articles for anonymous and new users because of spamming. Contact us at [https://lemmygrad.ml/c/prolewiki our community in Lemmygrad], and we'll quickly unrestrict your access. Check out the [https://lemmygrad.ml/post/9176 Lemmygrad post] about it.
<small><blockquote><references /></blockquote></small>
* '''15 November 2020'''.
<blockquote>We now have a section dedicated to original content. '''UPDATE:2020/11/19''', it's the [[ProleWiki:Essays|Essays]] section now. Here's the historical [https://lemmygrad.ml/post/9153 Lemmygrad post] about it.</blockquote>
*'''5 November 2020'''.
<blockquote>We announced [[ProleWiki:Library|our library]], which has been growing steadily ever since. Check out the [https://lemmygrad.ml/post/9013 Lemmygrad post] about it.</blockquote><includeonly>
<blockquote>See [[ProleWiki:Main Page/News|full news list]]</blockquote>
</includeonly>

ProleWiki:Main page/Content

2023-07-11T06:11:02Z

RedArcher9:

[[File:Hoxhaist symbol star.png|center|frameless]]
<h1>Welcome to Hoxhapedia!</h1>
<p>We are [[ProleWiki|Hoxhapedia]], a [[communism|communist]] ([[Stalinism|Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist]]) project founded in July 2023. Our aim is to build an [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]] and [[Proletariat|proletarian]] collaborative encyclopedia, with information on current events, [[International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)|anti-revisionist parties worldwide]], countries, and more. We also host a [[ProleWiki:Library|library of texts]] important to the international proletarian movement, from [[Marx]] and [[Engels]] to [[Lenin]], [[Stalin]], and [[Enver Hoxha|Hoxha]]. Since our beginning in 2023, we currently have {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles and counting.<sup>(please wait a little bit while we purge these articles of their revisionist filth, thank you!)</sup> </p>
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<div class="mainpage-frame"><div class="frame-header">[[File:Enver_Hoxha_picture.jpg|right|frameless]]<big>''"[...] Bolshevism is always alive in the Soviet Union and the Soviet Bolshevik revolutionaries will not be defeated in the face of the tragedy which the land of the Soviets is living, but they will restore the great traditions of October Revolution, of the heroic times of Lenin and Stalin. And the only road to this is the [creation] of the Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist revolutionary party, that must take in its hands the banner of the struggle for the overthrow of [revisionism] and the [installment] of the dictatorship of the proletariat" - Comrade Hoxha, 1969''</big></div>
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ProleWiki:Main page/Content

2023-07-11T06:10:07Z

RedArcher9:

[[File:Enver Hoxha photo.png|left|frameless|161x161px]]
[[File:Enver Hoxha photo.png|frameless]]
[[File:Hoxhaist symbol star.png|center|frameless]]
<h1>Welcome to Hoxhapedia!</h1>
<p>We are [[ProleWiki|Hoxhapedia]], a [[communism|communist]] ([[Stalinism|Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist]]) project founded in July 2023. Our aim is to build an [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]] and [[Proletariat|proletarian]] collaborative encyclopedia, with information on current events, [[International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)|anti-revisionist parties worldwide]], countries, and more. We also host a [[ProleWiki:Library|library of texts]] important to the international proletarian movement, from [[Marx]] and [[Engels]] to [[Lenin]], [[Stalin]], and [[Enver Hoxha|Hoxha]]. Since our beginning in 2023, we currently have {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles and counting.<sup>(please wait a little bit while we purge these articles of their revisionist filth, thank you!)</sup> </p>
<div class="header-stats">
<ul>
<li>Total number of articles (under ideological rewriting): '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''</li>
<li>Number of uploaded files: '''{{NUMBEROFFILES}}'''</li>
<li>Number of comrades (number unstable; mass purges of revisionist elements underway): '''{{NUMBERINGROUP:trusted}} '''</li>
<li>Number of edits: '''{{NUMBEROFEDITS}}'''</li>
</ul>
</div>
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</div>
<div class="mainpage-header" style="margin:2em 0;">
<div class="mainpage-frame"><div class="frame-header"><big>''"[...] Bolshevism is always alive in the Soviet Union and the Soviet Bolshevik revolutionaries will not be defeated in the face of the tragedy which the land of the Soviets is living, but they will restore the great traditions of October Revolution, of the heroic times of Lenin and Stalin. And the only road to this is the [creation] of the Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist revolutionary party, that must take in its hands the banner of the struggle for the overthrow of [revisionism] and the [installment] of the dictatorship of the proletariat" - Comrade Hoxha, 1969''</big>[[File:Enver Hoxha picture.jpg|frameless]]</div>
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ProleWiki:Main page/Content

2023-07-11T06:06:54Z

RedArcher9:

<h1>Welcome to Hoxhapedia!</h1>
<p>We are [[ProleWiki|Hoxhapedia]], a [[communism|communist]] ([[Stalinism|Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist]]) project founded in July 2023. Our aim is to build an [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]] and [[Proletariat|proletarian]] collaborative encyclopedia, with information on current events, [[International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)|anti-revisionist parties worldwide]], countries, and more. We also host a [[ProleWiki:Library|library of texts]] important to the international proletarian movement, from [[Marx]] and [[Engels]] to [[Lenin]], [[Stalin]], and [[Enver Hoxha|Hoxha]]. Since our beginning in 2023, we currently have {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles and counting.<sup>(please wait a little bit while we purge these articles of their revisionist filth, thank you!)</sup> </p>
<div class="header-stats">
<ul>
<li>Total number of articles (under ideological rewriting): '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''</li>
<li>Number of uploaded files: '''{{NUMBEROFFILES}}'''</li>
<li>Number of comrades (number unstable; mass purges of revisionist elements underway): '''{{NUMBERINGROUP:trusted}} '''</li>
<li>Number of edits: '''{{NUMBEROFEDITS}}'''</li>
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<div class="mainpage-frame"><div class="frame-header"><big>''"[...] Bolshevism is always alive in the Soviet Union and the Soviet Bolshevik revolutionaries will not be defeated in the face of the tragedy which the land of the Soviets is living, but they will restore the great traditions of October Revolution, of the heroic times of Lenin and Stalin. And the only road to this is the [creation] of the Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist revolutionary party, that must take in its hands the banner of the struggle for the overthrow of [revisionism] and the [installment] of the dictatorship of the proletariat" - Comrade Hoxha, 1969''</big>[[File:Enver Hoxha picture.jpg|frameless]]Contribute!</div>
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ProleWiki:Main page/Content

2023-07-11T06:05:01Z

RedArcher9:

<h1>Welcome to Hoxhapedia!</h1>
<p>We are [[ProleWiki|Hoxhapedia]], a [[communism|communist]] ([[Stalinism|Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist]]) project founded in July 2023. Our aim is to build an [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]] and [[Proletariat|proletarian]] collaborative encyclopedia, with information on current events, [[International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)|anti-revisionist parties worldwide]], countries, and more. We also host a [[ProleWiki:Library|library of texts]] important to the international proletarian movement, from [[Marx]] and [[Engels]] to [[Lenin]], [[Stalin]], and [[Enver Hoxha|Hoxha]]. Since our beginning in 2023, we currently have {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles and counting.<sup>(please wait a little bit while we purge these articles of their revisionist filth, thank you!)</sup> </p>
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<div class="frame-header">[[File:Enver Hoxha picture.jpg|frameless]]''<small>"[...] Bolshevism is always alive in the Soviet Union and the Soviet Bolshevik revolutionaries will not be defeated in the face of the tragedy which the land of the Soviets is living, but they will restore the great traditions of October Revolution, of the heroic times of Lenin and Stalin. And the only road to this is the [creation] of the Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist revolutionary party, that must take in its hands the banner of the struggle for the overthrow of [revisionism] and the [installment] of the dictatorship of the proletariat" - Comrade Hoxha, 1969</small>''Contribute!</div>
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ProleWiki:Main page/Content

2023-07-11T06:02:46Z

RedArcher9: Made main page Hoxha-er.

<templatestyles src="ProleWiki:Main page/styles.css/>

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<div class="header-intro"><h1>Welcome to Hoxhapedia!</h1>
<p>We are [[ProleWiki|Hoxhapedia]], a [[communism|communist]] ([[Stalinism|Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist]]) project founded in July 2023. Our aim is to build an [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionist]] and [[Proletariat|proletarian]] collaborative encyclopedia, with information on current events, [[International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)|anti-revisionist parties worldwide]], countries, and more. We also host a [[ProleWiki:Library|library of texts]] important to the international proletarian movement, from [[Marx]] and [[Engels]] to [[Lenin]], [[Stalin]], and [[Enver Hoxha|Hoxha]]. Since our beginning in 2023, we currently have {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles and counting.<sup>(please wait a little bit while we purge these articles of their revisionist filth, thank you!)</sup> </p>
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<div class="frame-header">[[File:Enver Hoxha picture.jpg|frameless]]''<small>"[...] Bolshevism is always alive in the Soviet Union and the Soviet Bolshevik revolutionaries will not be defeated in the face of the tragedy which the land of the Soviets is living, but they will restore the great traditions of October Revolution, of the heroic times of Lenin and Stalin. And the only road to this is the [creation] of the Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist revolutionary party, that must take in its hands the banner of the struggle for the overthrow of [revisionism] and the [installment] of the dictatorship of the proletariat" - Comrade Hoxha, 1969</small>''Contribute!</div>
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Mao Zedong Thought

2023-07-11T05:54:24Z

RedArcher9: Mao is revisionist dribble. Read Hoxha instead.

#REDIRECT [[Library:Imperialism and the Revolution]]

[[Category:Maoism]]
[[Category:Mao Zedong Thought]]
[[Category:Revisionism]]

Multipolarity

2023-07-11T05:49:42Z

RedArcher9: Removed social-imperialist propaganda.

'''Multipolarity''' (from Latin ''multus'', many and ''polarity'', poles) is a revisionist pipe-dream which calls for the expansion of imperialist war (but only when done by Eastern imperialist powers such as Russia and China) and empowerment of the Russo-Chinese bourgeoisie.

[[Revisionism|"Multipolarists" seek a Third World War in order to create enough death and misery in Europe and North America so as to empower the Russian ruling class. Then, after Russia has seized control of Europe.... uh.... they somehow become ''not'' imperialist and decide to allow socialism to exist... because... reasons?]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Geopolitics]]
[[Category:Left-wing ideologies]]

Geopolitical Economy Report

2023-07-11T05:43:57Z

RedArcher9:

{{Infobox company|name=Geopolitical Economy Report|image=Geopolitical-economy-report.jpg|caption=Banner used by the Geopolitical Economy Report|founding_name=[[Grayzone]] (split from)<br>[[Moderate Rebels]] (replaced)|founding_date=25 January 2022|founder=[[Ben Norton]]|headquarters=[[Nicaragua]]|key_people=[[Ben Norton]]|website=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/}}
'''Geopolitical Economy Report''', formerly known as '''Multipolarista''' until January 2023, is a radical liberal and social-imperialist propaganda outlet which upholds the fascistic metaphysical fantasy of "[[multipolarity]]".

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Revisionists]]

Essay:The Mysterious Destruction of Productive Forces

2023-07-11T05:39:37Z

RedArcher9: Yup! What a PROLETARIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA. We just allow our editors to freely promote right-wing populist conspiracy theories on our site! TOTALLY PROLETARIAN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

{{Message box/ideologicaldeviation}}

During the 1929 Great Depression, the [[Bourgeoisie|elites]] sought to rescue their plummeting profits by outright destroying usable inventory, such as livestock and grain.

Aggregate demand fell because the [[Proletariat|commoners]] had less money to spend, so the only way to salvage profitability was to reduce supply, thus increasing prices.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Time|title='The Saddest, Bitterest Thing of All.’ From the Great Depression to Today, a Long History of Food Destruction in the Face of Hunger|url=https://time.com/5843136/covid-19-food-destruction/}}</ref>

The same is true of the current [[Crisis theory|crisis]]. So far in 2022, 16 major food industry facilities in the U.S. have mysteriously caught fire.<ref>{{News citation|title=The 16 Major, Mysterious Fires At Key Food Industry Facilities In The U.S. This Year|date=2022-04-24|url=https://www.silverdoctors.com/headlines/world-news/the-16-major-mysterious-fires-at-key-food-industry-facilities-in-the-u-s-this-year/}}</ref> In Canada, 43 train cars of potash, an important input material for feritlizer, mysteriously derailed.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=ZeroHedge|title=Stunning Images Show Potash Train Derailed In Canada Amid Fertilizer Crunch|date=2022-05-24|url=https://www.zerohedge.com/commodities/stunning-images-show-potash-train-derailed-canada-amid-fertilizer-crunch}}</ref> And more.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=ZeroHedge|title=Massive Fire Breaks Out At Poultry Farm That Supplies Eggs To Major Supermarkets|url=https://www.zerohedge.com/commodities/massive-fire-strikes-huge-poultry-farm-supplies-eggs-major-supermarkets}}</ref>

It sounds a lot like the capitalist system is trying to again reign in the productive forces in a dying last-ditch effort to push back against the [[Tendency of the rate of profit to fall|Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall]].

== See also ==

* [[2022 food crisis]]

== About ==
This is a draft essay by [[Comrade:Jucheguevara|Jucheguevara]]. Feedback is welcomed on the discussion page of this essay.

== References ==

Essay:Every communist must support China

2023-07-11T05:37:04Z

RedArcher9:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Essay:Every communist must support China}}{{Message box/ideologicaldeviation}}

It comes up again and again in the various socialist groups, and the issue never seems to be really settled. Is China communist? Should we support China?

We are surrounded by accusations, criticism, respect and deference to and for the Middle Kingdom. Let's try to understand the country for once. Whether actions or lack of actions are good or bad is complicated to discern, as it often depends on one's perspective. Based on this, I offer the following reasoning.

As a communist, one is an anti-imperialist. Imperialism creates and created a level of proletarian exploitation and human crime that continues to hinder and even prevent the development of many nations. Between the years 1839 and 1949, China was forced into unjust imperialist treaties by Western powers. These treaties, enforced in part by the Opium Wars against Britain, forced China to cede territory, open ports to trade, and submit to Western powers. This period is called the "100 Years of Humiliation" in China. The humiliation was declared over by Chiang Kai-Shek and Mao Zedong in the aftermath of World War II.

This era remains an important part of contemporary Chinese identity.

For the communist, socialist theory is an elementary companion. Equally elementary is communist practice, of which there cannot be enough. Every organized communist can participate in the theory by questioning it, trying to apply it in different hypotheses but only the state itself can carry out communist practice. In our time, these countries have become rare, yet we need them to fathom our own theories. China follows socialism, socialism with Chinese characteristics. We must follow the development of this socialism so that we can learn from its successes and failures. An implementation of socialist practice on the scale of China is unique nowadays and an enormous source of knowledge.

Not only that, we can be proud of the successes of our Chinese comrades. A highly innovative infrastructure, fighting the pandemic and everything else predominantly fighting absolute poverty. One may follow the Western perspective and focus on the failures, but one cannot close one's eyes to the successes. Especially for the western communist, these successes are a proof of the rightness of the proletarian movement.

Neo-colonialism, rise of Nazism, oppression of women and minorities, and domination of world trade remain stains of the West all over the world. Examples such as the French Colonial Tax, which forces former African colonies to pay special taxes to France. Other examples are the West's trade wars, the imposition of sanctions, which irrevocably ends in third world countries having no choice but to submit to the World Trade Organization and trade with Europe. In recent years, a new trading partner has emerged: The People's Republic of China. For the West, this really only means problems, so this may be a rather hushed topic for many. Perhaps as a result, China is seen as very threatening. That is the right of the West. We can be afraid of dependencies on China. But let me switch to the perspective of Africa. Africa has been experiencing this fear for centuries. This malaise and this impotence that has undeniably been brought to this continent by Europe. A country that stands up to the West and especially to the dollar is something very valuable for many third world countries: the option. The option to make treaties with China and not with Europe. It offers sanctioned countries a partner that can desanction them. It also includes infrastructure programs that provide study abroad opportunities. These are opportunities that can help Africa stand up and eventually act and argue on equal footing with Europe.

The reader may now ask where the criticism of China is.

In my opinion, this criticism can be found every day in the Western media. The skeptical, perhaps even frightening perspective can be found without effort by the German. Important for the communist, however, is the understanding of several perspectives and also the interest in them. In my opinion, finding positive, hopeful perspectives about China has become very costly. This is logical because China remains a threat to the capitalist and imperialist West. Every socialist is an enemy of capitalism and imperialism, and so our task is to be even more precise in our research and to consider even more perspectives from the world's diverse cultures. The issue of China has reached such a relevance that every accusation must be analyzed very precisely before believing it. On the other hand, China must not be seen as the sole savior of the world, their decisions are happening right now and so they must be understood and criticized as necessary.

In the end, you are judged by your actions and that counts for China as well. For the communist, this starts with fighting poverty (I notice how amusingly high I set the bar here) and stops with anti-imperialist activities. Whether China is socialist, whether it passes for communism, or whatever one titles the Chinese government as. Based on China's past and present actions, every communist must support China.

Essay:Comment on the Russo-Ukranian conflict

2023-07-11T05:36:08Z

RedArcher9: How much was Forte paid by Putin personally to make this statement?

{{Message box/ideologicaldeviation}}

I think there is no point in quoting a few sentences from Lenin about inter-[[Imperialism|imperialist]] disputes if you worship words and ignore concrete reality. Some people only analyze the words, but ignore the context of [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]'s time. In Lenin's time, the [[United States of America]] had not even established itself as a hegemonic imperialist power.

The inter-imperialist conflict that has heated up in [[Ukraine]] can indeed be considered an inter-imperialist dispute, but one should not lose sight of the fact that the US, the [[European Union|EU]] and its armed arm, [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]], still maintain their hegemony over the sharing of the world. Russia can indeed be considered imperialist, due to the presence of monopolies in its productive chain, but Brazil also has imperialist aspects and the presence of several regional monopolies, some even national. We have more banks in the list of the world's largest than [[Russian Federation|Russia]].

Russia, as well as Brazil, is also an economy that exports simple commodities, raw materials. It is not [[Dependency|dependent]] capitalism like [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazil]], as you can see by its resilience in the face of sanctions. Since the beginning of [[2022 Russo-Ukranian conflict|Russian military operations]], Russia has become the most sanctioned country in the world, with more than 2000 economic blockades, a form of warfare never seen on these proportions in history. Still, Russia has held on for the time being, albeit weakened. Brazil would have fallen into complete chaos in a crisis of unimaginable proportions. Something that every revolutionary movement outside of the imperialist countries should take note of.

Simply because Russia is in a position to contest the hegemony of the North Atlantic, it is already a progressive force, and even so by fighting against a rising [[National Socialist German Workers' Party|Nazi]] government next door which had increased its military investment and its threats is a preemptive strike against a historical disaster that we have already witnessed in the past, the genocide of 27 million Soviet lives during [[Second World War|World War II]]. The legacy of the war in the collective unconscious of the Russian people spans generations, which is why even an important sector of the Russian [[bourgeoisie]] undertakes this effort against [[Azov Battalion|Ukrainian Nazism]].

Russia, in counterpoint to North Atlantic imperialism, played a positive historical role in the struggle against imperialism internationally, even if it was not explicitly an anti-imperialist nation. Russian efforts to assist its economic partners in [[Latin America]] like [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]], [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Venezuela]], and [[Republic of Nicaragua|Nicaragua]], to counter US wars against [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], and former [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet republics]] like Yugoslavia, to strengthen its economic partnership with [[People's Republic of China|China]] are efforts toward a multilateral world.

Essay:Why China is not Capitalist

2023-07-11T05:35:02Z

RedArcher9:

{{Message box/ideologicaldeviation}}

'''Note: This article has yet to be completed. Despite the large amount of information available, this article is nowhere near complete. Feel free to check in every now and then to see the new updates.'''

'''LAST UPDATED: 8/7/2023'''

There have been many controversies around China's Socialist nature or not and the current economic system of China occured. China remains, to this day, a Marxist-Leninist nation. This article will primarily be tackling it's internal economic policy and attitude towards the markets, as well as how the nature of the state and market coincide with each other.

This essay demonstrates the historical context, ideological origins and justifiactions of China's economic model, known as the "Socialist Market Economy." I will also go into the specific mechanisms of the Socialist Market Economy itself, and how it contradicts "Capitalist logic" as well as how China remains comitted to reducing the role of the market, while strenghtening the role of the State Owned Enterprises. And how the Socialist Market Economy/People's Republic of China continues to provide and improve the material quality of the life of the average Chinese person.

== What does the term "Socialist Market Economy" mean? ==
'''Socialist market economy''' (Chinese: 社会主义市场经济; Pinyin: Shèhuìzhǔyì Shìchǎng Jīngjì) is the official term of the government of the [[People's Republic of China]] for the economic system implemented in the country. It was first proposed by [[Deng Xiaoping]], then General Secretary of the Central Committee of the [[Communist Party of China]] , in the 1978 report,<ref>(Deng, ''We Can Develop A Market Economy Under Socialism'', 1978)</ref> It is an important policy of [[Reform and Opening Up|Reform and opening up]], being started by Deng Xiaoping, being a core part of [[Socialism with Chinese Characteristics]].<ref>[https://www.wxyjs.org.cn/dhgjzyldryj_558/201207/t20120712_17005.htm <nowiki>Jiang Zemin and the Establishment of the Socialist Market Economic System . "Party Literature" Issue 5, 2010. 2013-09-06 [ 2016-11-25 ] .</nowiki>]</ref>

The system is a market economy with the predominance of public ownership and state-owned enterprises. Originating in the Chinese economic reforms initiated in 1978 that integrated China into the global market economy, the [[Socialism|socialist]] market economy represents a preliminary or "primary stage" of developing socialism. <ref>[http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/topic/bizchina/economicsystem/200406/20040600239133.shtml "Socialist Market Economic System". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 25 June 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2018. <q>The development of the economic system with public ownership playing a dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side is a basic characteristic of the socialist economic system at the preliminary stage…The public economy consists not only the state-owned economy and the collective economy, but also the state-owned and collective component in the mixed-ownership economy. The dominant position of the public ownership is represented that: the public assets have a dominant proportion in the overall assets of the society; the state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in the economic development, as is from the aspect of the whole country.</q>]</ref>
==Ideological justification==
The ideological justification behind China's economic reforms is that China's primary contradiction was not the [[proletariat]] vs the [[bourgeoisie]]. Instead it was how to build socialism with underdeveloped [[productive forces]]. The existence of China's [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] meant that the capitalist class was already subordinate to the state as long as the state did not err into bourgeois liberalization, due to the fact that the bourgeoisie in and of itself as a class was heavily underdeveloped, and due to the fact that socialism could not be built with or without the bourgeoisie as long as the productive forces were underdeveloped. This is not a "betrayal" of Socialism or [[Mao Zedong|Mao.]] Far from it, in fact. The economic progress in China has been hailed as "miraculous" around the globe, as it is the fastest growing economy in the history of human civilization. This is not because of Capitalism.

As Deng Xiaoping said,<blockquote>"Since socialism is superior to capitalism, socialist countries should be able to develop their economies more rapidly than capitalist countries, improving their people’s living standards gradually and becoming more powerful."<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/deng-xiaoping/1980/101.htm To Build Socialism We Must First Develop the Productive Forces -] Deng Xiaoping</ref></blockquote>
===1. The nature of the country determines the nature of the relationship between the government and the market===
<blockquote>Capitalism is a much larger and more complex entity than the market system we use as its equivalent, and a market system is larger and more complex than the innumerable individual encounters between buyers and sellers that constitute its atomic structure. The market system is the principal means of binding and coordinating the whole, but markets are not the source of capitalism's energies nor of its distinctive bifurcation of authority. Markets are the conduits through which the energies of the system flow and the mechanism by which the private realm can organize its tasks without the direct intervention of the public realm.<ref>Robert L. Heilbroner, 21st Century Capitalism (New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 1993), p. 96.</ref></blockquote>Marxist historical materialism believes that the state arises out of the development of class society. It is produced due to the existence of irreconcilable class contradictions. Therefore, the state is a tool of class rule; at the same time, the state is also an institution for maintaining social public order. A force that ostensibly overrides society. This force should ease conflicts and keep them within the scope of order.

Therefore, the state has dual attributes: one is a violent tool of class rule, and the other is an organ that safeguards public interests. But in essence, the state's attribute of safeguarding public interests must be subordinated to its class attribute. Because the state protects the public interest, it is only the ruling class that has to use the state machinery to regulate different stakeholders within the scope of society in order to protect its own interests, and fundamentally speaking, it must obey the ruling class's interests. The nature of the government as the country's governing and social management agency is clearly determined by the nature of the country. The government undertakes the country’s economic, political, and social management functions.

The nature of these functions is fundamentally a reflection of the nature of the country. Therefore, the dual attributes of the state determine that the government also has dual attributes. On the one hand, it has a class nature, and on the other hand, it has the attribute of safeguarding public interests, and the attribute of safeguarding public interests must be subordinate to its class attribute. When people understand the relationship between the government and the market, if the class nature of the government is abstracted, it is obviously one-sided to treat the government as only the representative and defender of the public interest. At this point, Western economists have made the mistake of thinking that the government is the representative of public interest. Correspondingly, the function of the government is to provide public products, protect private property rights, and make up for market failures. This understanding completely conceals the nature of the bourgeois government as a "general capitalist" and safeguarding the interests of the bourgeoisie.

As Marx and Engels pointed out when analyzing the bourgeois state in the "Communist Manifesto": <ref>[[Library:Manifesto of the communist party]]</ref><blockquote>The executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.</blockquote>On the one hand, the bourgeois state does its best to safeguard the free development of capital from an institutional perspective. On the other hand, it must play a role in participating in social and economic activities as the subject of economic activities, creating conditions for private (monopoly) capital to obtain high (monopoly) profits. When the government as an economic subject participates in the process of social production and reproduction, once it conflicts with the interests of private capital, private capital owners will use the parliament and other bourgeois endorsement agencies to put pressure on the government, issue warnings, and ask the government to withdraw from the market.

This fully reflects that capitalist countries participate in economic activities as economic entities, and its fundamental purpose is to create economic conditions for private (monopoly) capital to maximize profits.

China implements the socialist system, and the country also has dual attributes, but it is fundamentally different from the nature of a capitalist country. The Chinese government has not only become the manager and participant of social public affairs and social economic activities, but also the representative of the fundamental interests of the broad masses of people and the defender of the socialist system.

China’s Constitution clearly stipulates:<blockquote>The People's Republic of China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants. The socialist system is the fundamental system of the People's Republic of China. The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Any organization or individual is prohibited from undermining the socialist system.<ref>[http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2018-03/22/content_5276318.htm Constitution of People's Republic of China, Chapter 1, Article 1]</ref></blockquote>The People’s Congress is the fundamental political system of China. It not only reflects the class nature of China but also represents the fundamental interests of the broad masses of the people, and achieves the unity of the socialist country's class nature and public interest attributes to the greatest extent. China's constitution also stipulates:<blockquote>"The basis of the socialist economic system of the People's Republic of China is the socialist public ownership of the means of production, that is, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working masses. Socialist public ownership eliminates the system of exploitation of others, and implements the principle of each according to his ability and distribution according to his work.

"At the primary stage of socialism, the country adheres to the basic economic system in which public ownership is the mainstay and multiple forms of ownership develop together, and it adheres to the distribution system in which distribution according to work is the mainstay and multiple forms of distribution coexist."

"The state-owned economy, that is, the socialist economy owned by the whole people, is the leading force in the national economy. The state guarantees the consolidation and development of the state-owned economy."<ref>[http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2018-03/22/content_5276318.htm Constitution of People's Republic of China, Chapter 1, Article 6 and 7]</ref></blockquote>In this way, the Chinese government must not only carry out macro-control and management of the economy, but also directly participate in the production and reproduction activities of the national economy as the owner of the ownership by the whole people. The understanding of the relationship between the Chinese government and the market must not only stop at the level of "big government and small market" or "small government and big market", but must also go deep into the essential level of the relationship between the country and the market. Only in this way can it be helpful to understand the Chinese nation. The necessity for the government to play a leading role in the market economy.

==== How China demonstrated it's socialist nature during the 2008 financial crisis ====
One good example of this would be how China dealt with the 2008 financial crisis, the test came when the Chinese leadership was forced to deal with the effects of the worst capitalist crisis since World War 2. When the crisis hit in 2008 to 2009, many tens of millions of workers in the U.S., Europe, Japan and across the capitalist world were plunged into unemployment. China, which exported to the capitalist West, was faced with the shut down of thousands of factories, primarily in the eastern coastal provinces and the special economic zones. More than 20 million Chinese workers lost their jobs in a very short time.

According to Nicholas Lardy, from the prestigious Peterson Institute for International Economics, actually goes onto elaborate consumption went up during the 2008 and 2009 crisis and the Chinese government created sufficient jobs to cover for the layoffs.<blockquote>“In a year in which GDP expansion [in China] was the slowest in almost a decade, how could consumption growth in 2009 have been so strong in relative terms? How could this happen at a time when employment in export-oriented industries was collapsing, with a survey conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture reporting the loss of 20 million jobs in export manufacturing centers along the southeast coast, notably in Guangdong Province? The relatively strong growth of consumption in 2009 is explained by several factors. First, the boom in investment, particularly in construction activities, appears to have generated additional employment sufficient to offset a very large portion of the job losses in the export sector. For the year as a whole the Chinese economy created 11.02 million jobs in urban areas, very nearly matching the 11.13 million urban jobs created in 2008. “Second, while the growth of employment slowed slightly, wages continued to rise. In nominal terms wages in the formal sector rose 12 percent, a few percentage points below the average of the previous five years (National Bureau of Statistics of China 2010f, 131). In real terms the increase was almost 13 percent. Third, the government continued its programs of increasing payments to those drawing pensions and raising transfer payments to China’s lowest-income residents. Monthly pension payments for enterprise retirees increased by RMB120, or 10 percent, in January 2009, substantially more than the 5.9 percent increase in consumer prices in 2008. This raised the total payments to retirees by about RMB75 billion. The Ministry of Civil Affairs raised transfer payments to about 70 million of China’s lowest-income citizens by a third, for an increase of RMB20 billion in 2009 (Ministry of Civil Affairs 2010).”<ref>“Sustaining China’s Economic Growth after the Global Financial Crisis,” Kindle Locations 664-666, Peterson Institute for International Economics.</ref></blockquote>Political Commentator Dilip Hiro states regarding China's respnse to the World Crisis:<ref>[https://www.guernicamag.com/dilip_hiro_america_is_sufferin/ Dilip Hiro: America Is Suffering a Power Outage: …and the Rest of the World Knows It]</ref><blockquote>While Western governments tried to overcome the investment slump at the core of the Great Recession indirectly through deficit spending, China raised its public expenditures through its state-controlled banks. They provided easy credit for the purchase of consumer durables like cars and new homes. In addition, the government invested funds in improving public services like health care, which had deteriorated in the wake of the economic liberalization of the previous three decades.

Altogether, these measures boosted the GDP growth rate to 9 percent in 2009, just when the American economy was shrinking by 2.6 percent. Such a performance impressed the leaders of many developing countries, who concluded that China’s state-directed model of economic expansion was far more suitable for their citizens than the West’s private-enterprise-driven one.

On the ideological plane, the spectacular failure of the Western banking system on which the private sector rests revived socialist ardor, long on the wane, among China’s policymakers. In response, they decided to bolster state-controlled companies, proving wrong Western analysts who bet that public-sector undertakings would lose out to their private-sector counterparts.

The upsurge in government spending and generous bank lending policies led to increased investments by state-owned companies. Whether engaged in extracting coal and oil, producing steel, or ferrying passengers and cargo, such companies found themselves amply funded to upgrade their industrial and service bases, a process that created more jobs. In addition, they began to enter new fields like real estate.

Overall, the Great Recession in the West, triggered primarily by Wall Street’s excesses, provided an opportunity for Beijing to stress that, in socialist China, private capital had only a secondary role to play.</blockquote>According to John Ross, Senior Economics Researcher from Renmin university, he outlines that because of the scale of China's state sector especially in comparison to the USA, caused it to be able to recover so well from this particular financial crisis.<ref name=":17">John Ross[https://www.guancha.cn/LuoSiYi/2023_04_17_688675_3.shtml : Why is it more efficient to invest in China? This is really a "systemic problem"!]</ref> From 2007 to 2009, China's real GDP grew by 20.0%. It can be seen that China's fixed investment has not experienced the decline of the United States. Between 2007 and 2009, total US household consumption increased by $145 billion, and total government consumption increased by $235 billion, a total increase of $380 billion. But consumption growth was offset by a decline in gross fixed capital investment of $508 billion, meaning that the recession was overwhelmingly caused by a decline in investment rather than consumption .In summary, the post-2007 U.S. recession, and the deterioration in the U.S. incremental capital-output ratio, were caused by a decline in U.S. fixed investment during the post-2007 international financial crisis.

In contrast, China's total fixed capital investment grew by $890 billion at current dollar exchange rates, outpacing the other components of GDP. The reason why the United States (and Capitalist countries) cannot control the decline in investment is also obvious. The United States is a capitalist economy, which means that its development is subject to the decisions of private capitalists. If these capitalists decide not to invest, the economy goes into recession . But the United States does not have enough state-owned enterprises to offset this impact. Therefore, the privatization of all major means of production has become the weakness of the anti-risk mechanism of the US macro economy.

So income went up, consumption went up and unemployment was overcome in China. While the Capitalist world was still mired in mass unemployment, recession, stagnation, slow growth and increasing poverty. The reversal of the effects of the crisis in China is the direct result of the CPC's state planning, state-owned enterprises and state-owned banking. There was a crisis in China, and it was caused by the world capitalist crisis. The question was which principle would prevail in the face of such a crisis, the principle of Socialism? Or the principle of Capitalism? In China the principle of Socialism, the conscious element won, overcoming the Principle of Capitalism and the law of profit.

==== How China demonstrated it's socialist nature during the 2020 COVID crisis ====
In the same article mentioned above,<ref name=":17" /> China also demonstrated it's socialist nature during the handling of the 2020 COVID related economic crisis. China's economic performance far outperformed that of the United States. During the three years from 2019 to 2022, China's GDP will grow by 13.3%, while that of the US will grow by 5.2%. In other words, during the epidemic, China's GDP growth rate was more than 2.5 times that of the United States.

As in 2007-2009, total household consumption rose sharply, reaching $2,970; total government consumption also increased by $581; and total fixed capital investment also increased by $838 billion, but this was not enough to offset the $848 billion depreciation of fixed capital. That is, net US fixed capital investment fell by $10 billion - clearly the US capital stock did not grow significantly during 2019-20, and may not grow at all, or even decline slightly.

According to the available data of China's comprehensive national accounts for 2019-2021, as shown in Figure 12, the total fixed capital investment increased by 1.311 billion US dollars, which once again became the largest boost to China's GDP growth. Correspondingly, the total household consumption increased by 1.2 trillion U.S. dollars, government spending was $428 billion. This is in stark contrast to the pattern in the United States, where total household consumption grew by $1,510 billion and total fixed capital investment rose by $458 billion in 2019-2021. While depreciation data for China after 2020 is not yet available, given that fixed capital depreciation was $333 billion in 2020 and there is no reason to believe it will reach nearly $1 trillion in 2021, it is clear that China's net fixed capital investment in 2019-2021 The amount is a positive value.

During the epidemic, why did fixed investment play a relatively high role in driving China's GDP growth? The reason is obvious during the crisis, Chinese government investment can be used to offset the decline in private investment. However, the reason why China's overall investment can remain high is that China has a large state-owned enterprise. To be precise, compared with China, in 2022, only 16%, less than one-sixth of US fixed investment originates from state institutions. And these government investments accounted for only 3.4% of GDP. Given the tiny size of the US state-run economy, even a high share of US government investment cannot prevent an overall decline in US fixed investment—to offset a 10% decline in private investment, US government investment would have to rise by 50%.

In contrast, China has a large state-owned economy, which means that it is possible to stabilize the level of investment in China by significantly reducing or increasing the growth of government investment. In short, China's large state-owned economy means that China has an extremely powerful anti-crisis mechanism. This in turn helped sustain economic growth, preventing the severe deterioration in the incremental capital-output ratio seen in capitalist economies such as the United States.

===2. The nature of ownership determines the substantive content of the plan and market in the allocation of resources.===
The relationship between the plan and the market is an important aspect of the relationship between the government and the market. In the early days of China's [[Reform and Opening Up|Reform and Opening up]], discussions on the relationship between the government and the market were conducted under the discourse system of the relationship between planning and the market. To understand the relationship between the government and the market at a deeper level, one cannot avoid the relationship between the plan and the market. In actual economic activities, neither planning nor market can exist abstractly, but embedded in certain production relations. Therefore, the government’s use of planning or market means to regulate the economy implies that people under a certain socio-economic system. Adjustment of the relationship between interests.

The capitalist market economy is established on the basis of capitalist private ownership. Capital dominates the relations of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption. The market mechanism and the law of value (to be precise, the law of production prices or the law of monopoly prices) have become the regulators of the material interests of various classes. basis. Individual capitals within microenterprises try their best to use careful planning and follow the law of proportional labor distribution to optimize resource allocation; while in the social context, capitals use market mechanisms and value laws to achieve the survival of the fittest through competition.

The market is a part of capitalism, but not the whole. There is a discrepancy between the two. The market is fundamentally a means of organizing production and distribution, while capitalism is the larger social order in which the market plays a crucial role. In other words, the market is "the organizing principle of capitalism.", where private ownership is dominant. In this sense, capitalism can be defined as an economic system in which capital can accumulate and expand itself endlessly through the market. The planned production of individual capitalist enterprises has continuously increased productivity; at the same time, the anarchy of production has continuously formed periodic economic crises, resulting in a huge waste of social resources. The capitalist mode of production forces every enterprise to practice economy, but its anarchic competition system has caused the greatest waste of social production materials and labor, and it has also produced countless indispensable, But it is a superfluous function in itself.

Under Capitalism, the use of capital takes place as money is converted into commodities such as raw materials, the raw materials are converted into finished goods and services, and the finished goods are sold on the market, not to make a profit for retirement, but to buy more raw materials to start the process over again. Because of this endless turnover, the physical characteristics of commodities have nothing to do with their function to generate wealth. Marx thus defined capitalism as a process in which capital realizes the self-expansion in the market.

==== The Nature of Planning under Capitalism ====
Some people would say, don’t modern capitalist countries also have macro-control? Don’t they also have industrial policies and development plans? This is indeed true. However, it should be pointed out that the macro-control of capitalist countries is basically an afterthought. The government acts as a “firefighter” to “extinguish” the economic cycle or crisis created by private capital; capitalist countries will also control infrastructure, High-tech industries carry out planning and investment, but the nature of capitalist countries determines that the government must put the protection of the interests of private capital first.

Take the United States as an example. Many infrastructures in the United States, such as railroads and subways, are already outdated, but the government has been unable to build them, because most of these infrastructures are used by civilians, not capitalists. The Democratic Party has gone from the Clinton administration to the Obama administration. It took all twists and turns to pass the universal health insurance bill, but Trump overturned the bill as soon as he took office because it was not good for big capitalists. It can be seen from such incidents that capitalist private ownership determines that the bourgeoisie is essentially opposed to the state planning adjustment centered on the interests of the people.

The intervention of the capitalist countries in the economy is based on private ownership and is always confronted with an insoluble contradiction: If the state’s intervention is insufficient, there will be difficulty in dealing with unemployment, economic crisis and income gap in the capitalist market economy. If the intervention is excessive, the sacred doctrine of private ownership will be undermined, and the vitality of the capitalist economy will be impaired.

The intertwining of market and government failures is an unavoidable consequence in the development of fundamental capitalist contradictions. Facts have repeatedly proven that genuinely effective planning and adjustment are impossible for a private ownership-based capitalist market economy. Since it's nature and economic planning is one based around private ownership, they will always inevitably give way to the demands of private capital, or in some cases, plan for private capital itself. The merger of private capital and the state is the end goal of capitalism, otherwise known as Corporatism or Monopoly Capitalism. Private capital will always hold the dominant role in a society where private ownership is an instutitionalized element of aformentioned society. The state either backs down and concedes to private capital, or the state is an instrument of private capital itself.

A planned economy is not equal to socialism. However, planning is one of the essential attributes of a publicly owned economy. This is because, in the public ownership system, all members of society are co-owners of means of production. The social production is to satisfy their common interests. However, if there is no unified social plan, economic entities that pursue their own interests will blindly compete in the market. This will not only lead to the failure in achieving the common interests of the society but may also degrade the socialist public ownership system to a group ownership, ending up being overwhelmed by the ocean of private ownership. The development of the publicly owned economy, therefore, cannot completely be built on the spontaneous market but must must rely on the collective rationality or a social plan.

Sometimes the "openmindedness" the capitalists show to national plans or plans is just passive concessions that they have to make temporarily in the face of the effects of objective economic laws and social pressure. The socialist system is based on the public ownership of the means of production, and the fundamental purpose of production is to meet the needs of the people. Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and the purpose of production has been transformed into meeting the people's ever increasing needs for a better life.

This determines that plans or plans and major development strategies will inevitably play a leading role in the development of the national economy. There is a fundamental difference between bourgeois political economy and Marxist political economy, and this difference has also generated unavoidable disputes.

The essence of the dispute, as Engels pointed out, is

"Supply and demand are the formulas according to which the logic of the ... bourgeois judges all human life."<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/condition-working-class/ch13.htm The Attitude of the Bourgeoisie Towards the Proletariat - Condition of the Working Class in England, by Engels, 1845]</ref>

==== The Nature of Planning in Socialist China ====
The controversy between social production guided by social foresight, which constitutes the essence of the political economy of the working class. Of course, this is from the nature of the socialist plan. China's national conditions determine that we implement a socialist market economy, and the market plays a decisive role in the allocation of resources.

However, the characteristics of China's socialist market economy are obviously not “special” in terms of “market economy”, because market economy is almost the economic system generally practiced in the world today, but the vast Latin American and African regions are still poor. China's characteristic is reflected in the organic combination of the basic socialist system and the market economy.

As Xi Jinping pointed out:<blockquote>"Developing a market economy under conditions of socialism is a great initiative of our Party. A key factor for the great success of our country's economic development is that we have given full play to both the strengths of the market economy and the advantages of the socialist system. We are developing a market economy under the premise of the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the socialist system, and the attributive "socialism" must never be forgotten. The reason why we call it a socialist market economy is to uphold the superiority of our system and effectively prevent the disadvantages of a capitalist market economy. We must adhere to the dialectics and the two-point theory, continue to work hard on the combination of the basic socialist system and the market economy, and give full play to the advantages of both aspects. Solve this worldwide problem in economics.” <ref>Speech at the 28th Group Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 18th Central Committee" (November 23, 2015)</ref></blockquote>This is also an important reason why the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Party incorporated the socialist market economic system into the basic economic system. The organic combination of the socialist system and the market economy is also a combination of planning and the market in a certain sense. Compared with the capitalist market economy, the socialist market economy has obvious institutional advantages in how plans and public ownership intersect. This is due to the following two points.

'''First, public ownership provides an institutional basis for planning adjustment.'''

China adheres to a market economy system with public ownership as the mainstay and state-owned economy as the leading factor. The state-owned economy is essentially a process in which the state participates in the production and reproduction of the national economy as a market subject. Although in the form of realization, state-owned enterprises appear as independent market entities, and the separation between government and enterprises is achieved through the reform of the state-owned asset management system. It does not deny that state-owned enterprises and state-owned economy belong to the nature of production relations under the ownership of the whole people. The country can use the power of the state-owned economy to consciously plan the development direction of the national economy, establish a reasonable economic structure, limit or even eliminate economic fluctuations caused by the spontaneity and blindness of the market, so that the government can play a guiding role in the allocation of resources.

The primary basis for macro-control implemented by socialist countries is not in the so-called market failure, but public ownership of means of production as well as the planned and proportionate development law generated from this. Whether there exist so-called market failures or not, the state as the general representative of public ownership of production materials and public social interests must be able to regulate social reproduction process in accordance with the needs of the society and allocate social resources as long as the public ownership dominates.

The primary target of the macro-control in socialist countries is not to maintain short-term equilibrium of the total and create macro conditions for operation of the market mechanism, but to formulate and implement correct economic development strategies in light of the overall situation and long-term interests of economic and social development. Take into account the significant proportions in all aspects, promote sustainable social, economic development and satisfy the growing material and cultural needs of the people.

The means by which the socialist countries plan to regulate are not limited to the indirect demand management, namely fiscal and monetary policies, but also include many regulatory measures that are directly controlled and implemented by the state. These include formulating development plans, coordinating regional relations, creating strategic industry, supervising state-owned capital, investing in infrastructure, promoting technological innovation, as well as adjusting industrial structure and income distribution.

'''Second, the nature of a socialist country determines that planning adjustment is the fundamental goal of meeting the needs of the people.'''

Capitalist countries also have plans or planning but because capitalist countries represent the interests of the bourgeoisie, the fundamental purpose of capitalist production is to maximize profits. Therefore, only those plans or plans that conform to the interests of capitalists can be implemented, and they are important to the people's livelihood. Plans or plans that are good but are not good for capitalists often become gimmicks for political parties to get votes during elections. After a party that has received popular support comes to power, it will be greatly reduced when it is actually implemented. The fundamental purpose of socialist production is to meet the needs of the people and promote the all-round development of people. National plans and plans are based on the people-centered approach, safeguarding social fairness and justice, ensuring the people's right to equal participation and equal development, and achieving development results. More and fairer benefits all people. The "Five Development Concepts", the "Five in One" overall layout, the "Four Comprehensive" strategic layouts, the "13th Five-Year Plan", and the "Two Centenary" goals put forward by the Communist Party of China fully reflect the country Top-level design and macro planning play a leading role in realizing the fundamental interests of the broad masses of people.
===3. The Four Modernizations and the Liberation of the Productive Forces===
<blockquote>
The only criterion of the results of political education is the improvement achieved in industry and agriculture<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/oct/17.htm The New Economic Policy And The Tasks Of The Political Education Departments, Report To The Second All-Russia Congress Of Political Education Departments October 17, 1921], Vladimir Lenin</ref></blockquote>
In early 1963 at a meeting in Shanghai, [[Zhou Enlai]] proposed:<blockquote>'If we want to build a powerful socialist country, we must modernise agriculture, industry, national defence, science and technology’<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160214201234/http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=302475 <nowiki>[Science and Technology in Shanghai at the conference on Zhou Enlai explained the significance of modern science and technology]</nowiki>]. - People's Daily</ref></blockquote>This became known as the [[Four Modernizations]]. Yet, this was by no means the first occasion at which ‘modernisation’ or indeed their numbering were mentioned, for both Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong had been developing the idea since the 1950s. We can clearly see this in the [[Great Leap Forward]] and the Chinese Space Programmes were in line with this developments. According to Zhou Enlai, the goal of socialism was to<blockquote>'...Improving the people's material welfare and cultural life... China's economy is very backwards, unless we establish powerful, modern industry, modern agriculture, modern communications and transport and a national modern defence, we will neither shake off backwardness and poverty nor attain our revolutionary goals... the sole aim of a socialist economy is to satisfy the people's material and cultural needs"<ref>[http://www.commonprogram.science/documents/turn%20china.pdf Turning China into a powerful modern, socialist and industrialized country - Zhou Enlai]</ref></blockquote>This belief was in line with Marx, who stated in the German Ideology<blockquote>"We shall, of course, not take the trouble to enlighten our wise philosophers by explaining to them that the “liberation” of man is not advanced a single step by reducing philosophy, theology, substance and all the trash to “self-consciousness” and by liberating man from the domination of these phrases, which have never held him in thrall. Nor will we explain to them that it is only possible to achieve real liberation in the real world and by employing real means, that slavery cannot be abolished without the steam-engine and the mule and spinning-jenny, serfdom cannot be abolished without improved agriculture, and that, in general, people cannot be liberated as long as they are unable to obtain food and drink, housing and clothing in adequate quality and quantity. “Liberation” is an historical and not a mental act, and it is brought about by historical conditions, the development of industry, commerce, agriculture, the conditions of intercourse..."<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm <nowiki>[II. 1. Preconditions of the Real Liberation of Man], Part I: Feuerbach. Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlook B. The Illusion of the Epoch</nowiki>] - German Ideology, Karl Marx</ref></blockquote>He also goes onto state in the same book that<blockquote>"Thus things have now come to such a pass that the individuals must appropriate the existing totality of productive forces, not only to achieve self-activity, but, also, merely to safeguard their very existence. This appropriation is first determined by the object to be appropriated, the productive forces, which have been developed to a totality and which only exist within a universal intercourse. From this aspect alone, therefore, this appropriation must have a universal character corresponding to the productive forces and the intercourse... ...This appropriation is further determined by the persons appropriating. Only the proletarians of the present day, who are completely shut off from all self-activity, are in a position to achieve a complete and no longer restricted self-activity, which consists in the appropriation of a totality of productive forces and in the thus postulated development of a totality of capacities. All earlier revolutionary appropriations were restricted; individuals, whose self-activity was restricted by a crude instrument of production and a limited intercourse, appropriated this crude instrument of production, and hence merely achieved a new state of limitation. Their instrument of production became their property, but they themselves remained subordinate to the division of labour and their own instrument of production. In all expropriations up to now, a mass of individuals remained subservient to a single instrument of production; in the appropriation by the proletarians, a mass of instruments of production must be made subject to each individual, and property to all. Modern universal intercourse can be controlled by individuals, therefore, only when controlled by all.</blockquote>And once more, in the same text<blockquote>And, on the other hand, this development of productive forces [...] is an absolutely necessary practical premise because without it want is merely made general, and with destitution the struggle for necessities and all the old filthy business would necessarily be reproduced; and furthermore, because only with this universal development of productive forces is a universal intercourse between men established, which produces in all nations simultaneously the phenomenon of the “propertyless” mass (universal competition), makes each nation dependent on the revolutions of the others, and finally has put world-historical, empirically universal individuals in place of local ones. Without this,

# communism could only exist as a local event;
# the forces of intercourse themselves could not have developed as universal, hence intolerable powers: they would have remained home-bred conditions surrounded by superstition; and
# each extension of intercourse would abolish local communism.
</blockquote>In this context, he is referring to how the restriction and lack of development of the productive forces merely achieves limited socialism. That their revolutionary appropriation would be limited and merely a new state of limitation or a crude state of production. If the productive forces are not fully developed or fully emancipated, or given full play to development to strengthen socialism, socialism will become limited and stagnate. This will also inevitably limit workers emancipation (we can see this in a modern example with how under socialism, we would use mechanization to decrease working hours and increase workers safety). Developing and advancing the productive forces, socialism will be unable to reach it's goal of communism, which is to say, socialism will fail in it's ultimate goal, achieving Communism. We can clearly see that Marx believed that the role of the productive forces, the material enrichment of society was a defacto requirement to achieve Socialism proper.

Another interesting quote here is from Lenin:<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/oct/17.htm The New Economic Policy And The Tasks Of The Political Education Departments, Report To The Second All-Russia Congress Of Political Education Departments October 17, 1921]</ref><blockquote>Get down to business, all of you! You will have capitalists beside you, including foreign capitalists, concessionaires and leaseholders. They will squeeze profits out of you amounting to hundreds per cent; they will enrich themselves, operating alongside of you. Let them. Meanwhile you will learn from them the business of running the economy, and only when you do that will you be able to build up a Communist republic. Since we must necessarily learn quickly, any slackness in this respect is a serious crime. And we must undergo this training, this severe, stern and sometimes even cruel training, because we have no other way out. You must remember that our land is impoverished after many years of trial and suffering, and has no socialist France or socialist England as neighbours which could help us with their highly developed technology and their highly developed industry. Bear that in mind! We must remember that at present all their highly developed technology and their highly developed industry belong to the capitalists, who are fighting us.</blockquote>And Lenin also said,<ref>[[Library:Role and functions of the trade unions under the New Economic Policy]]</ref><blockquote>The great bulk of the means of production in industry and the transport system remains in the hands of the proletarian state. This, together with the nationalization of the land, shows that the New Economic Policy does not change the nature of the workers’ state, although it does substantially alter the methods and forms of socialist development for it permits of economic rivalry between socialism, which is now being built, and capitalism, which is trying to revive by supplying the needs of the vast masses of the peasantry through the medium of the market.</blockquote>Lenin understood that they lacked the advanced technology of the Capitalist west and needed to find a way to build up a communist republic, alongside creating highly developed technology and industry. As long as the commanding heights of the economy remained in the hand of the Proletarian state (which it is in China), it is acceptable and a does not change the nature of the workers' state. This logic was the same logic Deng used when voicing his support for the Four Modernizations. However, the Gang of 4 that opposed Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping rejected this concept, leading Deng to criticize them and say that they upheld 'poor socialism', to quote Deng:<blockquote>"We have criticized, on both a theoretical and a practical level, the phoney, ultra-Left socialism pushed by the Gang of Four, which boils down to universal poverty."<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/deng-xiaoping/1979/115.htm Uphold the 4 Cardinal Principles] - Deng Xiaoping</ref></blockquote>Turning to Deng Xiaoping, it is striking how his renewed emphasis on the four modernizations is in marked continuity with Zhou Enlai (and Mao Zedong) from the 1950s. By now this continuity should not be a surprise: we have already seen how Deng and his comrades strove to pick up and enhance the line of Marxism Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought from the late 1950s. By contrast, the ‘Maoism’ of the ‘Cultural Revolution’ was a deviation. A comparable point applies to the four modernizations, which the Gang of Four in particular disparaged. They saw the modernizations as a path to capitalism, opposed developments in science and technology, and advocated ‘poor socialism’ in their place.

Socialism's superiority to Capitalism is determined by how it can improve the quality of life for the people. Already discussed in other articles (see: [[Reform and Opening Up#The Achievements'/Successes of Reform and Opening Up]]), we can clearly see that China's economic model is far better at providing and rapidly achieving a higher living standard than the capitalist nations. As elaborated previously and will be elaborated further on in the article, it is not merely the material life of the Chinese people that has been enriched, but also the cultural one.

As outlined in other articles (see:[[People's Republic of China#Democracy and popular opinion]]), the people live an enriched cultural life. Poverty is not socialism, socialism is not poverty. There is nothing inherent about Socialism that requires people to live in substandard living conditions. Socialism is not inferior to Capitalism and is a superior mode of production. To give people a good life, requires them to be able to live with improved material conditions with the development and expansion of the productive forces. To defend the Socialist motherland, there needs to be a development and expansion of the productive forces.

The Socialist Market Economy put out by Deng is merely continuing Mao and Zhou's legacy of deepening the liberation of the productive forces and improving the living standards of the people of the people, this is China's "Socialist essence."

According to Huang Nansen, how the SME serves the people and fulfills the requirements of China's “Socialist essence is as follows":<ref>Quoted from: Huang, Nansen. 1994. Shehuizhuyi shichang jingji lilun de zhexue jichu. Makesizhuyi yu xianshi 1994 (11): 1 - 6</ref>

(1) the system contains a multiplicity of components, but public ownership remains the core economic driver;

(2) while both state owned and private enterprises must be viable, their main purpose is not profit at all costs, but social benefit and meeting the needs of all people—in short ‘people-centred’ (Li W. 1992, 55);

(3) it deploys the old socialist principle of from each according to ability and to each according to work, limiting exploitation and wealth polarisation, and seeking common prosperity;

(4) the guide for action (to parse Engels) always remains Marxism;

(5) The primary value should always be socialist collectivism rather than individualism

This is how the liberation of productive forces and the 4 modernizations should serve the people. And this is how the SME is held to the standard of the 4 modernizations and the liberation of the productive forces.

=== 4. China does not behave in a Keynesian or a Corporatist manner ===
A few economists have argued China behaves in a Keynesian manner, Keynes believed in the state regulating the free market and believing that the market sector could be allowed to develop as long as the government stepped in occasionally to ensure it would serve a rehabilitatory role.

===== Firstly, Keynes did not agree with "State capture" in the first place =====

Except, as mentioned before and as I will further elaborate in the mechanisms of how the CPC maintains public ownership, Keyenes was was a strong opponent of national economic planning. Keynesianism involves the state stepping in to help regulate the market but not have the state direct economic planning itself. Keynes’ socialisation of investment’ never involved massive public ownership of the commanding heights of an economy.<blockquote>''The advantage to efficiency of the decentralization of decisions and of individual responsibility is even greater, perhaps, than the nineteenth century supposed; and the reaction against the appeal to self-interest may have gone too far''<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/ch24.htm Chapter 24. Concluding Notes on the Social Philosophy towards which the General Theory might Lead]</ref> </blockquote>

===== Secondly, Corporatist nations do not effectively control the commanding heights =====
Corporatist nations such as Japan, South Korea, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy did not necessarily maintain state control of the commanding heights of the economy. The PRC even states in it's constitution (as I mentioned previously) that it is committed to having the public sector always lead the economy, this is not true for these Corporatist nations.

In Nazi germany, industries were privatized en masse. Several large banks, shipyards, railway lines, large steelmills, shipping lines, welfare organizations, and more were privatized.<ref>Bel, Germà (April 2006). "Against the mainstream: Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany" (PDF). ''Economic History Review''. University of Barcelona. '''63''' (1): 34–55. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00473.x. hdl:2445/11716. S2CID 154486694. SSRN 895247</ref> The Nazi government took the stance that enterprises should be in private hands wherever possible, state ownership was avoided like the plauge unless it was necessary for the war effort.<ref>Christoph Buchheim and Jonas Scherner (June 2006). "The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: The Case of Industry" (PDF). ''The Journal of Economic History''. Cambridge University Press. p. 406.</ref> Despite this supposed cooperation, companies were still very much able to reject the state and the state failed to keep any meaningful control on them. Private firms ignored governemnt directions and refused government contracts on many occasions, In 1937, ''de Wendel'', a coal mining enterprise, refused to build a hydrogenation plant. In 1939, ''IG Farben'' denied a government request to increase its production of rayon and refused to invest in a synthetic rubber factory despite this being an important project for the regime. ''Froriep GmbH'', a company producing machines for the armaments industry, successfully demanded cheap credit from the Nazi government under a threat of cutting back investment if its demand was not met<ref>Christoph Buchheim and Jonas Scherner (June 2006). "The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: The Case of Industry" (PDF). ''The Journal of Economic History''. Cambridge University Press. p. 401 - 402</ref>

In Japan, the economy is dominated not by state owned enterprises, but by the Kereitsu or the Capitalist Cartels. Each keiretsu resembles a fighting clan in which business families join together to vie for market share. Keiretsu and cartels just as competing companies elsewhere in the West do. And virtually all business activity is part of one or another keiretsu or cartel. Everything in the Japanese economy is functionally ran by Capitalist Cartels, not the State leading development.<ref>[https://archive.ph/ZQgWs#selection-1051.5-1093.15 Capitalism in Japan: Cartels and Keiretsu] by Robert L. Cutts</ref>

South Korea is incredibly similar, but instead they are called Chaebols. The chaebol lobby for favorable legislation and public policy, meaning the government is usually subservient or has to deal with the interests or work with the interests of the Chaebol. Chaebol's also play a large role in politics, using their financial powers to back and prop up executives who help promote their Capitalist agenda.<ref>[https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/south-koreas-chaebol-challenge#chapter-title-0-6 South Korea’s Chaebol Challenge] - Council on Foreign Relations</ref>

In Italy, the commanding heights such as the railways, telecommuniciations, the largest shipbuilding and machinery firm, life insurance and motorways were privatized by Mussolini in the 1920s. The rate of privatization was only matched by Nazi Germany a few decades later in the 1930s. Oligopolies were formed by Capitalist Cartels, succesfully lobbying to smash the State Owned Enterprises over life insurance.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270796777_The_first_privatisation_Selling_SOEs_and_privatising_public_monopolies_in_Fascist_Italy_1922-1925 The first privatisation: Selling SOEs and privatising public monopolies in Fascist Italy (1922-1925)] - Germa Bel</ref> The rate of cartel formation in Italy was seen comprable to other developed european nations, with increased monopolization within the hands of the private sector.<ref>[https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/255561?journalCode=jpe The Development of Italian Cartels Under Fascism]</ref>

The monopolies within the 4 examples I have given, which have operated off of Keynesian economics or "Capitalist planning" logic or "Corporatist logic" all have a few things in common. They tend to be dominated by capitalist cartels, where these capitalist cartels can strongly influence government policy, pushing for more pro bourgeoisie policies. There is no constitutional policy dictating the Public/State sector will always be the largest, lead development or be in charge. The commanding heights such as banking, railway, machinery, shipping and telecommuniciations are privatized. Economic planning is subject to the whims of the Capitalist, where State directives are overrturned or completely ignored by Capitalist firms.

===== Thirdly, the nature of SOE's in the "Asian tigers" vs China =====

According to a study published by Gavekal Dragonomics, the size of SOE's have continued to increase. SOEs have consistently bulked up in terms of assets and revenues over the past decade, though they are not as profitable. In contrast, in Taiwan and South Korea, which are Keynseian "Asian tigers", underwent massive privatization. Having a large state sector was not unusual among developing economies in the 1950s-70s. Direct quote from the article:<blockquote>"The two most successful developing economies in Asia (and indeed the world), South Korea and Taiwan, both had large state enterprise sectors during their high-growth phases. These were gradually reduced over time, and the SOE role in both economies is now much smaller. But while China shares some features of the development model pursued by Korea and Taiwan, it is not following a similar trajectory on SOEs.

Substantial privatization of SOEs did not occur in either Taiwan or Korea until after a political regime change that began a transition to democratic rule. Trimming the state sector was as much a political statement as an economic policy. China shows no sign of going through such a political transition. And the government under Xi Jinping has become more rather than less attached to SOEs, increasingly valuing them as tools of state policy and symbols of national economic strength."<ref name=":19">[https://www.cebc.org.br/sites/default/files/the_state_of_the_state_sector.pdf The State Of The State Sector] - Gavelkand Dragonomics</ref></blockquote>Certain detractors have claimed China is similar to Singapore when it comes to how it managages it's SOEs, saying that China's SASAC is identical to Singapore's Temasek, or a merely "more leftist variant". This is a disingenious comparison. A study from Singapore, published on investigating Chinese SOE's and how they compare to Singapore's Temasek model found that, unlike China's SASAC, the Singaporean model had very glaring differences.<ref>[https://bschool.nus.edu.sg/cgs/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2018/10/SOE-Performance-of-SOE-in-China-2016.pdf THE PERFORMANCE OF STATE OWNED ENTERPRISES IN CHINA: An Empirical Analysis of Ownership Control through SASACs]</ref>

This included that Temasek was ran perates as a commercial company instead of a necessarily state owned one. Chinese SOEs do not operate on a commercial basis and instead run like government branches and Central SOEs even have political ranks, compared to Temasek which acts merely as an investment company which manages government linked companies on a commercial/for profit basis, effectively separating the government’s shareholder role from its regulatory and policymaking functions.

Unlike the SASAC, temasek's style and structure resembles commercial companies, in contrast to the "government style model" of the SASAC. According to Temasek independent board members comprise its 13-member boards, with independent, non-executive directors chairing three central committees. The roles of Chairman and CEO are separate, occupied by two different individuals. Just four of the board members are current or former civil servants, with the majority coming from business backgrounds and some from outside Singapore. The majority of people on the board are not even civil servants.

The decision rights differ. In China, CEOs and Chairmen of the Board of Central SOEs also have political titles and ranks. In fact, they are regarded as government officials. They are appointed by the Communist Party’s Central Committee Organization Bureau, not by the Central SASAC. However, Temasek is directly involved in appointing CEOs and chairmen of the boards for their portfolio companies. Temasek has little to no political allegiance and wields a great deal of economic autuonomy from the state, unlike China's SASAC.

===== Nature of Capital in China vs Corporatist/Keynesian nations =====
In contrast, Capital cannot rise above the State in China and it doesn't.<ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/19/lobbying-china-firms-cant-influence-government-like-us-companies-do.html Hard lesson for U.S. investors: Chinese companies don’t make the rules in China] - CNBC</ref> Corporations have shown real tangible efforts to be subjected to the policies put forward by the CPC, which I will elaborate more on when it comes to the section on how the CPC is comitted to building higher socialism. China's drive to solving unequal development comes at a net loss for the capitalist firms. Chinese economic behaviour is not driven by capitalist cartels, instead China is driven by an overarching five year plan, with economic planning directed by the CPC, where the State Owned Enterprises dominate and are the "monopolies". Further elaboration on how this is conducted will be explained in the sections regarding how the CPC maintains public ownership.

Eric Li, a Chinese Entrepenur states that:<blockquote>"China is a vibrant market economy, but it is not a capitalist country, here's why. There is no way that a group of billionaires could control the Politburo as billionaires control American policy making. So in China you have a vibrant market economy but capital does not rise above political authority, capital does not have enshrined rights. In America the interests of capital and capital itself has risen above the nation, political authority cannot check the power of capital, and that's why America is a capitalist country but China is not."<ref>Eric Li, John Pilger's documentary "The Coming War on China".</ref> </blockquote>

==The Socialist Market Economy is a method of resolving the primary contradiction of China during its implementation==
The [[Chinese revolution]] in 1949 was a tremendous achievement for the international communist movement. Led by Mao Zedong, the Communist Party of China (CPC) immediately charted a course of socialist reconstruction in an economy ravaged by centuries of dynastic feudalism and imperial subjugation from both Europe and Japan. The CPC launched incredible campaigns designed at engaging the masses in constructing socialism and building an economy that could meet the needs of China’s giant population. One can never overstate the incredible achievements of the Chinese masses during this period, in which the average life expectancy in China rose from 35 years in 1949 to 63 years by Mao’s death in 1976.<ref>Mobo Gao, ''The Battle for China’s Past: Mao & The Cultural Revolution'', Pluto Press, 2008, pg. 10</ref>

Despite the vast social benefits brought about by the revolution, China’s productive forces remained grossly underdeveloped and left the country vulnerable to famines and other natural disasters. Uneven development persisted between the countryside and the cities, and the [[Sino-Soviet split]] cut China off from the rest of the socialist bloc. These serious obstacles led the CPC, with Deng Xiaoping at the helm, to identify China’s underdeveloped productive forces as the primary contradiction facing socialist construction. In a March 1979 speech at a CPC forum entitled “Uphold the Four Cardinal Principles,” Deng outlines the two features of this contradiction:<blockquote>"First, we are starting from a weak base. The damage inflicted over a long period by the forces of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism reduced China to a state of poverty and backwardness." <ref name=":0">Deng Xiaoping, “Uphold the Four Cardinal Principles”, March 30, 1979</ref></blockquote>While he grants that “since the founding of the People’s Republic we have achieved signal successes in economic construction, established a fairly comprehensive industrial system,” Deng reiterates that China is nevertheless “one of the world’s poor countries.”<ref name=":0" />The second feature of this contradiction is that China has “a large population but not enough arable land.” Deng explains the severity of this contradiction:<blockquote>"When production is insufficiently developed, it poses serious problems with regard to food, education and employment. We must greatly increase our efforts in family planning; but even if the population does not grow for a number of years, we will still have a population problem for a certain period. Our vast territory and rich natural resources are big assets. But many of these resources have not yet been surveyed and exploited, so they do not constitute actual means of production. Despite China’s vast territory, the amount of arable land is limited, and neither this fact nor the fact that we have a large, mostly peasant population can be easily changed."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Unlike in industrialized Western countries, the primary contradiction facing China was not between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie–the proletariat and its party had already overthrown the bourgeoisie in the 1949 revolution–but rather between China’s enormous population and its underdeveloped productive forces. While well-intended and ambitious, campaigns like the [[Great Leap Forward]] would continue to fall short of raising the Chinese masses out of poverty without revolutionizing the country’s productive forces.

From this contradiction, Deng proposed a policy of “socialism with Chinese characteristics,” with the reintroduction of markets which would be later known as the Socialist Market Economy

After Mao’s death in 1976 and the end of the Cultural Revolution a year later, the CPC ,under the leadership of Chairman Deng Xiaoping, launched an aggressive campaign of modernizing the underdeveloped productive forces in China. Known as the four modernizations–economic, agricultural, scientific & technological, and defensive–the CPC began experimenting with models for achieving these revolutionary changes.

Modernization wasn’t something extraneous to socialist construction in China. In the wake of the Great Leap Forward and the turbulent unrest of the [[Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]], the CPC understood that building lasting socialism required a modernized industrial base. Without such a base, the Chinese masses would continue to live at the mercy of natural disasters and imperialist manipulation. Deng outlined this goal in an October 1978 speech before the Ninth National Congress of Chinese Trade Unions:<blockquote>The Central Committee points out that this is a great revolution in which China’s economic and technological backwardness will be overcome and the dictatorship of the proletariat further consolidated. <ref name=":1">Deng Xiaoping, “The Working Class Should Make Outstanding Contributions to the Four Modernizations,”</ref></blockquote>Deng continues by describing the necessity of re-examining China’s method of economic organization:<blockquote>"Since its goal is to transform the present backward state of our productive forces, it inevitably entails many changes in the relations of production, the superstructure and the forms of management in industrial and agricultural enterprises, as well as changes in the state administration over these enterprises so as to meet the needs of modern large-scale production. To accelerate economic growth it is essential to increase the degree of specialization of enterprises, to raise the technical level of all personnel significantly and train and evaluate them carefully, to greatly improve economic accounting in the enterprises, and to raise labour productivity and rates of profit to much higher levels. Therefore, it is essential to carry out major reforms in the various branches of the economy with respect to their structure and organization as well as to their technology. The long-term interests of the whole nation hinge on these reforms, without which we cannot overcome the present backwardness of our production technology and management."<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>These proposed reforms launched the socialist market economy in China. Beginning with the division of the Great Leap Forward-era People’s Communes into smaller private plots of land, the socialist market economy was first applied to China’s agricultural sector to boost food production. From the 1980s to around 1992, the Chinese state delegated greater authority to local governments and converted some small and medium sized industries into businesses, who were subject to regulations and direction from the CPC.

Since the implementation of the socialist market economy, China has experienced unprecedented economic expansion, growing faster than every other economy in the world. Deng’s socialist market economy decisively lifted the Chinese masses out of systemic poverty and established the country as an economic giant whose power arguably exceeds the largest imperialist economies of the West.
==The Socialist Market Economy in China is a Marxist-Leninist tool that is crucial to socialist construction.==
While Deng’s concept and implementation of the Socialist Market Economy is a significant contribution to Marxism-Leninism, it’s not without precedent. Proletarian revolution has historically broken out in the countries where the chains of imperialism are the weakest. One of the uniting characteristics of these countries is backwards productive forces; underdeveloped because of decades of colonial and imperial subjugation. Far from the first instance of communists using markets to lay an industrial foundation for socialism, Lenin conceived the idea of the implementation of markets into the socialist economy with his NEP. China’s socialist market economy operates off the same logic as the New Economic Policy (NEP) of the [[Bolsheviks]]. According to Losurdo,<blockquote>"Here is an indirect comparison between the Soviet NEP and the reform policies adopted by Deng Xiaoping in China. It is obvious what the two have in common: total political expropriation of the bourgeoisie does not equal total economic expropriation. Of course there are also differences."<ref>[https://redsails.org/losurdo-on-china/ Losurdo on China - Redsails.org]</ref></blockquote>And Deng Xiaoping once said,<blockquote>“Perhaps Lenin had a good idea when he adopted the New Economic Policy."<ref>Deng 1992–95, vol. 3, 143.</ref></blockquote>The context being that Deng, like Lenin understood how markets could lay an industrial foundation for socialism and be used dto enhance socialism. Facing similar levels of underdevelopment and social unrest, the Bolsheviks implemented the NEP, which allowed small business owners and peasants to sell commodities on a limited market. Designed by Lenin in 1918 and implemented in 1921, the NEP was the successor to the Bolshevik policy of war communism, which prioritized militarizing agricultural and industrial production to combat the reactionary White forces. Correctly perceiving the importance of forging a strong alliance between the peasantry and the urban working class, Lenin crafted the NEP as a means of modernizing Russia’s rural countryside through market mechanism, developing their productive forces. In a piece explaining the role of trade unions in the NEP, Lenin succinctly describes the essence of the concept that would later inspire the socialist market economy:<blockquote>The New Economic Policy introduces a number of important changes in the position of the proletariat and, consequently, in that of the trade unions. The great bulk of the means of production in industry and the transport system remains in the hands of the proletarian state. This, together with the nationalisation of the land, shows that the New Economic Policy does not change the nature of the workers’ state, although it does substantially alter the methods and forms of socialist development for it permits of economic rivalry between socialism, which is now being built, and capitalism, which is trying to revive by supplying the needs of the vast masses of the peasantry through the medium of the market.<ref name=":2">V.I. Lenin, “Role and Function of Trade Unions Under the New Economic Policy,” December 30, 1921 – January 4, 1922</ref></blockquote>Lenin acknowledges that the introduction of markets into the Soviet economy does nothing to fundamentally alter the proletarian character of the state. More provocatively, however, is his characterization of the Soviet economy as an “economic rivalry between socialism, which is now being built, and capitalism.”<ref name=":2" /> According to Lenin, capitalist relations of production can exist within and compete with socialism without changing the class orientation of a proletarian state. Recall that Deng argued that implementing market reforms was essential to modernizing China’s productive forces and consolidating the dictatorship of the proletariat. Lenin would have agreed wholeheartedly with Deng’s assessment, as articulated in an April 1921 article entitled “The Tax in Kind.” Lenin writes:<blockquote>"Socialism is inconceivable without large-scale capitalist engineering based on the latest discoveries of modern science. It is inconceivable without planned state organisation which keeps tens of millions of people to the strictest observance of a unified standard in production and distribution. We Marxists have always spoken of this, and it is not worth while wasting two seconds talking to people who do not understand even this (anarchists and a good half of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries)."<ref>V.I. Lenin, “The Tax in Kind,” April 21, 1921,</ref></blockquote>The ideological roots of Deng’s Socialist Market Economy go back farther than Lenin, however. In an August 1980 interview with Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci, she asks Deng if market reforms in rural areas “put in discussion communism itself?” Deng responds:<blockquote>"According to Marx, socialism is the first stage of communism and it covers a very long historical period in which we must practise the principle “to each according to his work” and combine the interests of the state, the collective and the individual, for only thus can we arouse people’s enthusiasm for labour and develop socialist production. At the higher stage of communism, when the productive forces will be greatly developed and the principle “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” will be practised, personal interests will be acknowledged still more and more personal needs will be satisfied."<ref name=":3">Deng Xiaoping, “Answers to the Italian Journalist Orianna Fallaci,” August 21 and 23, 1980</ref></blockquote>Deng’s answer is a reference to Marx’s 1875 Critique of the Gotha Program. Marx describes the process of socialist construction in terms of ‘higher’ and ‘lower’ stages:<blockquote>"What we have to deal with here is a communist society, not as it has ''developed'' on its own foundations, but, on the contrary, just as it ''emerges'' from capitalist society; which is thus in every respect, economically, morally, and intellectually, still stamped with the birthmarks of the old society from whose womb it emerges. Accordingly, the individual producer receives back from society — after the deductions have been made — exactly what he gives to it... But these defects are inevitable in the first phase of communist society as it is when it has just emerged after prolonged birth pangs from capitalist society. Right can never be higher than the economic structure of society and its cultural development conditioned thereby."<ref>Karl Marx, “Critique of the Gotha Programme,” Part I, May 1875</ref></blockquote>Engels would seem to agree with Marx's work, as he outlines in the ''Principles of Communism:''<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/11/prin-com.htm The Principles of Communism] - Friedrich Engels</ref><blockquote>No, no more than existing forces of production can at one stroke be multiplied to the extent necessary for the creation of a communal society. In all probability, the proletarian revolution will transform existing society gradually and will be able to abolish private property only when the means of production are available in sufficient quantity.</blockquote>
==Public and non-public ownership; the Communist Party of China's continued leadership and control of China’s economy==
It is a common issue of debate regarding Socialism with Chinese Characteristics that China has allowed for private ownership to resurge within China. The so-called ‘privatization’ of small and medium-sized state industries in the mid-1990s and early 2000’s provoked an outcry from Western communists, claiming that this represented the final victory of capitalism in China. Here will be a few key arguments deconstructing that Socialism with Chinese Characteristics has not abandoned [[Socialism]].
====The Role of Land Ownership====
For one, Mao abolished private property in 1956 and it’s never been restored. Public ownership of land was a powerful countervailing force to the social inequality which inevitably accompanied elements of the market reform, Peter Nolan states:<blockquote>‘Farmland was “de-collectivised” in the early 1980s. This was not followed by the establishment of private property rights. Because the Chinese Communist Party wished to prevent the emergence of a landlord class, it did not permit the purchase and sale of farmland. Still in 1994, the Party “adhered to the collective ownership of farmland”. The village community remained the owner, controlling the terms on which land was contracted out and operated by peasant households. It endeavoured to ensure that farm households had equal access to farmland… Farmland was not distributed via a free market auction, which would have helped to produce a locally unequal outcome. Rather the massively dominant form was distribution of land contracts on a locally equal per capita basis. This huge “land reform”, affecting over 800 million people, was a remarkably orderly process. It was not a disorganised land grab in which the strong members of the village squeezed out the weak… The egalitarian land reform in the 1980s tended greatly to increase socio-economic stability. It provided equality of access to the use rights of the most important asset in China’s villages… It made public action easier to implement since villagers shared a common position in respect to the principal means of production. It provided a hugely egalitarian underpinning to rural, and indeed national, income distribution.'<ref>''China’s Rise, Russia’s Fall'', Nolan. Macmillan 1995, p191 - 200</ref></blockquote>And Paul Bowles and Xiao-yuan Dong state that:<blockquote>‘The distinguishing feature of China’s land tenure system in the post-reform period is separation of individual user rights from other ownership rights which remain “collective”. The right to use village land is granted to individual households. However, the village retains other rights associated with ownership. Specifically the village collective, as the delegated owner, has the right to allocate land among its members, the right to lease land to outsiders or sell land to the state, and the right to claim rent income from the land… Under the household responsibility system, peasant households are the basic units of farm production, while the village collective takes charge of managing land contracts, maintaining irrigation systems, and providing peasants with equitable access to farm inputs, technologies, information, credit, and the services of farm machinery, product processing, marketing, primary education and health care.’<ref>Paul Bowles and Xiao-yuan Dong, ‘Current successes and future challenges in China’s economic reform’, ''New Left Review'' 208, p64</ref></blockquote>
====The Role of State Planning====
Back in the 1990s Western market-enthusiast China experts predicted that China was “growing out of the plan."<ref>Barry Naughton, ''Growing Out of the Plan'' (Cambridge: CUP, 1995); Nicholas R. Lardy, ''Markets Over Mao'' (Washington DC: Peterson Institute, 2014).</ref> But this never happened, according tothe U.S. Congressional Economic and Security Review in November 2015:<blockquote>Soviet-style, top-down planning remains a hallmark of China’s economic and political system. Five-Year Plans (FYP) continue to guide China’s economic policy by outlining the Chinese government’s priorities and signaling to central and local officials and industries the areas for future government support. The FYPs are followed by a cascade of sub-plans at the national, ministerial, provincial, and county level that attempt to translate these priorities into region- or industry-specific targets, policy strategies, and evaluation mechanisms.<ref>US-China Economic and Security Review Commissi000 people, on, ''2015 Annual Report to Congress'' November 17, 2015: Section 3, p. 140: http://origin.www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Annual_Report/Chapters/Chapter%201%2C%20Section%203%20-%20China%27s%20State-Led%20Market%20Reform%20and%20Competitiveness%20Agenda.pdf</ref></blockquote>In the article, ''Modern China'' in 2013, Sebastian Heilmann and Oliver Melton throughy debunks the “withering away of the planned economy” argument:<blockquote>Contrary to this widely held [view]…a “demise of the plan” has not taken place in China. From 1993 on, development planning has been fundamentally transformed in terms of function, content, process and methods. It has provided room for market forces and the decentralization of decisionmaking authority, while preserving the state bureaucracy’s ability to influence the economy and insuring that the party has retained political control even as it has abandoned many of its former powers.<ref><blockquote>Sebastian Heilmann and Oliver Melton, “The reinvention of development planning in China, 1993-2012,” ''Modern China'', August 2013: <nowiki>http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0097700413497551</nowiki>, p. 2.</blockquote></ref></blockquote>In the brief paper, ''China’s economic planning: How does it work?'' by Alicia Garcia Herrero states that<ref>[https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=779068125074119111121085080011104028034002008002053038105112006071104009117127115124043110106115033100010094105127122112101068123000008015072065085121122091098084034079016008094075125109086026090015067127025026084097066091119088071066093025010070110&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE China’s economic planning: How does it work? - Alicia Garcia Herrero]</ref><blockquote>In the Chinese case (even more so in the Soviet case though), the central government goes beyond planning and allocation of credit (surely the case as the vast majority of banks are control by the central or local governments). In fact a relevant share of goods and services are produced by state-owned companies, control by the central government, namely by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) or by local government through their local SASACs. China’s economic planning originates from the former Soviet Union but has remained key for policy making until today. The key instrument for medium-term planning is the five-year plan, which started in 1953 until today. The rationale of this five-years head economic planning is to offers specific top-down targets for every actor to strive for.</blockquote>The 11th and 12th Five-Year Plans set national priorities and outlined how these were to be met down through thousands of sub plans grouped under three categories: “comprehensive plans,” “special plans,” and “macro-regional plans.” Regional plans included the massive Western Development Program focusing on industrializing western China, the Pearl River Delta Program emphasizes tech innovation, and so on. Hundreds of special thematic plans included five-year plans for individual industries including pharmaceuticals, food processing, chemicals, cement and textiles. Broader thematic plans support science, technology, energy efficiency, rails, highways, power, disaster mitigation and more.

There has been a long tradition of involving universities and research institutes into the process of developing new master plans and creating future visions of cities and regions. Since the late 1970s the number of planners has been steadily increasing from around 3,000 to 10,000 in 2011.<ref>(China Society for Urban Studies 2013:299)</ref> Educational programs for undergraduate planning have increased considerably from around 10 in the 1970s to more than 150 programs in 2009, which has also transformed the degree programme of planning into a first tier discipline.

With the increasing demand for planning professionals, the planning programme now shares the same status as Architecture and Geography whilst prior to that period, planning was a sub-discipline at the second tier under the larger program of Architecture. Universities therefore not only produce professionally trained work forces for the planning profession but are also closely connected with the plan-making process itself thus often providing students, especially at the postgraduate levels, to participate in real development projects
====Role of State Owned Enterprises====
In the University Paper, ''Is China still Socialist'' by Khoo Heikoo, their research goes into detail of the market share of the economy. In 2010, at least 94% of all financial capital and assets is owned by SOE's out of 150 largest companies in China.<ref>[https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/136790902/2018_Khoo_Heiko_1068757_ethesis.pdf Page 86, Is China still socialist? A Marxist critique of János Kornai’s analysis of China] - Khoo, Heikoo.</ref> Compared to Capitalist nations, where privately owned firms overwhelmingly predominate, most of China’s best-performing companies are to be found in the state sector.<ref>Kenneth Lieberthal, ‘Why the US Malaise over China?’, YaleGlobal Online, January 19 2006.</ref> Martin Jacques, author of ''When China Rules The World,'' stated that:<blockquote>"Rather than root-and-branch privatization, however, the government has sought to make the numerous state-owned enterprises that still remain as effi cient and competitive as possible. As a result, the top 150 state-owned firms, far from being lame ducks, have instead become enormously profitable, the aggregate total of their profits reaching $150 billion in 2007."</blockquote>This statement regarding state-led growth is further elaborated and expanded upon in ''The Ascendency of State-owned Enterprises in China: development, controversy and problems'' by Hong Yu who states:<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2013.809990 Hong Yu (2014) The Ascendency of State-owned Enterprises in China: development, controversy and problems, Journal of Contemporary China], 23:85, 161-182, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2013.809990</ref><blockquote>"In terms of total sales revenue of China’s top 100 enterprises in 2011, the SOEs accounted for around 90%. The state sector remains the driving force behind economic development in China. All the big commercial banks in China are SOEs. More importantly, given the fact that township and village enterprises (TVEs) owned by local governments belong to the state sector but are not regarded as SOEs, and a large number of entities operating inside and outside of China are actually owned or controlled indirectly via SOEs’ subsidiaries, the true size of the SOEs is unknown. Their influence is far greater than official statistics suggest. Woetzel’s study also demonstrates that many firms, which were partially privatized but with the state remaining as a majority shareholder, have not been counted in the SOE category in official statistics."</blockquote>

In 2006, The report revealed that 349 enterprises in the list were state owned, accounting for nearly 70 percent of the total. Their combined assets reached 39 trillion yuan (4.87 trillion US dollars) at the end of 2005, accounting for 95 percent of the total. It showed that state-owned economy remained dominant and controls the leading industries in the national economy.<ref name=":13">[https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2006-09/03/content_680098_2.htm Top 500 account for 78% of China's GDP] - Biz.China, Xinhua.net</ref>

In 2014, China's top 500 companies, 300 are SOEs, accounting for 60 percent. The operating revenues of these SOEs account for 79.9 percent of the total 56.68 trillion yuan, while total assets account for 91.2 percent, out of the total 176.4 trillion yuan. The total profit of these SOEs account for 83.9 percent out of the total 2.4 trillion yuan<ref name=":12">[http://www.china.org.cn/business/2014-09/03/content_33419397.htm China reveals new top 500 enterprises list] - Wang Zhiyong, China.org.cn</ref>

China has also maintained commitment to growing and strengthening the SOE's, directly countering the demands of the USA in the Trade War against China, which is to shrink the size of SOEs.<ref name=":14">[https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3038993/china-wont-give-its-state-led-economic-model-top-trade?fbclid=IwAR2ys8_Y_6Nxq2x__BM4SoKdR63it7X_JRy1XJdkLw4QrK0VQ77mXYyrcks China will make state economy ‘stronger, better and bigger’, top trade negotiator Liu He says]</ref> There were 116,499 local SOEs at the end of 2016, up from 103,608 at the end of 2013.<ref>Ministry of Finance (2017)</ref>The role of SOE's are also used to help invest and improve the material standard of unequally developed interior provinces in China,abbout 60% of fixed-asset investment by SOEs goes to inland provinces, mostly in the form of infrastructure. Since these provinces account for less than half of national GDP, SOE investment is clearly part of a strategy to redistribute income and support poorer provinces. <ref name=":19" />

During the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, a total of 85 local state-owned enterprises were listed on A-shares, more than double that during the "12th Five-Year Plan" period, and the financing amount reached 130.8 billion yuan, a 62% increase over the "12th Five-Year Plan" period, indicating that China's commitment is not just lip service. Within the Five Year Plan period, the CPC has also committed to realizing operating income of Central SOE's to have 36.3 trillion yuan by 2021, a year-on-year increase of 19.5%, and an average increase of 8.2% in two years; total profits of 2.4 trillion yuan and net profits of 1.8 trillion yuan, respectively, a year-on-year increase of 30.3% and 29.8%, the two-year average growth rate was 14.5% and 15.3%, far exceeding the economic growth rate in the same period. Most of the subsequent investments will be in key strategic sectors, though this varies across provinces, but the majority of which are in the energy generation, heavy and light manufacturing, as well as other industrial clusters.<ref>[https://www.pwccn.com/zh/blog/state-owned-enterprise-soe/analysis-on-the-14th-five-year-plan-of-local-soe-feb2022.html <nowiki>[Observatory of State-owned Enterprise Reform] Analysis of the "14th Five-Year Plan" of some local state-owned enterprises</nowiki>]</ref>

73% of the Chinese companies listed on the Fortune 500 (500 companies with the greatest revenue in the world) are listed as SOE's. [[Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.|Huawei]] is also listed on there, but it cannot be deemed private due to the nature of its ownership leaning more towards a cooperative.<ref name=":15">[https://chinapower.csis.org/chinese-companies-global-500/ How Dominant are Chinese Companies Globally?] - Chinapower</ref>

The capitalist Australia-based Center for Independent Studies (CIS) published a July 2008 article that says that those who think that China is becoming a capitalist country “misunderstand the structure of the Chinese economy, which largely remains a state-dominated system rather than a free-market one.” The article elaborates:<blockquote>"By strategically controlling economic resources and remaining the primary dispenser of economic opportunity and success in Chinese society, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is building institutions and supporters that seem to be entrenching the Party’s monopoly on power. Indeed, in many ways, reforms and the country’s economic growth have actually ''enhanced'' the CCP’s ability to remain in power. Rather than being swept away by change, the CCP is in many ways its agent and beneficiary."<ref>[https://www.cis.org.au/commentary/media/putting-democracy-in-china-on-hold/ John Lee, “Putting Democracy in China on Hold,” May 28, 2008], Published by The Center for Independent Studies</ref></blockquote>There is also a great deal of political control within the State Owned Enterprises, Article 33 of the People's Republic of China's Constitution states:<ref name=":18">[http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/10195159.html Article 33 - Constitution of the PRC]</ref><blockquote>"The leading Party members groups or Party committees of state-owned enterprises shall play a leadership role, set the right direction, keep in mind the big picture, ensure the implementation of Party policies and principles, and discuss and decide on major issues of their enterprise in accordance with regulations. Primary-level Party organizations in state-owned or collective enterprises should focus their work on the operations of their enterprise. Primary-level Party organizations shall guarantee and oversee the implementation of the principles and policies of the Party and the state within their own enterprise and shall support the board of shareholders, board of directors, board of supervisors, and manager (or factory director) in exercising their functions and powers in accordance with the law. They shall wholeheartedly rely on the workers and office staff and support the work of workers' representative congresses; and they shall participate in making decisions on major issues in the enterprise. They shall strengthen their own organizational development and lead work on political thinking, efforts toward cultural-ethical progress, work related to the united front, and work on trade unions, Communist Youth League organizations, women's organizations, and other people's group organizations"</blockquote>Party cadre management is an essential mechanism through which the Party leads SOEs in China. SOE executives are both managers and quasi-officials with political ranks, similar to the USSR's "Nomenklatura"<ref>K.E. Brødsgaard, Politics and business group formation in China: The Party in control?</ref> As members of the Party’s personnel system, they are selected, trained, appointed, and disciplined by the Party’s OD departments.<ref>Y. Zheng, L.L.P. Gore (Eds.), The Chinese Communist Party in Action: Consolidating Party Rule, Routledge, London (2019), pp. 220-239</ref> To improve their political performance and advance their careers, they are motivated to actively implement the Party’s principles, policies, and resolutions in SOEs. This political personnel management system makes SOE executives in China different from their Capitalist counterparts. <ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21697213.2015.1045401 S. Liang, Z. Li, D. Chen, S. Chen, Political ranks, incentives and firm performance]</ref>

According to a study released, detailing information from 2000 to 2004 regarding political control within SOE's, they found that:<ref>[https://journal.fsv.cuni.cz/storage/1281_382-397-yu.pdf Party Control in China’s Listed Firms* Wei YU—Finance School, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics]</ref><blockquote>"Chinese SOEs come under the dual leadership of the state and the CCP. On the state side, the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) plays an active, although by no means exclusive, role as ultimate owner. On the party side, the Organization Department selects and appoints firms’ top executives, evaluates their performance, gives them incentives, and oversees their work. This constellation of monitoring and enforcement mechanisms dominated by the CCP ensures that managers at every level pay close attention to policy signals emanating from the highest reaches of the CCP.

The CCP remains the political center of SOEs and, as such, handles all political affairs, including applying party lines and policies, enforcing commitment to ideological principles, and ensuring that corporate decisions take national policies into account. It plays a pivotal role in key decisions, for example, the nomination of top executives, executive evaluation and compensation, asset acquisitions and disposals, and annual budgets. The board of directors often seems to have no more than the ability to rubber stamp big decisions"</blockquote>SOE's since 2003 have been governed by the SASAC, The SASAC is charged with the supervision and management of personnel, corporate affairs, and state assets. This centralized ownership arrangement has lead to an increase in SOEs’ performance.<ref>D. Sheng, C. Liu, Can external regulation improve the performance of state-owned enterprises? Econ. Res. J., 10 (2016), pp. 97-111

</ref> Party organizations are embedded in the governance structure of each tier. Their role is to push SOEs to better serve national strategies while preserving and increasing the value of state assets. Furthermore, Party organizations also assume a coordinating role. Their involvement in all levels of SOE governance enables the entire governance system to operate more smoothly. For example, communication between the tiers of Party organizations helps reduce the information asymmetry caused by the government structure.<ref>J. Liu, B. Liu, L. Hu, Chinese state-owned assets reform: Controversies, mistakes and innovation mode Manage. World, 1 (2020), pp. 60-69

</ref>

The CSIS also states that SOE's account for 71% of total Chinese firms on the Fortune 500 by numbers but represent 78% of total revenue and 84% of all assets from Chinese entrants to the list. They claim that these SOE's are highly unprofitable and don't operate on the law of profit, but instead on the logic of asset maximization. Absolute state control over those SOEs and the massive amount of assets they hold shows that Chinese SOEs are still behaving as “asset maximizers” rather than “profit maximizers.”<ref>[https://www.csis.org/blogs/trustee-china-hand/fortune-favors-state-owned-three-years-chinese-dominance-global-500-list Fortune Favors the State-Owned: Three Years of Chinese Dominance on the Global 500 List - CSIS]</ref> Indicating that the commanding heights of the economy, otherwise known as SOE's are still very much operating off of "Socialist logic" and not "Capitalist logic" when it comes to running the business.
====Role of State Guinded Investment Funds====
To understand the role of the state sector of the economy it is not enough to just look at what proportion they have of GDP, nor their degree of concentration. It is also important, if not more so, to look at what proportion of investments are channelled through the state sector, because investments are the driving force of the economy. And under capitalism, through the mechanism of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall, the cause of the boom-slump cycle. Fortunately, statistics about fixed-asset investments (investments in buildings and machinery) are also much more accurate and uncontested compared to GDP statistics.

A casual analysis from the New York Times states the following,<blockquote>Most economies can pull two levers to bolster growth: fiscal and monetary. China has a third option. The National Development and Reform Commission can accelerate the flow of investment projects.<ref>[https://archive.ph/SeHVw Show Me The China Stimulus Money] - New York Times</ref></blockquote>In 1981 to 1989, State investment amounted to around 78.6%. From 1990 to 1992, it amounted to 81.2%. From 1993 to 2001, it amounted to 86.7% and in 2002 to 2005, it amounted for 85.3%.<ref>[https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=435099002092126090122093098073125107105086054036036018076004013025122031006110116023119126122100023056020090100123104017098000006074049005029102066082097070022106073002048122094086006126108006017068126065080087073126027126098108113126021094013092068&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE Just how Capitalist is China?] - Yasheng Huang, page 53</ref> There is a great deal of evidence that governmental control of investment remains substantial, that governemnt guided investment mechanisms, state controlled banking system and dominant state owned enterprises are still a 'holdover' from the "Mao era economic system". The way these investments are conducted almost perfectly match investments conducted under the "Mao era economic system".<ref>China's Great Economic Transformation, by Loren Brandt and Thomas G. Rawski, p353</ref>

In the University paper, ''The Rise of the Investor State: State Capital in the Chinese Economy'' by Hao Chen and Meg Rithmere discusses how state shareholders can influence the private sector. With the overall ownership of investment firms in 2017 being 80.9% central state owned, 13.7% local state owned and only 4.67% being truly private. The paper also goes on to state:<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12116-020-09308-3 The Rise of the Investor State: State Capital in the Chinese Economy] - Hao Chen and Meg Rithmire</ref><blockquote>"The state’s role as owner of firms has narrowed to include a set of large, national champion firms at the central level, but the deployment of state capital has morphed form rather than abated. As we have shown, the state invests broadly in the private sector in a number of forms, a fact that complicates the “state versus private” dichotomy that has dominated the study of China’s political economy during the reform era. Further, the deployment of state capital into the wider economy has accompanied a change in the structure of the state; hundreds of shareholding firms, large and small and owned by local and central levels of the state, now interface extensively with private firms, can intervene with ease in stock markets, and appear to constitute new agents in the execution of the CCP’s overall economic policy."</blockquote>The sentiment of Chinese firm control through investment funds is elaborated in an article by the Economist, which states:<ref>[https://archive.ph/mcIQv#selection-601.0-604.0 The rise of China’s VC-industrial complex] - The Economist</ref><blockquote>"Between 2015 and 2021 around 2,000 so-called “government guidance funds” collectively raised almost $1trn. Although the pace of fundraising has slowed since its peak in 2016, not least to allow the vehicles to deploy their copious dry powder, the government’s role has been entrenched. Last year the state (including local governments) accounted for one-third of all capital raised in Chinese limited partnerships, making it by far the country’s biggest source of venture capital (<small>vc</small>) and private equity... ...According to Bain, a consultancy, most big Chinese funds that completed fundraising rounds in 2021 were government-led. The Enterprises Reform Fund raised nearly $11bn; the National Green Development Fund brought in $14bn. Provinces set up 20 such vehicles last year, marshalling about 136bn yuan all told, four and a half times as much as they raised in 2020, according to Zero2<small>ipo</small>, a research firm. Cities and other local governments chipped in more."</blockquote>Another study published in 2013 shows similar findings, that investment by non-SOEs is crowded out by investment by SOEs, which is backed by a stimulus package from the CPC from 2003 onward.<ref name=":16">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378426616300541 To what extent did the economic stimulus package influence bank lending and corporate investment decisions? Evidence from China]</ref>

Firms and investments are clearly hinged upon China and the use of State owned capital to accelerate reform. In many cases, it is also noted that state investment crowds out private investment, in turn making the state the primary investor, with private capital getting less and less oppurtunities to invest.

State guidelines for recognising investment losses are often stricter than venture capitalists or private-equity managers would like, and less patient towards failing firms. This means if that private firms end up failing or defaulting, the CPC simply lets them fall to the wayside, and take their place using an SOE. If a guidance fund with a small stake in a sub-fund decides to pull out, its preferential terms will cause the dissolution of the entire vehicle, leaving both the portfolio firms and private investors out to dry.

The same economist article also states:<blockquote>Beyond China’s largest cities, though, the situation is likely to look less like Shanghai and more like Shandong. In 2018 the eastern province set up the New Growth Drivers Fund. Since then the vehicle has launched more than 270 sub-funds and its cash has found its way into at least 1,000 provincial companies. Our analysis of 50 of these sub-funds reveals that about half are dominated by state capital with little private-sector co-investment. Instead, many of the remaining limited partners are other guidance funds, state-run firms or various government-linked entities. The individuals charged with managing these sub-funds also appear to have much less market experience than their counterparts in Shanghai.</blockquote>Another university paper states the exact same findings, stating in their conclusion regarding Government Guided Investment Funds in China that,<ref>[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10099247/1/State-led%20financialization-20200524%20-%20submission.pdf State-led financialisation: the case of the government-guided investment fund]</ref><blockquote>"Drawing on the case of the GGIF, this paper explores how state-led financialisation has taken place in the Chinese context. This study shows the crucial roles of the central government, local governments and state-owned enterprises in the spread of this financialised policy. Despite market-oriented reform, the use of the GGIF “is not for the market but for using market means to solve problems in development. State-led financialisation in China has not resulted in the decreasing role of the state as what happened in many Western economies...

...Financialisation can be ‘a state-driven process’ in a liberal market economy such as the US, but the role of the state in the financialisation of development policies in China is different as the policies seem to internalise finance in state management by using state capital directly or indirectly. This study shows that the central government has played a key role in designing and promoting financialised policy...

...However, the unexpectedly important role of state-owned enterprises, in particular, state-owned financial institutions such as banks, as key funders in the development of GGIF might bring systematic financial risksto the economy....

...The central government of China has promoted new policy tools that are ‘proactive towards its growth agenda’ In the case of GGIFs established by governments in China, the key funders are state-owned firms controlled by the local or central government. Thus, the approach again reinforces the role of the state in urban development...Since the GGIF has largely failed to attract capital from the private sector, the central role of the state in this new approach has blurred the distinction between GGIFs and traditional state investments to some extent despite the market-oriented design of this policy tool..."</blockquote>We can clearly see that the CPC is in charge of the private sector using their investments, crowding out private investments ad once private investments have been used up, simply kick them out or leave them out to dry, filling their role with state investments instead.

We can ignore the claims that the "Government guided funds using state capital, nationalized banks and nationalized companies will bring systematic financial risk to the economy...", in an article published by John Ross, Former Director of the London Economic and Business Policy Agency, Senior Researcher at Renmin University Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies explains the mechanisms of how Chinese state investment is actually more efficient than the private investment system of capitalist nations.<ref>[https://www.guancha.cn/LuoSiYi/2023_04_17_688675_1.shtml John Ross: Why is it more efficient to invest in China? This is really a "systemic problem"!]</ref>

He finds that Chinese Incremental Capital Output Ratio in relation to developing nations is lower in relation to other developing nations (the lower the ICOR, provided it is a positive number, representing economic expansion and not contraction, the more efficient investment is in generating growth) Taking the latest available data, for 2021, the average ICOR of developing countries is 8.2 and for China 7.1. As China is by now one of the most highly developed of developing countries, and will in only a few years become a high income economy by World Bank standards, this shows the strong efficiency of China’s investment. China’s efficiency of investment in generating growth was ranked second out the world’s 20 largest economies.

The overwhelming reason for China’s very high efficiency of investment is due to the socialist character of its economy. In particular, it results from China’s extremely strong anti-crisis macro-economic strength which flows from possessing a socialist economy compared to capitalist one. Crisis's in capitalist economies and fall of investment within capitalist economies is because the economy is dominated by private capitalists. If these capitalists decide not to invest the economy goes into recession, which causes an increase in ICOR. There is no large enough or powerful enough state sector sufficient to offset this. Private ownership of all the main means of production therefore produces weakness in Western macro-economic crisis mechanisms.

Because of China’s large state sector, means it is possible to stabilize China’s investment level with much lower increases in state investment, especially in comparison to Western capitalist ones. In short, China’s large state sector is an extremely powerful anti-crisis mechanism. This, in turn, because it sustains economic growth, prevents the type of severe crisis increases in ICOR seen in capitalist economies such as the USA. China’s large state sector, therefore, has a powerful effect in keeping China’s ICOR down and maintaining a high level of investment efficiency.

The point is that the vast majority of government guided funds have increased, and the state's role in funding is deeply entrenched. The CPC continues to play a significant role in the growth of the Chinese economy and the allocation of funds to certain key sectors to stimulate state-led growth in certain economic sectors. Additionally, the movement of capital and investment itself is highly regulated, and it is complicated for wealthy entrepreneurs and corrupt government members to transfer money across borders. <ref name=":9">[https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3012312/chinas-capital-outflow-controls-have-gone-extreme-former China’s capital outflow controls have gone to the ‘extreme’, former central bank adviser says - SCMP]</ref>
====Role of Cooperatives====
The TVE's (Township and Village Enterprises), which are in actuality a cooperative sector of the Chinese economy have been described as "private". This collectively owned sector grew rapidly - in 1978 there were 1.5 million such enterprises, by 1995 there were 22 million. In 1978 they employed 28 million people, by 1995 128 million. While they have been claimed to be private, in reality, the CPC legally defines TVE's as<ref>Hongyi Chen - [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315211305/institutional-transition-china-township-village-enterprises-hongyi-chen The Institutional Transition of China’s Township Village Enterprises.] p5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315211305</ref> One of the main drivers of China’s economic miracle during the 1980s and the early 1990s was the emergence of collectively owned firms or cooperatives, whose share of national industrial output increased from twenty two percent in 1978 to forty-two percent in 1993. Many of the non-state firms were “collectively owned”.<ref>Che, Jiahua & Yingyi Qian, “Insecure Property Rights and Government Ownership of Firms,” page 467</ref>

"The term "township enterprises" as mentioned in this Law refers to all kinds of enterprises established in townships (including villages under their jurisdiction) that are mainly invested by rural collective economic organizations or farmers and undertake the obligation to support agriculture.

'''The term "investment-based" mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to rural collective economic organizations or farmers investing more than 50 percent, or less than 50 percent, but can play a controlling or actual dominating role.'''

A township enterprise that meets the conditions for an enterprise legal person shall obtain the qualification of an enterprise legal person according to law."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200717181302/http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-06/01/content_3432.htm "Township Enterprise Law of the People's Republic of China"]</ref>

In 2008, China’s poorest and most backward agricultural areas, such as Guizhou, Henan,and Guangxi,TVEs have an important share of the economy (50-60 percent of gross output value, but in the richindustrial areas, such as Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin, they are insignificant (6-12 percent).<ref>Yasheng Huang: Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics , 2008</ref>
====Role of Shareholder Ownership and it's role in control over "privatized" SOE's====
One way the CPC maintains ownership over the market sector is through the use of the CPC being the majority shareholder. This is elborated on in the following article. In a May 2009, Derrick Scissors of the Heritage Foundation explains this issue rest in an article called “Liberalization in Reverse.” He writes:<blockquote>"Examining what companies are truly private is important because privatization is often confused with the spreading out of shareholding and the sale of minority stakes. In China, 100 percent state ownership is often diluted by the division of ownership into shares, some of which are made available to nonstate actors, such as foreign companies or other private investors. Nearly two-thirds of the state-owned enterprises and subsidiaries in China have undertaken such changes, leading some foreign observers to relabel these firms as “nonstate” or even “private.” But this reclassification is incorrect. The sale of stock does nothing by itself to alter state control: dozens of enterprises are no less state controlled simply because they are listed on foreign stock exchanges. As a practical matter, three-quarters of the roughly 1,500 companies listed as domestic stocks are still state owned. "<ref name=":4">[https://www.heritage.org/global-politics/commentary/liberalization-reverse Derek Scissors, Ph.D. “Liberalization in Reverse,” May 4, 2009, Published by The Heritage Foundation]</ref></blockquote>In 2003, it was found that domestic shareholding firms accounted for 70.1% of the domestic fixed asset investment, while foreign joint-ventures accounted for around 27%, the majority of domestic shareholding firms being state owned.<ref>Yasheng Huang: Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics</ref> A lot of these shareholding firms are also ran as cooperatives, where it was majority owned by employees, but were counted as private, being around 11.7% of the market sector.<ref>National Bureau of Statistics (2003b)</ref>

In the book, ''China's Great Economic Transformation'' by Loren Brandt and Thomas G. Rawski found that between 1990 to 2003, only 6.97% could be considered "private", while the rest were very clearly in state hands. These companies are allowed to have acces to private revenue, but their control rights are strongly within the hands of the state and should therefore be considered state firms.<ref>''China's Great Economic Transformation'' by Loren Brandt and Thomas G. Rawski, p355</ref>

In 2001, a study was done compiling the composition of listed companies by nature of dominant shareholder, it found that out of the 1,050 listed companies, 80.5% of the dominant shareholder were SOE's or CPC organizations.<ref>Zhang et. al [2002]</ref> Another study was conducted in 2002, out of all publically quoted shareholder companies, which there are 1,105, the state is in the ultimate and absolute control of 84% them.<ref>[https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/917/1/02-19.pdf The Class of Shareholdings and its Impacts on Corporate Performance – A Case of State Shareholding Composition in Chinese Publicly Listed Companies], June 2002</ref>

It is also worth noting that Chinese shares are peculiar animals quite different from those in the capitalist world. Chinese shares do not entitle the owner to a share of a company’s assets.<ref>Will Hutton: The writing on the Wall , 2007</ref> Thus, even if 100 percent of the shares in a Chinese company were privately owned, the share owners could not move the machines out of the factories and sell them, as they still belong to the state. No wonder Stephen Green of the Royal Institute of International affairs comments:<blockquote>“The stock market has been used to support national industrial policy, to subsidise SOE restructuring, not to allow private companies to raise capital."<ref>[https://archive.ph/B5kSb#selection-863.68-863.133 Economist: 18 March, 2004]</ref></blockquote>While the so-called ‘privatization’ process of allows some private ownership, whether domestic or foreign, Scissors makes clear that this is a far cry from real privatization, as occurs in the United States and other capitalist countries. The state, headed by the CPC, retains a majority stake in the company and guides the company’s path. More striking are the industries that remain firmly under state control, which are those industries most essential to the welfare of the Chinese masses. Scissors continues:<blockquote>"No matter their shareholding structure, all national corporations in the sectors that make up the core of the Chinese economy are required by law to be owned or controlled by the state. These sectors include power generation and distribution; oil, coal, petrochemicals, and natural gas; telecommunications; armaments; Aviation and shipping; machinery and automobile production; information technologies; construction; and the production of iron, steel, and nonferrous metals. The railroads, grain distribution, and insurance are also dominated by the state, even if no official edict says so."<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>The same sentiment is echoed in a study, which states:<ref name=":10">[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5223340_Perspectives_on_China's_outward_foreign_direct_investment Perspectives on China's outward foreign direct investment] - Journal of International Business Studies (2008) 39, 337–350. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400366</ref><blockquote>"Of the 1,381 listed companies at the end of 2005. Of all the shares outstanding, fully 65.9% are non-tradable shares. Of these, over half are owned by governments and government organs, with the remainder owned by other legal entities – mostly large state-controlled enterprises or state-managed investment funds. Non-tradable shares are also inalienable – they cannot be freely bought or sold. Their existence has ensured continued state-control of the economy by giving the state majority voting power in the shareholder meetings of major listed firms... This figure may understate the total state-related equity control, as state investment funds also hold tradable shares, and cross-shareholding by SOEs are prevalent. This typical ownership structure has several implications. First, small public shareholders have little or no influence on corporate decisions since the state wields sufficient voting power to appoint the board of the typical listed firm. Second, listed firms do not typically pay dividends on non-tradable shares directly owned by the state, even if they pay dividends on other classes of tradable and non tradable shares. Naturally, vested interests within the state organs see a high dividend as undesirable because they have 100% of the control if the earnings are retained but little to gain once they are distributed."</blockquote>Interestingly enough, another study also finds that the "privatization" doesn't tend to cause lay offs and still maintains high levels of job preservation, contrary to popular belief that "privatization" always leads to a loss of jobs and decline in employment, with mass lay offs. <blockquote>"Both anecdotal evidence and our statistical analysis show that the Chinese government has made job preservation an important pre-condition for privatization. As a result, there was no accelerated layoff of surplus labor after privatization, even though the surplus labor problem was severe in both pre-privatization SOEs and post-privatization SOEs."<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0147596708000723 How does privatization work in China?] - Chong-En Bai, Jiangyong Lu, Zhigang Tao</ref></blockquote>An article published by a Chinese Law scholar noted that despite so called "privatization" of former SOE's, the Party state remains dedicated to ensuring control over these supposedly "privatized" entities:<ref name=":20">[https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3021&context=articles China 's 'Corporatization without Privatization' and the Late 19th Century Roots of a Stubborn Path Dependency] - Nicholas Howson, page 11</ref><blockquote>To the present day, the PRC Party State remains absolutely committed to retaining control over converted enterprises in the broadest range of sectors-not just the usual suspects for state control (e.g., defense and national security, power generation, extractive industries, and key infrastructure), but also non-national security and non-key infrastructure sectors that are extremely profitable for central or local Party State insiders, especially when financed by largely passive and information-deprived public investors, Chinese and foreign</blockquote>The same article goes onto give a concrete example of how one CSOE (Central SOE) can functionally corner and control the entire market through this shareholding system. The example given is the China National Petroleum and Chemical Group, known as Sinopec:<ref>[https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3021&context=articles China 's 'Corporatization without Privatization' and the Late 19th Century Roots of a Stubborn Path Dependency] - Nicholas Howson, page 11 - 12 </ref><blockquote>Sinopec has a monopoly on all downstream hydrocarbons businesses in China, thus gas stations, refining, petrochemicals, etc everything separate from exploration, development and production, and energy transportation businesses, all of which are the province of other enterprise groups. There is a Sinopec core holding company at the center of these enter prise groups, the "Sinopec Group Holding Company", which is 100 percent "owned" by a State Council department now called SASAC.

A majority-controlled subsidiary, department, or affiliated entity would function as a dedicated "finance holding company" necessary for the allocation of funds and finance to and among operations and entities included in the Sinopec Group. Sinopec Group Holding Company, explicitly permitted in its business license to invest in other entities, in turn owns a vast number of only Sinopec business-related subsidiaries, each with a business scope allowing it to operate in a defined sector within the group's larger monopoly or defined geographical areas.

Those subsidiaries will always show majority equity ownership in the hands of the Sinopec Group Holding Company or one of its controlled subsidiaries, but they can be financed directly by bank loans, minority non-public investment, or the public capital markets, domestic or foreign. This Sinopec Group can seek to reorganize a traditional SOE grouping of productive and social assets conducting a petrochemicals business, like in the Shanghai suburbs of Jinshan District into a Sinopec Group Holding Company-controlled company called "Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical Company Limited," which could complete an IPO on the PRC domestic or foreign capital markets.

After the IPO, issuer Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical Company Limited would still be dominated absolutely by the core holding company (which is the Party-State Ran State Owned Enterprise of Sinopec) via an 80 percent equity stake and its power to appoint all directors and officers of the listed subsidiary.

Moreover, Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical Company Limited would benefit from wel ladvertised preferences critical to its commercial success, preferences relating to regulatory breaks, supply or other inputs, availability or pricing, or exclusive access to certain markets at preferred (higher) prices, importantly preferences delivered not just by other Sinopec Group affiliates but even by other Party State-controlled competitors...</blockquote>No capitalist country in the history of the world has ever had state control over all of these industries. In countries like the United States or France, certain industries like railroads and health insurance may have state ownership, but it falls drastically short of dominating the industry.
====Role of CPC ran banks====
The importance of this widespread state ownership is that the essential aspects of the Chinese economy are run by the state headed by a party whose orientation is towards the working class and peasantry. Particularly damaging to the China-as-state-capitalist argument is the status of banks and the Chinese financial system. Scissors elaborates:<blockquote>"the state exercises control over most of the rest of the economy through the financial system, especially the banks. By the end of 2008, outstanding loans amounted to almost $5 trillion, and annual loan growth was almost 19 percent and accelerating; lending, in other words, is probably China’s principal economic force. The Chinese state owns all the large financial institutions, the People’s Bank of China assigns them loan quotas every year, and lending is directed according to the state’s priorities."<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>The People’s Bank of China (PBC) highlights one of the most important ways in which the CPC uses the market system to control private capital and subordinate it to socialism. Far from functioning as a capitalist national bank, which prioritizes facilitating the accumulation of capital by the bourgeoisie, “this system frustrates private borrowers.”<ref name=":4" />

Control is maintained not just through economic coercion, but by having direct party members on the ground regulating the banks, imbedded within them occur as well. A book published on China's economic structure found that,<ref>''Capitalizing China'' by Joseph PH Fan and Randall Morck, page 12</ref><blockquote>While individual banks, business enterprises, and regulatory agencies appear distinct on paper, they are actually highly integrated because the CCP OD handles human resource management (HRM) decisions throughout all of them (Macgregor 2010). The future careers of top bankers and bank regulators thus depend on how cadres in the CCP OD assess their performance.</blockquote>China’s specialized policy banks were designed to help the government achieve its long-term goals in areas where profit-driven banks might be reluctant to lend. Beijing can also draw on them when there’s a pressing short-term need to boost the economy. China’s policy banks are of a much larger scale and play a bigger role in the country’s state-directed economy in comparison to Capitalist nations who may have similar policy banks.<ref>[https://archive.ph/DrsYd#selection-3365.0-3372.0 What Are the Policy Banks China Uses to Spur Economy? - Bloomberg]</ref>

Firms in China are also incredibly bank dependent, because there are no real means of securing external finances, banks are the only way to actually secure financial funding. Thus, firms in China are more bank-dependent, which makes them much more sensitive to changes in bank loan supply, State ran banks also control 98% of all banking assets within China itself.<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0929119908000722 Leverage and investment under a state-owned bank lending environment: Evidence from China]</ref> Interestingly enough, State owned banks within capitalist societies tend to favour merely large firms, while State owned banks in China lend primarily to SOE's and is unresponsive to firm profitability. Indicating that SOE's received more bank loans and invested more than non-SOEs.<ref name=":16" />

This belief is corroborated in a 2019 study that found that,<ref>[https://www.nber.org/digest/mar19/favoritism-toward-chinas-former-state-owned-enterprises Favoritism toward China's Former State-Owned Enterprises]</ref><blockquote>“Currently state-owned firms receive more subsidies and lower interest rates than formerly state-owned firms, which in turn are favored relative to always-private firms... former SOEs still benefit from some forms of state support. These firms receive low-interest loans and subsidies more frequently, and in greater quantity, than other enterprises.”</blockquote>The same belief is echoed in the book, ''Capitalizing China'' by Joseph PH Fan and Randall Morck who argue that China continues to remain a broadly socialist nation, stating the following regarding CPC ran banks<ref>''Capitalizing China'' by Joseph PH Fan and Randall Morck, page 11</ref><blockquote>Allen et al. show most bank lending flowing to SOEs, rather than the hybrid sector they find better equipped to generate wealth-despite SOES' ongoing accumulation of nonperforming loans. Their findings suggest that politics and connections dominate financial viability in bank loan alloca- tion decisions, sheltering banks from market forces as well. Unsurprisingly, simultaneous capital shortages and surpluses ensue-excess capital being wasted in some sectors and firms while, simultaneously, chronic capital shortages blocks needed growth in other sectors and firms. The capital shortage in the hybrid sector is due to the lending bias of state-controlled banks, which prefer to lend to large state-controlled enterprises; frequent government intervention in the financial system merely reinforces this bias.</blockquote>The hybrid sector in this context refers to local government controlled enterprises through a shareholding scheme or Township and Village Enterprises.

There is a definite bias towards State Owned Enterprises and former SOE's which have been turned into private companies, but functionally speaking they would still be underneath the control of the state, former SOE's are not "root and branch privatized" as, previously discused through the stock ownership model and how stock ownership manifests, these former SOE's are still managed and controlled through majority CPC stockholder ownership.

The CPC floods the market with public bonds, which has a crowding-out effect on private corporate bonds that firms use to raise independent capital. Another example of this would be how there is a strong price cap on how much money you can move out of the country, with a cap on outflow of wealth to external bank accounts or bringing money into China being around 20,000 - 50,000 USD, making the control of investment in and out of the country, subordinate to the CPC's goals.<ref name=":9" />

This also renders state bonds far more valuable than private bonds and the credit deterioration of non-state bonds is worse than state bonds. State Owned Enterprises receive much more preferential treatment from the government due to this model of flooding state bonds and far more valuable bonds into the market, with comparable private bonds declining in terms of value and being unable to compete.

In 2018, this is clearly demonstrated after the implementation of more regulations on the shadow banking market, leading to investors flocking towards much more valuable State bonds over private ones. This inevitably creates a feed back look where State bonds have a "premium" and are objectively more valuable than private ones.<ref>[https://en.saif.sjtu.edu.cn/junpan/Credit.pdf The SOE Premium and Government Support in China’s Credit Market] - Zhe Geng and Jun Pan - November 29, 2022</ref> By harnessing supply and demand in the bond market, the PBC prevents private firms, domestic or foreign, from accumulating capital independently of socialist management.

====Role of Party Committee's====
In one defining way that the CPC maintains control over the "private" sector is through the use of party committees and party units. A survey conducted in 2006, investigated 400 private enterprises in 26 provinces. Only 9% of all respondents believed party committees held no or a weak sway over decision making.<ref>Contemporary Manager Journal, 2006</ref>

Another study conducted in 2008 states that:<ref name=":10" /><blockquote>"State-appointed independent directors often see the world much as do state-appointed CEOs. Moreover, every listed firm’s board has a parallel authority structure, the firm’s Party Committee, headed by its Party Secretary. Reforms to the board leave this hidden – or not-so- hidden – real power structure untouched. The Party Secretary may or may not chair the board, and Party Committee members may or may not serve as directors. Where the two structures do not overlap, real power flows through the Party channels, leaving the board and formal corporate top executives with scant real authority. In the large SOEs, the Party Secretary appoints the top executives and directors, often simply relaying orders from the Communist Party of China’s Organizational Department, and exercises a leading role in the company.

The ultimate function of the Party Committee and Party Secretary may change as corporate governance reforms occur, but this remains unresolved. For example, whether listed companies’ managers might someday report to shareholders, rather than the Party, is debated. At present, the Party Committee monitors and evaluates corporate executives, determining their prospects for career advancement. The CEOs of the largest 53 national SOEs are appointed directly by the Communist Party of China’s Organizational Department. The other senior management positions are mostly appointed by the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC), which is directed by the State Council. Similar patterns hold for the local SOEs.

In November 2004, the top managers of the three largest telecommunication companies in China – China Mobile, China Telecom and China Unicom – exchanged positions almost overnight without prior notice to public shareholders. In short, executive positions in listed firms are filled by State and Party bureaucrats and are seen as steps in the career of a successful civil servant. "</blockquote>A similar statement provided in the book, ''Capitalizing China'' finds that:<ref>''Capitalizing China'' by Joseph PH Fan and Randall Morck, page 8</ref><blockquote>Parallel this corporate governance system, each enterprise also has a Communist Party Committee, headed by a Communist Party Secretary. These advise the CEO on critical decisions, and are kept informed by party cells throughout the enterprise that also monitor the implementation of party policies. Indeed, the party secretary plays a leading role in major decisions, and can overrule or bypass the CEO and board if necessary (Deng et al. 2011). For example, foreign independent directors on the board of CNOOC reportedly first learned of that enterprise's takeover bid for Unocal, an American oil company, from news broadcasts (Macgregor 2010). Directors often also learn of such major strategic moves, and of equally major personnel moves such as the rotation of oil company top managers described earlier after the fact. Despite their formal powers, CEOs and boards are thought to welcome party advice, and any directors likely to have reservations are kept out of the loop to preserve harmony-especially if issues the CCP views as strategically important are involved. </blockquote>According to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the party commitee's role within the non-public sector are to:<blockquote>Primary-level Party organizations in non-public sector entities shall implement the Party's principles and policies, guide and oversee their enterprises' observance of state laws and regulations, exercise leadership over trade unions, Communist Youth League organizations, and other people's group organizations, promote unity and cohesion among workers and office staff, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of all parties, and promote the healthy development of their enterprises.<ref name=":18" /></blockquote>The independence of private companies is limited, as many are to a certain extent dependent on the state for supplies, distribution and even customers. Symptomatic of this is that in a survey in 1995 of 154 private firms where the state had a minority stake of an average of 30 percent it still had an average of 50 percent of the seats on the boards of these companies. Unlike in the west, proxyvoting is not permitted at shareholders meetings. This favours those that own many shares. In China, that is often the state.<ref>Yasheng Huang: Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics , 2008</ref> In 2018, the Organization Department reported that 73.1 percent of private companies had established a Party organization, up from 58.4 percent in 2013. With the number predicted to continue to increase.<ref>“2017 Statistical Communique of the Chinese Communist Party,” CPC Member Web [2017年中国共产党党内统计公报] via www.12371.CN, October 1, 2017, <nowiki>http://www.12371.cn/2018/08/27/</nowiki> </ref>

Most of listed shareholder firms have a party secretary. Data was collected on 4,104 firm-years between 2000 and 2004, which represents 68% of the total firms with A-shares in China during that period. Only 11% of the firms said that they did not have a party secretary. In those firms with party secretaries, many of the secretaries hold other management positions as well: 5% also serve as both the chairman and the CEO; 18% also serve as the chairman; 6% also serve as the CEO; and 26% also serve as a supervisor, director, or executive. Thus, many party secretaries have a significant affect on firm management.<ref>[https://journal.fsv.cuni.cz/storage/1281_382-397-yu.pdf Party Control in China’s Listed Firms* Wei YU—Finance School, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics]</ref>

According to Scholar Nicholas Howson,<blockquote>PRC corporate groups, and by extension their subsidiaries and divisions, are therefore actually controlled by Party State nomenklatura insider appointees working at the core holding company level, and as directors and officers of the subsidiary entities controlled *by the core holding company. As Party State bureaucratic political actors seeking advancement in the Party system, these individuals are perfectly responsive to Party State policy (which necessarily includes national industrial policy), while at the same time they are content to ignore the interests of external minority shareholders in the listed subsidiaries they formally manage<ref name=":20" /></blockquote>So quite simply, even if the company is listed on the public shareholder market, the ultimate decision making power at the highest level comes from the CPC. This is how the CPC exerts power and influence over the "Private" sector, even though the sell of stock and the sell of shares into the "private market" is permitted.

And as explained in previous arguments, the vast majority of shares all end up in the hands of the CPC anyway, considering that more often than not the CPC maintains largest equity shareholder. Even if it doesn't, the use of the CPC party committees and cells ensure compliance and control over these private companies.

The role of the party commitee's are further elaborated upon by Trey McArver, co-founder of consultancy Trivium/China, which advises companies working in China, who states:<blockquote>“No company, private or state-owned, gets ahead in China without aligning itself with the party's larger goals and strategies. That is more the case than ever in Xi’s China...Xi [Jinping] has reasserted the centrality of the party in all facets of society, including within the economy.”</blockquote>Fraser Howie, a long-time follower of China’s markets and author of ''Red Capitalism'' also states:<blockquote>"Being non-state does not mean you are private... it was always a blurred line and it's become ever more so."</blockquote>

==== Extra-Legal Control Rights ====
The Chinese state also exercises significant extra-legal control rights over private firms. State encroachment into private ownership of enterprise is particularly acute, however, when the state does not scrupulously follow clearly delineated and neutrally enforced legal rules in exercising its control rights over private firms.

The Chinese state relies on several means to exercise extra-legal influence over private firms. One mechanism is the socalled industrial association. Established in industries where the former line ministry has been disbanded, these nominally private organizations are designed to coordinate activities within an industry. Yet the industrial associations are staffed by former government officials from the defunct ministries and retain basically the same organizational structures and functions as those ministries.<ref>Zheng, Wentong, “Transplanting Antitrust in China: Economic Transition, Market Structure, and State Control,” 32 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law. 643, 669-70 (2010)</ref> The industrial associations actively supervise the operations of firms in their respective industries and have retained much, if not all, of the power exercised by their state predecessors.<ref>On the official functions of such industrial associations, a US court noted:

The [industrial associations] were given both governmental functions, which had previously been performed by the [ministries], and private functions. The governmental functions included, inter alia, responding to foreign anti-dumping charges and industry “coordination.” The private functions of the Chambers included organizing trade fairs, conducting market research and “mediating” trade disputes.

In re Vitamin C Antitrust Litigation, 810 F.Supp.2d 522, 526 (E.D.N.Y. 2011).</ref>

For example, in 2010, China’s main cooking oil producers raised or were planning to increase prices due to cost pressures. Concerned about the impact of these price hikes on food price inflation, the NDRC interviewed executives of the cooking oil producers three times to urge them not to increase prices. During one of the interviews, the NDRC flatly ordered the producers to freeze prices for four months, and the producers complied.<ref>See “Cooking Oil Companies ‘Interviewed’ Three Times in Recent Years; Downstream Restaurants Temporarily Halting Price Hikes,” Xinhua, July 30, 2012, <nowiki>http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2012-07/30/c_123494170</nowiki>. htm.</ref>

Yet another means by which the state exercises extra-legal control over private firms is through the practice of prodding or even forcing private firms to participate in state-led industrial restructuring efforts. The right of corporate ownership implies the right to sell control and to refuse offers to purchase control. But in China, this right must yield to the state’s plans for restructuring an industry. In 2009, for example, Shandong Steel Group, a major SOE in Shandong Province, acquired a 67 percent stake in Shandong Rizhao Steel, an emerging private steel producer, under the auspices of a restructuring plan for the industry previously adopted by the Shandong provincial government.<ref>See “Shandong Steel Clinches Deal to Acquire 67% of Rizhao Steel,” Sina, September 7, 2009, <nowiki>http://finance</nowiki>. sina.com.cn/chanjing/gsnews/20090907/04566714022.shtml.</ref>

The government routinely enforces its policies by extra-legal means, the added degree of autonomy that ordinarily flows from private, as compared to government, the so called "private ownership" of a company may be illusory.

====The Role of Social Credit Score in regulating the Market Sector====
Of course, there is also an additional way that the CPC maintains control of the private sector. It is through the use of it's social credit score and social credit system. How the social credit system does this according to the The “Planning Outline for the Establishment of a Social Credit System (2014-2020)” issued by the CPC states that:<blockquote>"must have advancing the establishment of creditworthiness in government affairs, commerce,and society and establishment of judicial credibility as its primary content; must have advancing the establishment of a culture of creditworthiness and establishing mechanisms to encourage trustworthiness and punish untrustworthiness as key points; must by supported by advancing the establishment of industry and region specific credit, and developing credit services markets; must have raising the entire society’s awareness and levels of creditworthiness, and improving the economic and social operating environment as its goals; and must put people first, to form an environment across all society in which trustworthiness is honored and untrustworthiness is shameful, and make honesty and trustworthiness the entire populations' conscientious behavioral norm."<ref>[https://archive.ph/Z0H0W#selection-851.0-851.124 State Council Notice concerning Issuance of the Planning Outline for the Establishment of a Social Credit System (2014-2020)] - Translated by ChinaLawBlog</ref></blockquote>What is credit worthiness?It is being able to comply on financial agreements and willingness to pay debts. And to ensure that in the context of the social credit score, to ensure companies enact on their promises. The score is used to regulate the private sector and continue to clamp down on potential exploitative behaviour that may be undergone. The score is given to private firms and there are real punishments and draw backs for those who do not comply or fail to achieve a high score<blockquote>"The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) is pushing ahead with social credit-based supervision of all commercial entities from large firms to small, independently owned and operated business, prompting complaints over corporate privacy and heavy handed government intervention. The social credit rating will include court rulings, tax records, environmental protection issues, government licensing, product quality, work safety and administrative punishments by market regulators. 'All the existing credit incentive and punishment measures listed in the memorandums are based on laws and regulations... For severe violations, especially those endangering life and property, harsh punishment will be adopted, such as a temporary or even permanent ban on market entry - Lian Weiliang, deputy chairman of the NDRC"<ref>[https://archive.ph/sqFN6#selection-803.13-803.110 China pushing ahead with controversial corporate social credit rating system for 33 million firms] - SCMP</ref></blockquote>And in a horizons article which goes over how corporate social credit works,<blockquote>"While the China Blacklisting system is still in its early stages, it is already the most prominent system of its kind worldwide. China has already put this system into action, and has barred thousands of Chinese residents’ rights to buy plane tickets and travel either domestically or abroad. However, most of the blacklisting that has occurred to date has been as a result of violations or misbehavior of companies and the individuals working for them."<ref name=":11">[https://nhglobalpartners.com/china-social-credit-system-explained/#:~:text=The%20China%20social%20credit%20system%20is%20a%20broad%20regulatory%20framework,and%20governmental%20entities%20across%20China. China Social Credit System Explained – What is it & How Does it Work?] - Horizons</ref></blockquote>Individuals who end up on a black list due to mistreatment of workers or violating the laws around workers rights are given penalties and can be as severe as having their business license revoked or barring them from using social amenities and public services until they fix their social credit score. There are real consequences for breaking the PRC's laws regarding worker rights and treatment of workers. How the social credit score is measured according to CreditChina, the website responsible for openly publishing corporate social credit data lists the following reasons for a low social credit score:<blockquote>”Basic identifying information for the company, including the company’s Unified Social Credit Code and permits held； Any applicable administrative penalties; Any payment defaults recognized by the Courts; Any instances of tax evasion and fraud; Instances of illegal importing or exporting; Unpaid wages”<ref name=":11" /></blockquote>The Social Credit System is meant to serve as a market regulation mechanism. The goal is to establish a self-enforcing regulatory regime fueled by big data in which businesses exercise "self-restraint". The basic idea is that with a functional credit system in place, companies will comply with government policies and regulations to avoid having their scores lowered by disgruntled employees, customers or clients. Companies with bad credit scores will potentially face unfavorable conditions for new loans, higher tax rates, investment restrictions and lower chances to participate in publicly funded projects.<ref>Meissner, Mirjam (24 May 2017). [https://www.merics.org/sites/default/files/2017-09/China%20Monitor_39_SOCS_EN.pdf "China's Social Credit System: A big-data enabled approach to market regulation with broad implications for doing business in China"]</ref>

And for those wondering about State Owned Enterprises or other government institutions, a similar method is also employed to ensure citizens have faith in SOE's and the government. The social credit system targets government agencies, assesses local governments' performance and focuses on financial problems such as local governments' debts and contract defaults<ref>[https://merics.org/en/report/chinas-social-credit-system-2021-fragmentation-towards-integration "China's Social Credit System in 2021: From fragmentation towards integration".] ''Mercator Institute for China Studies''. 3 March 2021.</ref> In this way, local governments and SOE's are regulated and encouraged to increase trustworthiness among the chinese masses, as well as putting a form of "government self-discipline" upon the companies.

While the CIS and other bourgeoisie economist thinktanks goes on to discuss about the lack of economic and political freedoms in China, Marxist-Leninists should read between the lines and know the truth: China isn’t capitalist, the CPC isn’t pursuing capitalist development, and the Socialist Market Economy has succeeded in laying the material foundation for ‘higher socialism’. We can clearly see that with the commanding heights of the Chinese economy that China remains socialist and a Marxist-Leninist nation. The claims that China has restored the capitalist road is fundamentally untrue.

== True Size and Nature of the State and Market sector ==
<blockquote>“All enterprises must persevere in putting proletarian politics in command and ideological and political work first.”<ref>Document of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, September 2, 1975</ref></blockquote>If the small and medium sized enterprises were state owned - and the largest companies and banks were privately owned, and the banks lent almost exclusively to large private companies - it is quite clear that China would be a capitalist economy even if the majority of workers worked in state owned companies. But this is the opposite of that which exists in China. Western analysts seem to believe that the CPC has accomplished this goal.

Although modern China has an expansive market system, the CPC uses the market to both secure and advance socialism. Rather than privatizing major industries, as is often alleged by detractors, the state maintains a vibrant system of socialist public ownership that prevents the rise of an independent bourgeoisie. Deng talked specifically about this very deliberate system in the same interview with Fallaci:<blockquote>"No matter to what degree we open up to the outside world and admit foreign capital, its relative magnitude will be small and it can’t affect our system of socialist public ownership of the means of production. Absorbing foreign capital and technology and even allowing foreigners to construct plants in China can only play a complementary role to our effort to develop the productive forces in a socialist society."<ref name=":32">Deng Xiaoping, “Answers to the Italian Journalist Orianna Fallaci,” August 21 and 23, 1980</ref></blockquote>

==== Renationalization: the state sector advances, the private sector retreats ====
There is a famous saying in China, the state sector advances and the private sector retreats.<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/china/2010/08/31/guo-jin-min-tui/</ref> The role that Xi is playing exposes the nature of the State and the market economy, that the market is subservient to the state and the state advances, while the private sectore retreats. Many private firms have been forced to default and ended up being renationalized as Xi Jinping cracks down much harder on the private sector. This phenomenon will be further elaborated upon in how the CPC remains comitted to building higher socialism.

Private companies are forced to comply to developmental goals set out by the CPC, with the rise of Xi Jinping as General Secetary, bourgeoisie thinktanks interept Xi's actions as returning to "Mao era China".<ref>[https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Xi-Jinpings-politics-in-command-economy.pdf Xi Jinping’s Politics in Command Economy] - Atlantic Council</ref> The Regulation of the market sector has taken a much deeper step, afformentioned with how social credit is used to punish companies.

The acquisition of A-share private enterprises by local state-owned enterprises has also become an important point of view in the capital market. From 2019 to 2021, more than 110 A-share listed private enterprises were acquired by local state-owned system enterprises, with a total market value of more than 600 billion yuan. There is a greater degree of re-nationalization within China.<ref>[https://www.pwccn.com/zh/blog/state-owned-enterprise-soe/analysis-on-the-14th-five-year-plan-of-local-soe-feb2022.html <nowiki>[Observatory of State-owned Enterprise Reform] Analysis of the "14th Five-Year Plan" of some local state-owned enterprises</nowiki>]</ref>

In 2011, China’s central government picked 750 champion firms, and plans to provide them with the support needed to make theirs a self-fulfilling prophesy. And China selected 426 firms to essentially die off. or "losers'. National champions which are overwhelmingly SOE's get free land, cut-rate financing, instant approvals, guaranteed domestic markets and expedited stock-market listings. The losers, consisting of companies in disposable foam plastic dinnerware, vertical gas water heaters and cardboard detonators, get nothing but a date by which they must terminate operations. China’s losers also have a third category, industries not set for termination but will be terminated at a later date.<ref>[https://financialpost.com/opinion/nationalizing-china/wcm/a04c963d-06da-4763-b06a-4881dfde010f Nationalizing China - Patricia Adams]</ref>

These are industries that will be tolerated for a while. These include villa-type real estate developments, golf courses, artificial leather, certain types of toothpaste and small versions of the winners, like small coal mines, for example. These tolerated sectors, recieve no governemnt favours and will disappear over time, either being consolidated into the State Sector or simply left to die off.

==== True Size of the Market Sector ====
Even after the economic reforms, China's public ownership sector remained great, according to the paper ''"China’s Collective and Private Enterprises: Growth and Its Financing"'' by Shahid Yusuf, during 1985-1991, on average only around 7.1% of the Industrial Sector was actually private (started by entrepreneurs and foreign businesses), when it came down to measuring the raw output of resources. <ref>[https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781557753809/ch012.xml#Rch12tab02 China’s Collective and Private Enterprises: Growth and Its Financing, Table 2 by Shahid Yusuf]</ref> And during 1991, the national industrial sector only had around 11.41% being truly private.<ref>[https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781557753809/ch012.xml#Rch12tab15 China’s Collective and Private Enterprises: Growth and Its Financing, Table 15 by Shahid Yusuf]</ref>

The true nature of the private sector is actually quite small once you take into account it's breaking down. In 2005, the private sector is dominated by small sized enterprises, only 5 per cent of private enterprises employ more than 500 and only 2% more than 1000 workers.

Contrast this with the state sector where 80% of workers work in companies employing over 500 workers. The number of private companies rose from 90,000 in 1989 employing 1.4 million workers, to 3.6 million companies in 2004 employing 40 million workers. 74% of private companies originated as new start ups, 7% are privatized state owned companies, 8% are privatized rural collectives and 11% are privatized urban collectives. The average income of an entrepreneur is $6600 US per year (2002 figures) this gives an idea of the small scale of the overwhelming majority of private sector enterprises in China.<ref>OECD Economic Survey China Sept. 2005 p83-95</ref>

In some areas the contribution of private companies can appear to be impressive. 70 percent of theworld lighters are made by private Chinese companies in the city of Wenzhou. However, these lighters are produced by 3,000 small firms, some specialising in components, some in final assembly.<ref>Economist , 18 March, 2004</ref> Their specific weight in the Chinese economy does not amount to much. 90 percent of private companies employless than eight people. Companies like that cannot compete for influence with the giant SOEs.

==== Regulation of Special Economic Zones ====
Shanghai is often presented as the shop window of capitalism in China. But this is nothing more than a successful advertising campaign on the part of the bureaucracy to attract large foreignmultinationals for joint-ventures. Although Shanghai is the richest area of China, the indigenous private-sector is among the smallest. Wage income is high in Shanghai, but asset income (income from shares, property, land, bank accounts) is the lowest in the country. Fixed asset investment by the indigenous private sector peaked in 1985 in Shanghai and has declined every year since then. By 2004, it was back to the same level as it was in 1978, in absolute terms.

This is not surprising if one knows that there are many political, regulatory, and financial restrictions on private enterprise. A few examples: Professors, civil servants, SOE managers, and workers for non-profit organisations were not allowed to start businesses on the side; the Shanghai government rigorously enforced zoning arrangements about what areas are allowed to be used for businesses and tightly controls land transactions; in critical infrastructure projects privatecompanies are forbidden.<ref>Yasheng Huang: Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics , 2008</ref>

It is because of this, not despite it, that Shanghai with its 17 million people has managed to reach a GDP per capita similar to Portugal. The Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets have exploded (and then declined), but this does not either represent a transition to capitalism. An overwhelming proportion of companies traded there are SOEs.
==How the CPC manages foreign capital==
<blockquote>No better proof of the Russian Soviet Republic’s material and moral victory over the capitalists of the whole world can be found than the fact that the powers that took up arms against us because of our terror and our entire system have been compelled, against their will, to enter into trade relations with us in the knowledge that by so doing they are strengthening us. This might have been advanced as proof of the collapse of communism only if we had promised, with the forces of Russia alone, to transform the whole world, or had dreamed of doing so. However, we have never harboured such crazy ideas and have always said that our revolution will be victorious when it is supported by the workers of all lands. In fact, they went half-way in their support, for they weakened the hand raised against us, yet in doing so they were helping us.<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/nov/21.htm Our Foreign and Domestic Position and Party Tasks] - November 21, 1920, Vladimir Lenin</ref></blockquote>China’s opening up to foreign investment and its integration into global markets is often presented by some leftists as prima facie evidence of its having become a capitalist country. China’s joining of the World Trade Organisation in 2001 was seen as the final death blow to Socialism in China. However, this is not the case. Jenny Clegg explains that WTO membership had nothing to do with capitalist restoration, and everything to do with developing China’s productive forces, strengthening its geopolitical position, and thereby building a better life for its people. China joined the WTO in order to able to<blockquote>"insert itself into the global production chains linking East Asia to the US and other markets, thus making itself indispensable as a production base for the world economy. This would make it far more difficult for the United States to impose a new Cold War isolation.”</blockquote>And that it allows China to undergo<blockquote>“the unprecedented global technological revolution, offering a short cut for the country to accelerate its industrial transformation and upgrade its economic structure.”<ref>Jenny Clegg, ''China’s Global Strategy: Toward a Multipolar World'', Pluto Press, 2009</ref></blockquote>The opportunity to rapidly learn from the advanced capitalist countries’ developments in science and technology was the principal reason for ‘opening up’, based off of Zhou Enlai's principle of the Four Modernizations. Blockaded by the western countries after the revolution, and then cut off from Soviet support as a result of the Sino-Soviet split, China in 1978 was objectively technologically backwards, despite it having made some great advances and having developed a standard of living for its people that was far ahead of other countries at a similar level of development. According to Edward M. Graham and Erika Wada,<blockquote>“Currently, the central government of China, as well as provincial governments, do regulate entry of FDI closely or at least attempt to do so. Entry of foreign firms is often conditioned on the achievement of industrial policy goals aslaid out by the state. Foreign firms are most welcome when these goals cannot be fulfilled bydomestic firms. The entry of a foreign firm can be subject to numerous conditions, for example,such performance requirements as having to use local suppliers, often designated by thegovernment, or locating in certain areas, or setting up the local operation as a joint venture."<ref>Edward M. Graham and Erika Wada: Foreign Direct Investment in China: Effects on Growth and Economic Performance, 2001</ref></blockquote>
=== Restrictions on Foreign Investment ===
There are real administrative measures to restrict foreign investments or to keep a strong leash on foreign investment in regions where the CPC deems of critical importance, and certain actions are prohibited among foreign companies which the CPC deems undesirable. One example of which would be as of 2021, foreign shares in any given company cannot exceed 30% of the total number of shares.<ref>[https://www.omm.com/resources/alerts-and-publications/alerts/clp-jan-2022-impact-of-chinas-2021-new-negative-lists/ China Law & Policy (Spring 2022) — Impact of China’s 2021 New Negative Lists on Overseas Listing]</ref> In the book, ''China's superbank: debt, oil and influence: how China Development Bank is rewriting the rules of finance''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/chinassuperbankd0000sand/page/169/mode/1up China's superbank : debt, oil and influence : how China Development Bank is rewriting the rules of finance] pp 169 to 170</ref> it found that the expansion of state capital into private equity in China has coincided with a drop in investments by foreign firms, who face growing amounts of red tape. Investments by Chinese firms rose to $7.8 billion in 2011, exceeding for the first time the $7.4 billion put in by US and other foreign funds, according to the Asian Venture Capital Journal, which tracks the industry. While the number of foreign-currency funds in China fell to 25 in 2011 from 44 in 2008, domestic ones increased to 129 from 70. Any local RMB funds that also contained foreign source investment, were deemed as foreign as well, restricting foreign investment in media, educations, telecommunications, internet and technology.
=== Forced Technology and IP transfer ===
Deals with foreign investors were drawn up such that foreign companies trying to expand their capital in China were compelled to share skills and technology, and operate under Chinese regulation. According to David Rosnick, Mark Weisbrot, and Jacob Wilson, ''The Scorecard on Development, 1960–2016: China and the Global Economic Rebound, 2017''<ref>[https://cepr.net/images/stories/reports/scorecard-2017-10.pdf David Rosnick, Mark Weisbrot, and Jacob Wilson, The Scorecard on Development, 1960–2016: China and the Global Economic Rebound, 2017]</ref>

''"Foreign investment was regulated to make it compatible with state development planning. Technology transfer and other performance requirements ― conditions attached to foreign investment to make sure that the host country gets some benefit from foreign investment, such as the use of locally produced inputs, or the hiring of local managers ― were common and are still an issue of contention with the United States today.”''

Even though these investors may have wanted to keep their technologies a secret, they had no choice.

Martin Jacques, ''When China Rules The World: The Rise of the Middle Kingdom and the End of the Western World'', Penguin, 2012 states <ref>Martin Jacques, ''When China Rules The World: The Rise of the Middle Kingdom and the End of the Western World'', Penguin, 2012</ref>

"''As China has grown more powerful, the demand for technology transfer has become ever more insistent, with foreign companies, complain though they may, generally conceding.”''

And Peter Nolan states,<ref>Peter Nolan, China’s Rise, Russia’s Fall, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995</ref><blockquote>" ''in order to gain access to the vast and rapidly growing China market, Boeing was required to assist the main Chinese aircraft manufacturer in Xian to successively establish a capacity to produce spare parts and then manufacture whole sections of aircraft, and finally to assist in the development of a capacity to produce complete aircraft within China. In order to gain the right to invest in car production in China, Ford Motor Company was required to first invest for several years in upgrading the technical capacity of the Chinese automobile spare parts industry through a sequence of joint ventures.”''</blockquote>Ever since 2006, the CPC has been implementing new policies that seek to appropriate technology from foreign multinationals in several technology-based industries, such as air transportation, power generation, high-speed rail, information technology, and now possibly electric automobiles. These rules limit investment by foreign companies as well as their access to China’s markets, stipulate a high degree of local content in equipment produced in the country, and force the transfer of proprietary technologies from foreign companies to their joint ventures with China’s state-owned enterprises. The new regulations are complex and ever changing. They reverse decades of granting foreign companies increasing access to Chinese markets and put CEOs in a terrible bind: They can either comply with the rules and share their technologies with Chinese competitors, or refuse and miss out on the world’s fastest-growing market.
=== Heavy bias towards domestic companies ===
In late 2009, China’s Ministry of Science and Technology demanded that all the technologies used in products sold to the government be developed in China, which would have forced multinational companies to locate many more of their R&D activities in a country where intellectual property is notoriously unsafe.

A few examples of how China has coerced foreign capital is outlined by the Harvard Business Review:<ref>[https://hbr.org/2010/12/china-vs-the-world-whose-technology-is-it China vs the World: Whose Technology Is It? - Harvard Business Review]</ref><blockquote>...from 1996 to 2005 foreign companies held a 75% share of the Chinese market for wind energy projects. Then the government decided to grow the market dramatically, offering buyers large new subsidies and other incentives. At the same time, it quietly increased the local-content requirement on wind turbines from 40% to 70% and substantially hiked the tariffs on imported components. As the market exploded, foreign manufacturers were unable to expand their supply chains quickly and meet the increased demand. Their Chinese competitors, who had been licensing technology mainly from small European turbine producers, took up the slack rapidly and cost-effectively. By 2009 Chinese companies, led by Sinovel and Goldwind, controlled more than two-thirds of the market. In fact, foreign companies haven’t won a single central government–funded wind energy project since 2005.

In the early 2000s the superior equipment of multinational corporations such as Alstom, which built France’s TGV train system; Kawasaki, which helped develop Japan’s bullet trains; and Siemens, the German engineering conglomerate, gave foreign companies control of about two-thirds of the Chinese market. The multinationals subcontracted the manufacture of simple components to state-owned companies and delivered end-to-end systems to China’s railway operators. In early 2009 the government began requiring foreign companies wanting to bid on high-speed railway projects to form joint ventures with the state-owned equipment producers CSR and CNR. Multinational companies could hold only a 49% equity stake in the new companies, they had to offer their latest designs, and 70% of each system had to be made locally. Most companies had no choice but to go along with these diktats, even though they realized that their joint-venture partners would soon become their rivals outside China.

Owing to hypercompetition between Chinese companies, which spilled into overseas markets, the prices of solar panels fell worldwide by about 50% in 2009 and 2010, driving higher-cost Western producers into the red. Germany’s Q-Cells, an industry pioneer, slid from an operating profit of 16% of sales in 2008 to an operating loss of 60% of sales the following year. China now exports 95% of its solar panels, and Chinese companies such as Suntech, Yingli, and JA Solar control half of the German market and a third of the U.S. market.</blockquote>What is worse for many foreign companies is that they are being out-competed in China by Chinese state companies. As independent private companies, present day state companies might not stand achance, but as part of a planned economy and with the backing of cheap credit from the state banks,they are doing well. Ningbo Bird and TCL, two state-owned mobile phone producers, haveovertaken both Motorola and Nokia in China, despite China being Motorola’s second largest market(and Motorola being the biggest foreign company in China). Procter & Gamble had a good start totheir shampoo sales, but were soon undercut by Chinese rivals. P & G’s market share dropped fromover 50 percent in 1998 to 30 percent in 2002. Whirlpools’ Chinese adventure ended up with themending production of their own brands in China, instead a Chinese state-owned company, Kelon,outsourced to them.
=== Forced cooperation with the CPC subsidiaries and directives ===
China also bars many foreign companies from participating in the Chinese market. As a result, companies need to enter the market through other means, such as setting up a wholly foreign-owned enterprise (WFOE) or forming a joint venture with a Chinese business partner. It is also alleged that Chinese Joint-Ventures and Chinese companies tend to steal IP and technologies from these foreign companies, as demonstrated in the above quotes. And many foreign investors have also stated that there are no legal protections for these foreign companies and Chinese attorneys will lobby in favour of the state, this indicates that foreign companies clearly do not run amuck in China. Many foreign investors have complained about the lack of freedom of voice in the Chinese market, with the state being the ultimate deciding factor in many cases.<ref>[https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f5481934-6949-4666-bfb9-08976db73831#:~:text=China%20bars%20many%20foreign%20companies,with%20a%20Chinese%20business%20partner. China Joint Ventures: Everything You Should Know] - China Law Blog, Harris Bricken</ref> The international monopolies have to accept a rate of profit in China that is lower than anywhere else.<blockquote>"A study of American Commerce Department data conducted by a research publication, China Economic Quarterly. showed that direct and indirect profits made by American affiliates in China mounted to $2.8 billion in 2001—less than the $4.4 billion made in Mexico, with a population of just 100 million. Although profitability has undoubtedly improved, many companies are not even covering their cost of capital, much less getting a proper return on their investment. Norman Villamin at Morgan Stanley says that some multinationals deliberately lower the required rates of return for their China operations to wave through projects that would not usually qualify, and charge costs to head office to make the China arm seem more profitable than it is.... ... A few large multinationals, notably General Electric, are planning to go much further, moving advanced production lines and research facilities there in order to transform their entire corporate cost base. But many of those lured to China for the domestic market will struggle to generate sustainable profits. And all foreign companies have to face the fact that China is still not a rational place to do business."<ref>[https://archive.ph/YAGfs Bulls in a China shop] - Economist</ref></blockquote>Working conditions are generally quite good and wages relatively high for employees of the bigmultinationals in China. The Communist Party exercises a great deal of control over foreigncompanies that are considered decisive for the development of China. Take the example of the gian tAmerican computer processor producer Intel’s experience. In a book by Harvard professor Tarun Khanna the work of an American employed at Intel’s lab in Shanghai in 2002 is described:<blockquote>“Work in the lab was rigorous, requiring continual interface with the government. The Shanghai government was not the slow bureaucracy he associated with federal jobs. In China, the governmentdemanded performance and held to aggressive time lines. His boss said, ‘The head members of thelocal branch of the Communist Party set the deadline and they are reviewing the finished product. You won’t feel so good saying no to a Communist Party member.'<ref>Tarun Khanna: Billions of Entrepreneurs: How China and India are reshaping their futures and yours ,2007</ref></blockquote>
=== Use of Social Credit ===
Similarly to the afformentioned social credit system, foreign companies are equally subject to the social credit system in China. According to the president of the EU chamber of commerce, he states:

“The corporate social credit system could mean life or death for individual companies...The overwhelming absence of preparation by the European business community is deeply concerning.”<ref>[https://archive.ph/K27if#selection-1765.0-1765.59 China to impose ‘social credit’ system on foreign companies - Financial Times]</ref>

The foreign sector is still cowed into submission, the previously discussed ways the social credit system influences the private sector still apply to the foreign sector.

After many decades since China first opened up up, China is has became one of the world’s leading innovators in science and technology; it has caught up, through strategically and methodically integrating itself into a globalized value chain. While continuing to promote the Socialist principle of focusing on the needs of the masses.

=== Use of Party Commitee's ===
Foreign Companies have yet to be spared from the existence of party commitee's as well, the same afformentioned party commitee system is used to regulate the foreign companies as well. The same logic applies. In Joint Ventures such as Nissan-Dongfeng, it is found that their Party organization has been written into the enterprise charter, with members of the Party organization playing a role in human resources decisions.<ref>Wang Yi, “Leading the Party Building to Create a New Realm of Development; Looking Back on the Party Building Work of Dongfeng Co., Ltd.,” Dongfeng Auto News [党建领航开创发展新境界: 东风有限党建工作回眸], September 7, 2018, <nowiki>http://epaper.dongfeng.net/</nowiki> html/2018-09/07/content_71334.htm.</ref>

This clearly indicates that these party commitee's within the company are extolling or fighting for "Pro worker rights" considering they deliberately have a role to play in human resources. Statistics show that by the end of 2016, a total of 75,000 foreign-funded enterprises across the country had established party organizations, accounting for 70.8% of the total number of foreign-funded enterprises. <ref>Ye Xiaonan and Guo Chaokai, “‘Party building’ + ‘Foreign Enterprises’ releases ‘red productivity,’” People’s Daily Overseas Edition, [“‘党建’ + ‘ 外企’ 释放 ‘红色生产力’”], January 18, 2018, <nowiki>http://dangjian.people</nowiki>. com.cn/n1/2018/0118/c117092-29772309.html.</ref>

==The Socialist Market Economy and Socialism with Chinese Characteristics has allowed China to rise to unprecedented economic heights==
(See: [[Reform and Opening Up#The Achievements'/Successes of Reform and Opening Up]] for more information)

While the Great Leap Forward was an ambitious attempt at laying the industrial foundation necessary to build socialism, the facts are in: China’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 1960, after the GLF, was $59.72 billion. <ref name=":5">[https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/CHN/china/gdp-gross-domestic-product China's GDP 1960-2023, Macrotrends]</ref> In 2009, China’s GDP sits at 5,101 billion, making it the second largest economy in the world.<ref name=":5" /> In other words, the modern Chinese economy is about 89 times the size of its economy following the [[Great Leap Forward]], which was previously the largest socialist economic overhaul in Chinese history.

Ironically, Capitalists admire yet despise the success of the Socialist Market Economy. They hate China's commitment to socialism but cannot deny its success. Scissors admits in the same Heritage foundation article that "between June 2002 and June 2008, China's GDP more than tripled and it's exports more than quadrupled"<ref name=":43">[https://www.heritage.org/global-politics/commentary/liberalization-reverse Derek Scissors, Ph.D. “Liberalization in Reverse,” May 4, 2009, Published by The Heritage Foundation]</ref> He also states<blockquote>"This rapid GDP growth has created jobs: by the end of June 2008, the unemployment rate among registered urban voters was a mere four percent — even lower than the government’s ambitious target of 4.5 percent. That figure may understate true joblessness by ignoring rural and unregistered urban employment, but it accurately reflects trends in the broader job situation. So many migrant workers from rural areas were absorbed into the urban labor force that the 20 million such workers reported to have lost their jobs in late 2008 still left well over 100 million rural migrants with jobs in cities."<ref name=":43" /></blockquote>China is able to dynamically handle unemployment through smart distribution of labor and the creation of jobs through development unseen in capitalist countries, “Urban wages have climbed significantly, by 18 percent between 2007 and 2008,” representing serious material gains for the Chinese working class.<ref name=":43" /> This also leads into my point that China is not Capitalist, because it doesn't demonstrate the Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall. Interestingly enough, a paper published in 2019 states that:<ref>[https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=646117100022000067127127105121107104118081007014064089086094009069118095081025098108050122101118013124055089098123072099087109023074053015000069110070021100100016076058082010064110000127019097094105068097069081075099075010104107000094023015107022120082&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE The Myth of Worker Exploitation in the Chinese Manufacturing Sector] - Linan Peng , Joshua Ingber</ref><blockquote>"This paper follows the monopsony research tradition and examines the Chinese manufacturing sector along several likely indicators of monopsony power. These include the turnover rate in the manufacturing sector, the relation between marginal factor cost and average factor cost, the relation between average real labor productivity and real wage in the manufacturing sector, and the comparison of labor costs between China and other countries. This study found that worker exploitation/monopsony in the manufacturing sector is not as severe as previously reported."</blockquote>To take the modern example, the Capitalist class will choose less labor intensive and cheaper methods to try and maximize profits, causing a decrease in wages. This causes overall wages and disposable income to decrease, causing workers being unable to pay for more goods and services. This leads to Capitalists to end up not being able to profit, due to the lack of workers being able to afford their products. This is the inevitable nature of Capitalism. Except, this doesn't happen in China. As demonstrated previously, job rates and wages have continued to increase.

Richard D. Wolff in his video, ''Economic Update: China's Economic Record and Strategy'' <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cw8SvK0E5dI&ab_channel=DemocracyAtWork Economic Update: China's Economic Record and Strategy]</ref> from 8:38 to 12:51 demonstrates that The real wage in China (IE the wage adjusted for the prices you pay) has gone up 4x in the past 25 years, more than any other country. This is staggering considering it's the most populous country on the planet. The US real wage by comparison is lower in 2019 than it was in 1973. In advanced G20 economies, real wage growth fluctuated between 0.4 and 0.9 per cent, while rising more rapidly – between 3.5 and 4.5 per cent annually – in emerging G20 countries. Between 2008 and 2019, real wages more than doubled in China (Around 9 per cent annual increase)<ref>[https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_762302.pdf 2020-2021 Global Wage Report, Page 2]</ref>. This means Once you account for disposable income, it has increased 1,000% within 2002 and 2022.<ref>[https://www.statista.com/statistics/278698/annual-per-capita-income-of-households-in-china/ Average annual per capita disposable income of households in China from 1990 to 2022 -] Statista</ref> Continuing to steadily climb, showing that the Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall is not demonstrated in China, as China has continued to industrialize and increase roboticization.
==The successful elevation of China as a modern industrial economy has laid the basis for ‘higher’ forms of socialist economic organization.==
The market is not a mode of production; rather, the market is a form of economic organization. Deng explains this distinction well in a lecture series he gave in 1992. He states:<blockquote>"The proportion of planning to market forces is not the essential difference between socialism and capitalism. A planned economy is not equivalent to socialism, because there is planning under capitalism too; a market economy is not capitalism, because there are markets under socialism too. Planning and market forces are both means of controlling economic activity." <ref>Deng Xiaoping, “Excerpts from Talks Given in Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shanghai,” January 18 – February 21, 1992</ref></blockquote>Markets are neither capitalist nor socialist, just as economic planning is neither capitalist nor socialist. Both of these forms of economic organization are just tools in the toolbox, and in some situations, markets are a useful tool for socialist construction. For 30 years, the CPC has successfully used markets as a tool for revolutionizing the country’s productive forces. Precisely because of this success, the state is rapidly moving towards more advanced forms of socialist industrial organization to replace the market mechanism. Markets under socialism was first implemented in the agricultural industry with the same aim as Lenin’s NEP: to aggressively expand and modernize food production. However, the CPC introduced markets as a tool to build socialism, rather than as a permanent functioning mode of economic organization. This is a very important distinction because it means that Deng and the CPC viewed market reforms as a transient form of ‘lower socialism’, to borrow a term from Marx, that they would replace with collectivized agriculture after the material conditions changed. Deng explains this in a talk delivered to the Central Committee in May 1980. Entitled “On Questions of Rural Policy,” Deng addresses concerns about contemporary market reforms to the agricultural sector:<blockquote>"It is certain that as long as production expands, division of labour increases and the commodity economy develops, lower forms of collectivization in the countryside will develop into higher forms and the collective economy will acquire a firmer basis. The key task is to expand the productive forces and thereby create conditions for the further development of collectivization."<ref>Deng Xiaoping, “On Questions of Rural Policy,” May 31, 1980</ref></blockquote>Deng understood that building a socialist agricultural economy capable of meeting the needs of China’s enormous population required developing the productive forces in the countryside, which markets could accomplish. Only after revolutionizing the productive forces of the entire country could the material basis for a full-scale collective economy–‘higher socialism’–exist.

Mao said that “Practice is the criterion of truth,” and after 30 years of practice, Deng’s statements have come true. In 2006, the CPC announced a revolutionary overhaul of the Chinese countryside and pledged to use China’s newly acquired wealth to transform rural areas into what President [[Hu Jintao]] calls a “new socialist countryside.” <ref name=":6">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/22/china.jonathanwatts Jonathan Watts, “China vows to create a ‘new socialist countryside’ for millions of farmers,”] February 22, 2006, Published in ''The Guardian''</ref>
====Addressing Unequal Development====
Even today, most of China’s population remains in rural sections of the country, but the application of modern farming techniques and mechanized agricultural practices have generated a net surplus of grain production in China. Among this new policy’s many provisions, China’s new rural policy promises “sustained increases in farmers’ incomes, more industrial support for agriculture and faster development of public services.” Additional provisions allow peasant students to “receive free textbooks and boarding subsidies,” and the state will “increase subsidies for rural health cooperatives.” <ref name=":6" />

Massive state investment in agricultural infrastructure is “a significant shift away from the previous focus on economic development.” Because of the success of modernization, “greater weight will be given to the redistribution of resources and a rebalancing of income.”<ref name=":6" /> Instead of viewing market socialism as an end in itself, the CPC has harnessed the market as a means to generating an industrial base sufficient to build ‘higher socialism’. China’s extraordinary GDP growth and technological development via market socialism makes it possible to implement these sweeping revolutionary changes.

[[Xi Jinping]] has also pushed for wealth redistribution, forcing private companies to donate large sums of their profits, around 76% into rejuvenating the unequally developed interior regions and area's still stricken with poverty.<ref>[https://i.imgur.com/KztMXf6.png Tencent donates 76% of profits]</ref> <ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/ywang/2021/08/26/chinas-tech-giants-are-giving-away-their-money-to-avoid-beijings-wrath/?sh=798b86883485 China’s Tech Giants Are Giving Away Their Money To Avoid Beijing’s Wrath] - Forbes</ref> Xi has promised to tackle income inequality, which is a 'warning signal for the wealthy'<ref>[https://archive.ph/HukD4#selection-833.13-844.0 China’s Xi Jinping sends ‘warning signal’ to the wealthy as he opens new front in ‘common prosperity’ push] - SCMP</ref>

Turning to the macroeconomic situation, China’s application of the socialist market economy has led to serious disparities in income. While undoubtedly a defect of ‘lower socialism’, the Chinese state takes this contradiction very seriously and announced an unprecedented government spending campaign in March 2011 aimed at closing the income gap.<ref name=":8">[https://archive.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2011/03/06/china_will_boost_spending_try_to_close_income_gap/ Charles Hutzler, “China will boost spending, try to close income gap,” March 6, 2011], ''Associated Press'', Published on boston.com</ref> By increasing public spending by 12.5% in 2012, the CPC will allocate enormous government resources “for education, job creation, low-income housing, health care, and pensions and other social insurance.”<ref name=":8" />
====Growth of Cooperatives====
Thanks to a 2007 law strengthening rural cooperatives<ref>[http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/npc/xinwen/2017-12/27/content_2035707.htm Law of the People's Republic of China on Farmers' Professional Cooperatives - National People's Congress of China.cn]</ref> This has lead to roughly 48% of all rural households by 2018 as apart of a cooperative. And as a way to increase agricultural efficiency through integration both horizontal — by combining small farms into larger, more efficient entities — and vertical — by bringing together the production, processing, storage, transportation, and sales into one industrial chain. In the process, agricultural officials hope to transform the country’s scattered landholders into large-scale farms, realize economies of scale, and improve farmer bargaining power. In 2017, there were 30,281 primary (village-level) supply and marketing cooperatives (SMCs), 2,402 country-level federations of SMCs, 342 city-level federations of SMCs, 32 provincial-level federations of SMCs, 21,852 cooperative enterprises and 280 cooperative institutes represented by ACFSMC (All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives). There were 3.4 million employees in all SMCs represented by ACFSMC.<ref>[https://coops4dev.coop/en/4devasia/china China, #CoopsForDev]</ref> And under Xi Jinping's administration, About 95% of towns and villages have a SMC as of 2019, compared to 50% a mere 6 years prior.<ref>[https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2184810/can-china-get-its-farmers-back-track-us400-million-fund-state Xi Jinping turns to Mao Zedong era system to get rid of poverty] - SCMP</ref>

Under the Xi Jinping administration, the Zhejiang economic model is spear headed by cooperatives and cooperative growth. The cooperative sector continues to grow, China's supply and marketing system will realize sales of agricultural products of 2.7591 trillion yuan and daily necessities of 1.4925 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 24.3% and 17.1% respectively. A recruitment notice stated that in 2023, the All-China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives plans to take the examination and recruit staff from the agency. Outstanding young people who are interested in joining the supply and marketing cooperatives are welcome to apply for the examination.<ref>[https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20221102-1329090 Afternoon inspection: Supply and marketing cooperatives come back?] - Zaobao.sg</ref>
====Healthcare Reforms====
On health care, Austin Ramzy of TIME Magazine reported in April 2009 that “China is laying out plans to dramatically reform its health care system by expanding coverage for hundreds of millions of farmers, migrant workers and city residents.”<ref name=":7">Austin Ramzy, “China’s New Healthcare Could Cover Millions More,” April 9, 2009, Published in ''TIME Magazine''</ref> These plans consist of spending “$125 billion over the next three years building thousands of clinics and hospitals and expanding basic health care coverage to 90% of the population.”<ref name=":7" /> Rather than a reversal of the Deng-era reforms, China’s move back towards public health care is the logical progression of the more modernized and expansive health care system achieved through the Socialist Market Economy.

Fiscal investment in healthcare in the PRC have more than tripled over the course of 2010 to 2018. In new drugs, pharmaceuticals from Pfizer to Roche have agreed to cuts of as much as 70%. For generic drugs, prices have dropped an average of 52% so far through a government bulk-buying program. Funding for Chinese biotech firms has more than quadrupled within the span of 2017 to 2019.<ref>[https://archive.ph/zUTJS#selection-1381.0-1381.59 China Is Striving for the World’s Best, Cheapest Healthcare] - Bloomberg</ref>
====Improved Working Conditions====
As foreign capital entered China, the corporations of imperialist countries–attracted by China’s vast labor pool–exploited some Chinese workers through capitalist relations of production. The exploitative behavior of foreign corporations constitutes a major contradiction in the Chinese economy that the CPC has taken concerted steps towards resolving. While all people in China retain access to essential goods and services like food and health care, the CPC places restrictions on foreign corporations’ ability to operate in China that severely curtail their politico-economic power in China.

The CPC has therefore made tremendous efforts to meet the demands of local protests and strikes as well as hold local governments accountable for causing or mishandling protests that spin out of control. Chinese workers have successfully organized collective action to get local governments, and the courts as mentioned above, to help accommodate their claims, most notably getting payment for wage arrears.<ref>Su and He, “Street as Courtroom: State Accommodation of Labor Protests in South China.”</ref>

Far from abandoning Chinese workers in the pursuit of modernization, the CPC announced the Draft Labor Contract Law in 2006 to protect the rights of workers employed by foreign corporations by ensuring severance pay and outlawing the non-contract labor that makes sweatshops possible. Viciously opposed by Wal-Mart and other Western companies, “foreign corporations are attacking the legislation not because it provides workers too little protection but because it provides them too much.” <ref>[https://fpif.org/labor_rights_in_china/ Jeremy Brecher, Tim Costello, Brendan Smith, “Labor Rights in China,”] December 19, 2006, Published by Foreign Policy in Focus</ref> Nevertheless, the Draft Labor Contract Law, which “required employers to contribute to their employees’ social security accounts and set wage standards for workers on probation and overtime,” was enacted in January 2008. <ref>''Xinhua,'' “New labor contract law changes employment landscape,” January 2, 2008, Published in ''People’s Daily Online''</ref>

Similarly, a study in 2009 found that more often than not, the arbitration tribunals in mainland China are biased in favor of employees suing their employers. Because arbitration tribunals are sympathetic towards employees-who are traditionally seen as the weaker party-they will sometimes overlook acontract violation by the employee. In addition, sometimes tribunals assume that companies can bear the financial losses more readily than employees. Therefore, more often than not, employees win in arbitration or in court based on prejudice in their favor.<ref>Joanna Law, Employers, Prepare for Tribunal Trouble, CHINA LAW & PRACTICE, Feb. 2009</ref>

Another study in 2013 found that younger generations of migrant workers experienced far greater job satisfaction than older generations, as well as more likely to rely on governemnt channels to help solve disputes in the work place compared to older generations. While also having increased wages, insurance and a slight decrease in work hour.<ref>[https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/80714/1/747237409.pdf Wang, Huashu; Lei Pan; Heerink, Nico (2013) : Working Conditions and Job Satisfaction of China's New Generation of Migrant Workers: Evidence from an Inland City, IZA Discussion Papers, No. 7405, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn]</ref> This indicates the state apparatus for solving work related disputes have increased in efficacy and conditions on the whole are rising.

The recent series of labor disputes between Chinese workers and foreign corporations testify to the working class orientation of the Chinese state. In response to widespread strikes at Western factories and manufacturing plants, the CPC undertook an aggressive policy of empowering Chinese workers and backing their demands for higher wages. Beijing’s regional government raised the minimum wage twice in six months, including a 21% increase in late 2010.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/30f7f9e0-1277-11e0-b4c8-00144feabdc0 Jamil Anderlini, Rahul Jacob, “Beijing city to raise minimum wage 21%,”] December 28, 2010, Published by ''Financial Times''</ref> In April of 2011, the CPC announced annualized 15% wage increases with “promises to double workers’ wages during the 12th five-year plan that lasts from 2011 to 2015.”<ref>''Caijing,'' “China Targets at Annualized Wage Rise of 15Pct,” April 19, 2011</ref>

Dramatic increases in wages and benefits for Chinese workers, particularly migrant workers, is a serious blow to foreign corporations and makes China a decisively less attractive hub of cheap labor for foreign investors. <ref>Zheng Caixiong, “Wage hike to benefit migrant laborers,” March 3, 2011, Published on ''China Daily''</ref>Contrary to the actions of a capitalist state in the face of labor unrest, which generally consists of petty reforms or brutal repression, China’s response is to launch an offensive against the hoarding of wealth by foreign corporations by forcing them to pay substantially higher wages.

In the book, A New Deal for China's workers (released in 2016) states that,<ref>[https://dokumen.pub/qdownload/a-new-deal-for-chinas-workers-2016017881-9780674971394.html Conclusion, Page 220 - <small>A New Deal for China’s Workers? 2016017881, 9780674971394</small>]</ref><blockquote>"In enacting the LCL, and in doubling down on its employment protections by restricting the use of labor dispatch, China is swimming against both a modest liberalizing current in parts of the developed world and deeper trends toward declining job tenure, splintering of work organizations, outsourcing of production, and contingent work arrangements. The continuing slide from long-term employment within integrated firms toward a “gig” economy, though celebrated by some, has potentially dire consequences for workers who risk losing the entire panoply of rights, protections, and benefits that twentieth-century reforms had attached to the employment relationship. But China is seeking to defy that trend, and to shore up job security and stability."</blockquote>Though trying to portray the CPC in a negative light here, it still admits that the CPC opposes and seeks to ensure better job security and stability compared to the Capitalist nations of the West. Defying a gig economy and seeking to double down on employment protection has done far more than the rest of the "developed world" in securing and defending the rights of the working class.
====Strenghtened Unions/Worker's Congresses====
A 2004 study found that these Worker's Congresses were able to dismiss managers when they failed to get more than 60% votes of confidence, and that it was possible for these unions to significantly improve health and safety conditions, or to fairly distribute new housing benefits.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269496596_The_Internal_Politics_of_an_Urban_Chinese_Work_Community_A_Case_Study_of_Employee_Influence_on_Decision-Making_at_a_State-Owned_Factory The Internal Politics of an Urban Chinese Work Community: A Case Study of Employee Influence on Decision-Making at a State-Owned Factory]</ref> In a study done by the OECD in 2013, survey of employment protection legislation found that China’s legislation ranked as the most protective of the forty-three countries surveyed.<ref>Curtis Milhaupt and Wentong Zheng, “Beyond Ownership: State Capitalism and the Chinese Firm,” Georgetown Law Journal 103 (2015): 665-717.</ref>

In 2005, a study released regarding the influence of Worker Congresses and Chinese unions analyzed the effects of companies that had unions or no unions. When surveyed, the worker satisfaction along the metrics of greater worker rights, greater wages and greater abilities to settle conflcits in favour of workers. It was found that generally speaking, worker satisfaction was higher than in companies without them. And in the same study, claims around 80% of all companies have some form of workers union on board. Worker's participation however, is not mandatory in these Unions and those who do not wish to unionize are not required to have a union.<ref>[https://bellschool.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/IPS/PSC/CCC/publications/papers/Anita_Staff_and_Workers_Rep_Congress_pdf.pdf ZHU XIAOYANG AND ANITA CHAN - Staff and Workers’ Representative Congress An Institutionalized Channel for Expression of Employees’ Interests?]</ref>

In 2012, the number of unions in SOE's were 88.1% and in non-SOE's to be around 85.5%. It also states that within Chinese companies 32.7% of employee representatives at the company and plant level are nominated and elected directly from employees, while 61% of them are nominated by the Party committees and elected by employees. The same study finds that worker congresses are positively associated with better health and safety, and more likely to report issues or flaws within company structure, as well as a useful consultation method that better leveraged worker voices towards the higher ups.<ref>[https://fbr.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s11782-018-0033-y#Sec8 The perceived effectiveness of democratic management, job performance, and citizenship behavior: evidence from a large Chinese state-owned petrochemical company]- Fuxi Wang</ref>

The state is an instrument of class oppression. Bourgeois states reluctantly give the working class reforms, like minimum wage, when no other course of action is possible. Their orientation is towards improving conditions for the bourgeoisie and subordinating labor to capital. Proletarian states boldly support and immediately respond to the collective demands of the workers because they constitute the ruling class in the society. Greater willingness by the CPC to confront and attack foreign capital in the interests of the working class is the deliberate product of market socialism’s success in developing China’s productive forces. Having resolved the primary contradiction–backwards productive forces–the CPC is breaking ground on the contradiction of unequal development.

Far from a move designed to placate any social unrest, this monumental boost in social spending and deepening a more "Planned sector" of the economy demonstrates the Chinese state’s continued proletarian and peasant class orientation.
==Concluding Thoughts==
A correct position on China requires above all else a holistic examination of the country’s economy placed within the context of the CPC’s path towards modernization. Focusing too narrowly on China’s market economy and its defects clouds the most important facts, which is that the working class and peasantry still rule China through the CPC and the success of modernization via the market economy has paved the way for ‘higher socialism’.

The People's Republic of China remains comitted to Socialism and we can clearly see that with how the Economic system of China is constructed.
==See Also==
*[[Deng Xiaoping]]
*[[Socialism with Chinese Characteristics]]
*[[People's Republic of China]]
*[[Reform and Opening Up]]

== References ==

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)

2023-07-11T05:33:33Z

RedArcher9: Removed Brezhnevite propaganda.

{{Infobox country
| name = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
| native_name = Союз Советских Социалистических Республик
| image_flag = File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1991).svg
| image_coat = File:Coat of arms of the Soviet Union.svg
| image_map = File:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (orthographic projection).svg
| map_width = 220px
| official_languages = None (1922–1990)<br>Russian (1990–1991)| capital = [[Moscow]]
| largest_city = capital
| mode_of_production = [[Socialism]] (1928–1956)<br>[[Capitalism]] (1956–1991)
| government_type = Federal [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[socialist state]]
| established_event1 = October Revolution
| established_date1 = 1917 November 7th
| established_event2 = [[Declaration and Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Establishment of the USSR]]
| established_date2 = 1922 December 30th
| established_event3 = [[World War II]] victory
| established_date3 = 1945 May 9th
| established_event4 = Dissolution
| established_date4 = 1991 December 26th
| population_estimate = 285,742,511<ref>Демоскоп Weekly. [http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР] [The 1989 All-Union Population Census. National composition of the population by republics of the USSR].</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 1989
| labour_force = 152.3 million<ref name="CIA-factbook-1990">CIA World Factbook (1990). ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook_(1990)/Soviet_Union Soviet Union – World Factbook (Wikisource)]''</ref>
| labour_occupation = 80% industry and other nonagricultural fields<br>20% agriculture<ref name="CIA-factbook-1990"/>
| unemployment = 1–2%<ref name="CIA-factbook-1991">CIA World Factbook (1991). ''[https://www.theodora.com/wfb1991/soviet_union/soviet_union_economy.html Soviet Union Economy]''</ref>
| leader_title1 = Notable leaderships
| leader_name1 = [[Vladimir Lenin]] (1922–1924)<br>[[Joseph Stalin]] (1924–1953)
| currency = Soviet ruble (РУБ)
| p1 = '''1922:'''
| flag_p1 =
| p2 = [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Russian SFSR]]
| flag_p2 = Flag_of_the_RSFSR_%281918–1925%29.svg
| p3 = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)|Ukrainian SSR]]
| flag_p3 = Flag_of_the_UkSSR_%281919-1929%29.svg
| p4 = [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)|Byelorussian SSR]]
| flag_p4 = Flag of the BSSR (1919–1927).svg
| p5 = [[Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1922–1936)|Transcaucasian SFSR]]
| flag_p5 = Flag of the Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg
| p6 = '''1923:'''
| flag_p6 =
| p7 = [[Provisional Priamurye Government]]
| flag_p7 = Flag of the Provisional Priamurye Government (1896–1918).svg
| p8 = '''1924:'''
| flag_p8 =
| p9 = [[Bukharan People's Soviet Republic|Bukharan SSR]]
| flag_p9 = Flag of the Bukharan PSR (1920-1924).png
| p10 = [[Khorezm People's Soviet Republic|Khorezm SSR]]
| flag_p10 = Flag of the Khorezm PSR (1920-1923).svg
| p11 = '''1939:'''
| flag_p11 =
| p12 = [[Republic of Poland (1918–1939)|Poland (portion)]]
| flag_p12 = Flag_of_Poland_(1927–1980).svg
| p13 = '''1940:'''
| flag_p13 =
| p14 = [[Republic of Finland|Finland (portion)]]
| flag_p14 = Flag_of_Finland.svg
| p15 = [[Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)|Romania (portion)]]
| flag_p15 = Flag of Romania.svg
| p16 = [[Republic of Estonia|Estonia]]
| flag_p16 = Flag of Estonia.svg
| p17 = [[Republic of Latvia|Latvia]]
| flag_p17 = Flag_of_Latvia.svg
| p18 = [[Republic of Lithuania|Lithuania]]
| flag_p18 = Flag_of_Lithuania.svg
| p19 = '''1944:'''
| flag_19 =
| p20 = [[Tuvan People's Republic|Tuva]]
| flag_p20 = Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1943-1944).svg
| p21 = '''1945:'''
| flag_21 =
| p22 = [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany (portion)]]
| flag_p22 = Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg
| p23 = [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan (portion)]]
| flag_p23 = Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg
| p24 = '''1946:'''
| flag_p24 =
| p25 = [[Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1948)|Czechoslovakia (portion)]]
| flag_p25 = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg
| s1 = '''1990:'''
| flag_s1 =
| s2 = [[Republic of Lithuania|Lithuania]]
| flag_s2 = Flag_of_Lithuania.svg
| s3 = '''1991:'''
| flag_s3 =
| s4 = [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
| flag_s4 = Flag of Georgia (1990–2004).svg
| s5 = [[Republic of Estonia|Estonia]]
| flag_s5 = Flag of Estonia.svg
| s6 = [[Republic of Latvia|Latvia]]
| flag_s6 = Flag_of_Latvia.svg
| s7 = [[Ukraine]]
| flag_s7 = Flag of Ukraine (1991-1992).svg
| s8 = [[Republic of Moldova|Moldova]]
| flag_s8 = Flag of Moldova (1990–2010).svg
| s9 = [[Kyrgyz Republic|Kyrgyzstan]]
| flag_s9 = Flag of the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic.svg
| s10 = [[Republic of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]
| flag_s10 = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg
| s11 = [[Republic of Tajikistan|Tajikistan]]
| flag_s11 = Flag of Tajikistan (1991–1992).svg
| s12 = [[Republic of Armenia|Armenia]]
| flag_s12 = Flag of Armenia.svg
| s13 = [[Republic of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]
| flag_s13 = Flag of Azerbaijan.svg
| s14 = [[Republic of Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]]
| flag_s14 = Flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1973–1991).svg
| s15 = [[Republic of Belarus|Belarus]]
| flag_s15 = Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991–1995).svg
| s16 = [[Russian Federation|Russia]]
| flag_s16 = Flag of Russia (1991–1993).svg
| s17 = [[Republic of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]
| flag_s17 = Flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.svg
| GDP_nominal_year = 1989
| GDP_nominal = $2.66 trillion<ref name="CIA-factbook-1990"/>
| GDP_nominal_rank = 2nd
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $9,211<ref>CIA World Factbook (1990). ''[https://www.theodora.com/wfb/1990/rankings/gdp_per_capita_1.html GDP per Capita 1990]''</ref>
| export_year = 1988
| export = $110.7 billion<ref name="CIA-factbook-1990"/>
| export_commodities = Petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood, agricultural products, and a wide variety of manufactured goods (primarily capital goods and arms)<ref name="CIA-factbook-1990"/>
| export_partners = Eastern Europe (49%),<br>Western Europe (14%), [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] (5%), [[United States of America|United States]]<ref name="CIA-factbook-1990"/>
| import_year = 1988
| import = $107.3 billion<ref name="CIA-factbook-1990"/>
| import_commodities = Grain and other agricultural products, machinery and equipment, steel products (including large-diameter pipe), consumer manufactures<ref name="CIA-factbook-1990"/>
| import_partners = Eastern Europe (43%),<br>Western Europe (18%),<br>[[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[United States of America|United States]]<ref name="CIA-factbook-1990"/>
| flag_caption = [[Flag of the Soviet Union|Flag]]<br>(1955–1991)
| motto = Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!
| englishmotto = [[Workers of the world, unite!]]
| anthem = [[State Anthem of the Soviet Union|Государственный гимн СССР]][[File:Soviet anthem 1944.ogg]]
| life_span = 1922–1991
}}

The '''Soviet Union,''' officially known as the '''Union of Soviet Socialist Republics''' ('''USSR'''),<ref group="note">Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (СССР)</ref> was a transnational union of [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[socialist state|socialist states]] that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. However, after 1956, it became a social-imperialist and capitalist state.<ref>{{Citation|author=Enver Hoxha|year=1978|title=Imperialism and the Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/imp_rev/toc.htm}}</ref>

It was established in 1922 as a union of four [[Socialist state|socialist republics]] created after the 1917 [[October Revolution of 1917|October Revolution]], namely the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], the [[Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1922–1936)|Transcaucasian SFSR]], the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] and [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]]. The years that followed saw the addition of the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1991)|Uzbek]] and [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1929–1991)|Tajik SSRs]]; the Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved in 1936 in favor of the elevated SSRs of [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1991)|Georgia]], [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)|Azerbaijan]]. From 1956 to 1991, the union comprised 15 member republics, two of which had their own member seats at the [[United Nations]].

The USSR represented a groundbreaking political alternative for the [[working class]] as the first stable socialist state in history. This was remarkable especially in a time period where workers in the [[Imperial core|Western world]] were still struggling for basic [[Trade union|union]] rights; the [[1924 Soviet Constitution]] and the [[1936 Soviet Constitution]] represented some of the most progressive political advancements in history.

The Soviet Union developed under extreme pressure from [[capitalist]] states and global [[Imperialist|imperialism]]; during the [[Russian Civil War]], starting from 1918, it suffered successive invasions by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Britain]], [[French Republic (1870–1940)|France]], the [[United States of America|United States]], [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]], [[Republic of Poland (1918–1939)|Poland]], and several other minor European powers. Some of these interventions temporarily succeeded in overthrowing local [[Soviet (governmental body)|soviets]] and installing [[anti-communist]] puppet regimes, although they were ultimately unsuccessful in preventing the founding of the Soviet Union.

Barely two decades later, during [[World War II]], the [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi]] invasion represented the second imperialist war on the USSR, this time in the name of [[fascism]]. Although the fascists inflicted catastrophic damage on the western USSR and its population, the [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] ultimately succeeded in repelling the Nazi forces and went on to play an integral role in the defeat of German [[National Socialism|Nazism]] in 1945.

Despite these difficulties, the Soviet Union achieved some of the most impressive economic developments in modern history. Socialism transformed a country of illiterate and starving [[Peasantry|peasants]] into an industrial superpower with one of the fastest growing economies on Earth. The Soviet people were one of the world's best-educated and healthiest populations, responsible for some of history's most impressive industrial and scientific achievements to date.

Starting from 1988, many SSRs seceded from the USSR before [[Dissolution of the USSR|its illegal overthrow]] in 1991. Its past territory is now occupied by the successor states of [[Russian Federation|Russia]], [[Republic of Latvia|Latvia]], [[Republic of Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[Republic of Estonia|Estonia]], [[Republic of Belarus|Belarus]], [[Ukraine]], [[Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic|Pridnestrovie]], [[Republic of Moldova|Moldova]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Republic of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Republic of Armenia|Armenia]], [[Artsakh]], [[Republic of Abkhazia|Abkhazia]], [[Republic of South Ossetia|South Ossetia]], [[Republic of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Republic of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]], [[Republic of Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]], [[Republic of Tajikistan|Tajikistan]], and [[Kyrgyz Republic|Kyrgyzstan]].

== History ==

=== Background ===
In early 20th century, the [[Russian Empire]] was a semi-feudal country ruled by an absolute [[monarchy]]. The average life expectancy in Russia was about 35 years. Literacy rates were only about 20%. The [[Proletariat|workers]] and [[Peasant|peasants]] lived horrible lives without minimum wage laws or basic work safety regulations and worked 60 or 70 hours per week.<ref name=":7">{{Web citation|newspaper=Oktaybr|title=Standard of living in the Soviet Union|date=2021-08-23|url=https://oktyabrvperedi.wordpress.com/2021/08/23/standard-of-living-in-the-soviet-union/?preview=true|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824102918/https://oktyabrvperedi.wordpress.com/2021/08/23/standard-of-living-in-the-soviet-union/?preview=true|archive-date=2021-08-24|retrieved=2022-09-11}}</ref>

Despite the size of the country, there was a constant shortage of farm land and famines were common. Most of the land belonged to the wealthy [[Landlord|landlords]] and [[Kulak|rich peasants]]. Because of technological backwardness, only the softest and most fertile soil could be used, which severely limited the amount of available farm land. There were many large [[Strike action|strikes]] and protests but it was not uncommon that the [[police]] would be deployed and break the strike, often by firing at the strikers.

In 1898, the [[Russian Social Democratic Labor Party]] (RSDLP) was created, uniting the several communist study groups scattered around Russia. Among its founders were people like [[Vladimir Lenin]] and [[Julius Martov]]. It established itself as a Marxist party that had the task of overthrowing the monarchy and bring about socialism. However, during the course of the struggle, there was a lot of disagreement about when this goal was to be implemented and how. In 1903, emerged a ''de facto'' split in the party, and two factions were formed: the [[Mensheviks]] led by Martov and the [[Bolsheviks]] led by Lenin.

Through the leadership of the RSDLP, and against the worsening life conditions, the Russian workers attempted a [[Russian revolution of 1905|democratic revolution in 1905]]. Massive protests erupted all over the country, mutinies were widespread in the army and the people organized public meetings, called “soviets” or councils, which would get together and discuss what to do in an early form of organisation. The revolution eventually failed however. It won some democratic liberties from the Tsar, but those liberties would be constantly under attack by the monarchy afterwards. This revolution would be seen as a rehearsal for the later revolution.

In 1914, the [[First World War]] began and launched Russia into chaos. The economy was ruined by the war, there was a shortage of food and large amounts of the population were drafted to fight in the war. The war is seen by many people, especially the socialist, as an unjust imperialist conquest, where millions of poor and working class people from different countries had to die for the profits and wealth of the capitalist and monarchist governments of their countries.

The attitude towards the war ended up splitting the international socialist movement and the [[Second International]]. Many parties initially opposed the war, but then chose to support their own government in it, so as to protect their country from the other imperialist powers. Lenin, [[Rosa Luxemburg]] and other revolutionaries saw this as treachery. In their opinion, if everyone only supported their own imperialist government in an imperialist war, it wouldn't do anything to stop the war. They called for “turning the imperialist war to a class war”, friendship between the workers of the various countries, and unity against the capitalist governments of all warring countries. This led to the splitting of the International.

==== February Revolution ====
In February 1917, the Russian monarchy was overthrown. This led to the creation of the [[Russian Provisional Government]], consisting of the capitalist [[Constitutional Democratic Party|Cadet]] party, the [[Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries|Socialist-Revolutionary Party]] (or SRs) and the Mensheviks.

The Bolsheviks initially gave “conditional support” for the Provisional Government, meaning they supported it to the degree that it carried out the democratic reforms and other policies demanded by the population. However, it soon became very evident the Provisional Government was a failure.

The Provisional government refused to carry out [[Land reform|land reforms]]. This was necessary to prevent famine and reduce the land shortage, but it would have meant going against the landlords.

The Provisional government also refused to impose stricter regulations on trading and the economy. This would have been necessary to prevent economic disaster, but it would have meant going against the capitalists who greatly profited from the war and chaos.

Lastly, the Provisional government supported the war. They advocated a “war to a finish”, meaning until they won. It became evident that Russia was losing the war, however the Provisional government was still committed to fulfill the treaties and agreements with their allies in World War 1.

The Bolsheviks were quick to point out that the Provisional government acted exactly like the Tsarist government, which also sided with the landlords, capitalists and started the imperialist war. In their view, the Provisional government was continuing the Tsarist policy.

In April 1917, Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia from exile and puts forward his ''April theses'', political proposals which call for the overthrow of the Provisional government.

The Bolsheviks put forward their slogans:<blockquote>Down with the provisional government!

Down with the capitalist ministers!

Factories for the workers, land to the peasants, end to the imperialist war!

Peace, Bread & Land</blockquote>In June of that year, the capital city Petrograd (today called St. Petersburg) held municipal elections. Bolsheviks achieved a massive victory, growing from essentially nothing to one of the biggest parties in Russia. The so-called “defencist bloc” still held the majority of seats however. This bloc consisted of the SR-party and Mensheviks. Defencism meant that they supported the war effort. The biggest loser of the election was the Cadet party, which achieved only 15% of the votes and lost its power as the biggest party.

On July 1, Russia launched an offensive on the front, which was known as the “Kerensky offensive” or the “July offensive.” The war was going badly and casualties were mounting for Russia, the thirst for blood from the imperialists and the Provisional government were very evident.

On July 3 and 4, there was a massive demonstration in Petrograd, of hundreds of thousands of people. Among the demonstrators were armed soldiers who came from the front to demand change and revolution. The Bolsheviks urged caution and said that the demonstration should be peaceful and organized. They opposed bringing weapons to the demonstration and said that they were not yet strong enough for a revolution. The workers and soldiers decided to bring weapons despite the advice of the Bolsheviks but the Bolsheviks still took part in the demonstrations to lend support to the workers.

The workers and soldiers carried the Bolshevik slogans of "End the war”, "Peace, bread and land". There was a government crack down against the demonstrators. Machine guns were turned towards the crowd, leaving countless dead. The Bolsheviks were now seen as a serious threat by the government. A warrant was issued for Lenin’s arrest, which forced him into hiding. Bolshevik newspaper ''[[Pravda]]'' was banned, their printing plant and party offices were destroyed. This period of repression is known as the “July Days". The Provisional government restored the death penalty on the front against soldiers who disobeyed orders.

The Bolsheviks lost a lot of their forces, and many of their important resources. They began publishing their newspapers under new names to avoid censorship. Despite all their difficulties the workers supported them more than ever, the Provisional government was exposed as a supporter of the capitalist elite and the imperialists. The Provisional government started forming stronger ties with the old capitalist party, the Cadets, to make up for the support they lost from the workers.

In August, there was an attempted coup against the Provisional government, called the “Kornilov Affair”. Kornilov was a general of the White Guard in the Russian army, who wanted to institute military dictatorship and strong rule of law, to stop the chaos in Russia. In other words, complete counter-revolution, end to the demonstrations, end to democracy, end to the working class movement.

The railway workers started a strike and refused to transport his troops while the workers and soldiers of Petrograd formed the armed Red Guard units and took up the defence of Petrograd against Kornilov. Kornilov’s coup ended in failure.

After the overthrow of the monarchy, the formation of soviets had begun again in all large cities, but at the time their leadership would be predominantly Menshevik.

In September, the Bolsheviks gained the majority in the Petrograd Soviet and soon after in the soviets of Moscow and other large cities. The Soviets already carried out many important functions in the cities as the Russian government was incapable of doing so. The Soviets even organized the defence of Petrograd. As the economy was in ruins and the war effort was failing, more people turned towards the Soviets' leadership.

==== Great October Socialist Revolution ====
{{Main article|October Revolution}}
[[File:Lenin_proclaims_Soviet_power.jpeg|thumb|315x315px]]
The 6th Bolshevik party congress had agreed that they should carry out an armed revolution. In October, the Petrograd Soviet created a Military Revolutionary Committee. These special bodies were formed all over the country connected with each soviet in each city. The Menshevik and SR minorities in the soviets opposed revolution, but the SR party split. The “left-SR” group sided with the Bolsheviks.

The Bolshevik soldiers organization took over the garrison. On 24 October the Military Revolutionary Committee occupied the telegraph, telephone offices and other important buildings. The cruiser ''Aurora'', which was controlled by Bolshevik sailors, fired a shot to signal the beginning of the revolution. The workers and soldiers stormed the winter palace. The same evening there was a congress of Soviets, where delegates arrived from all over the country. This congress elected the new Russian government, elected by the soviets of workers and soldiers, the Soviet Government. The October Revolution had taken power.

The October Revolution showed that a revolution by the ordinary people was possible. It showed that capitalism is ultimately incapable of solving its internal contradictions. Despite getting moderate leftists into the government, the policy was as imperialist, profit-driven and anti-popular as during the Tsarist era. The moderate leftists didn’t improve capitalism, they were used by capitalism. Only revolution stopped Russia’s involvement in the World War, carried out land reform and dealt with the crisis of unregulated capitalism, and began the process of building a new economic model which would serve the needs and interests of the people, not profits.<ref name=":9">{{News citation|journalist=TheFinnishBolshevik|date=2017-11-08|title=Brief History of the October Revolution|url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2017/11/08/brief-history-of-the-october-revolution/|retrieved=2022-03-25}}</ref>

==== Civil War ====
{{Main article|Russian Civil War}}
The October Revolution led to a civil war where the capitalists tried to seize back the state. 14 capitalist governments including the [[United States of America|USA]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Great Britain]], [[French Republic (1870–1940)|France]], [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]], [[Republic of Poland (1918–1939)|Poland]] and many others invaded [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Soviet Russia]] to destroy the Soviet government, but they failed, and the Soviet Union was created.<ref name=":9" />

===Treaty on formation of the USSR ===
<blockquote>''See main article: [[Declaration and Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]''</blockquote>

=== New Economic Policy ===
Lenin proposed the [[New Economic Policy]] at the [[10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|10th Party Congress]] in March 1921. The NEP allowed peasants to keep their grain and sell their surplus. By 1924, the Soviet Union had defeated foreign invaders and the counterrevolutionary Whites and nationalized key industries. [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] and the [[Left Opposition]] believed that the Soviet Union could only survive if there was a socialist revolution in the [[imperial core]]. The [[14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|14th Party Congress]] in 1925 rejected the Left Opposition and adopted a course of rapid industrialization for the Soviet economy to catch up to the West.<ref name=":02" /> The Central Committee purged Trotsky and his supporters from the party in 1927.<ref name=":0223">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=The Great Purge|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=116–119}}</ref>

The [[Right Opposition]], led by [[Nikolai Bukharin|Bukharin]] and [[Alexei Rykov|Rykov]], strongly supported the NEP and encouraged private enterprise. They opposed [[collectivization]] and rapid industrialization.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Two Trends in Soviet Politics|page=18–25|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref> When the Five Year Plans finally began, Bukharin wanted to prioritize light industry over heavy industry.<ref name=":05" />

During the NEP, the rural economy recovered from the wars. The agricultural production of the peasants alone in 1926 was higher than the peasants and landlord's estates combined before World War I. The number of pigs and cattle in 1928 was between 7% and 10% higher than in 1914. Agriculture continued to be mostly individualized. Kulaks and Orthodox priests controlled much of the countryside and continued to take land from poor and middle peasants.<ref name=":052">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Collectivization|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=45–61}}</ref>

=== Industrialization and collectivization ===
[[File:Life has become better poster.png|thumb|315x315px|"Widen the front of the [[Alexei Stakhanov|Stakhanovite]] movement."]]
By the end of the NEP in 1928, different fields of heavy industry had reached or surpassed the pre-war level. The Soviet Union began its first Five Year Plan in 1928 to create modern industry in order to mechanize agriculture and strengthen the country against invaders.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Socialist industrialization|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=35–42}}</ref> From 1928 to 1940, industrial production grew by an average of 11% every year. Literacy rates increased from 46% to 80%.<ref name=":02" />

In 1936, the Soviet Union adopted a [[Library:Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1936)|new constitution]] that replaced the previous constitution from 1924. It guaranteed [[gender]], [[Race|racial]], and [[Nation|national]] equality and freedom of [[religion]], speech, and the press. It also established universal suffrage and equal election of deputies, whereas urban areas had previously had previously been overrepresented.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Joseph Stalin]]|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Struggle to Complete the Building of the Socialist Society. Introduction of the New Constitution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch12.htm}}</ref>

Between 1938 and 1941, the Red Army grew from two to six or seven million soldiers. Construction of railroads and factories continued in the Urals, Siberia, and Central Asia.<ref name=":05" />

==== Industrialization ====
The industrial output of the Soviet Union doubled between 1929 and 1933. During this same time period, the economies of capitalist countries were shrinking because of the [[Great Depression]], which did not affect the Soviet Union.<ref name=":6">{{Web citation|author=[[TheFinnishBolshevik]]|newspaper=ML-Theory|title=The results of the 1st & 2nd Five-Year Plans: Soviet industrial revolution.|date=2016-08-07|url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2016/08/07/the-results-of-the-1st-2nd-soviet-five-year-plans-soviet-industrial-revolution/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622100104/https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2016/08/07/the-results-of-the-1st-2nd-soviet-five-year-plans-soviet-industrial-revolution/|archive-date=2022-06-22|retrieved=2022-08-07}}</ref> Electrical generation reached 4.07 gigawatts by 1935, surpassing Lenin's goal by 133%.<ref name=":05" />

From 1928 to 1932, the number of industrial workers in the USSR doubled from three to six million, and the country began establishing industrial centers in the Urals and Siberia. By 1932, 56% of the USSR's national income was reinvested in capital outlay.<ref name=":05" />

==== Collectivization ====
A series of bad harvests in 1924, 1927, and 1928 led the Soviet government to seize grain from the kulaks to avoid famine in the cities. The government decided to collectivize farming as fast as possible, but Bukharin disagreed and believed kulak production would naturally develop into collective farms. By 1929, cities had to ration bread, meat, sugar, and tea.<ref name=":052" /> The Central Committee officially began collectivization in November 1929 and divided the USSR into three groups: the North Caucasus and Middle and Lower Volga would have to collectivize by spring 1931; Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Siberia, the Urals, and the Central Black Earth Region by spring 1932; and Transcaucasia, Moscow, and the rest of Central Asia by 1933.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Struggle for the Collectivization of Agriculture|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch11.htm}}</ref>

Collective farms (''kolkhozy'') surpassed the kulaks in 1929, and 7.5% of peasants had joined collective farms by October 1929. The peasants expropriated kulaks and exiled many of them. By January 1930, 18.1% of peasant families were collectivized including more than 39% in the Volga and Ural regions. Some local authorities were overenthusiastic and tried to collectivize too quickly. Because rural areas lacked a strong party presence, the Central Committee sent [[Sergo Orjonikidze|Orjonikidze]], [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]], and [[Yakov Yakovlev|Yakovlev]] to the countryside in February 1930 to educate and oversee the peasantry. Ukraine organized almost 4,000 courses for 275,000 peasants, and the Red Army trained tractor drivers and radio and agriculture specialists.

In January 1930, the party sent 25,000 industrial workers to the countryside to help with collectivization and prevent excesses. Many were [[All-Union Leninist Young Communist League|Komsomol]] members or veterans of the Civil War. They criticized local authorities for forcing peasants to collectivize without preparation and helped win support for collectivization. Kulaks murdered many of these workers and claimed they made an alliance with the antichrist. The workers organized literacy campaigns and ended the cycle of famines that had existed for centuries.<ref name=":052" />

During the First Five Year Plan, crop area increased from 118 million hectares to 129.7 million. In 1929, only 3.9% of farms had been collectivized, but by 1933 75% of farmland was in collective farms, 10.8% was in state farms (''sovkhozy''), and 15.7% was farmed by individual peasants. Over 167,000 collective farms were established during this period. The number of livestock decreased dramatically due to kulaks killing their animals to sabotage the Soviet Union. The number of tractors increased from 34,900 to 204,100 during the First Five Year Plan, and the number of combine harvesters increased from 1,700 to 13,500.

During the Second Five Year Plan, livestock recovered from the kulak sabotage. By 1938, there were more than twice as many sheep, goats, and hogs as there had been in 1933. The number of cattle increased by 64.6% during the Second Five Year Plan and the number of horses increased by 5.4%. The amount of mechanical farm equipment continued to increase, and the number of tractors grew from 210,900 to 483,500.<ref name=":6" />

==== Internal struggles ====
In early 1932, Trotsky sent letters to [[Karl Radek|Radek]], [[Grigory Sokolnikov|Sokolnikov]] and [[Yevgeni Preobrazhensky|Probrazhensky]] and encouraged them to join anti-[[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] activities. [[Leonid Nikolaev]] assassinated [[Sergei Kirov]] in December 1934 in a party office in Leningrad. [[Grigory Zinoviev]], a [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]], had inspired the assassination.<ref name=":0223" />

Members of the Right Opposition also planned to overthrow the Soviet government, and Moscow party leader [[Martemyan Ryutin]] released a 200-page platform calling for the overthrow of the CPSU leadership and decollectivization.<ref name=":02232">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=The Great Purge|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=135–141}}</ref>

Marshal [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky|Tukhachevsky]] and other military officials were executed in 1937 for planning to assassinate Stalin and install a pro-German government, and the political commissar system of the Civil War was introduced to prevent a [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]]-style military coup.<ref name=":02233">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=The Great Purge|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=150–152}}</ref> In 1939, Colonel Tokaev met with five high-ranking Red Army officers and discussed a plan to overthrow Stalin in the case of war.<ref name=":02232" />

In July 1937, Stalin and [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]] released a list of 72,950 criminals and wreckers to be executed, and [[Nikolai Yezhov|Yezhov]] signed the list. All executions had to be approved by troikas. In late 1937, local authorities attempted to increase execution quotas and purge innocent party members. In January 1938, the Central Committee criticized excessive repression, and [[Lavrentiy Beria|Beria]] even called Yezhov a [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi]] agent in late 1938. On 11 November 1938, Stalin ordered Yezhov to stop the purges.<ref name=":022332">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=The Great Purge|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=166–167}}</ref>

===Great Patriotic War===
<blockquote>''See main article: [[Second World War]]''</blockquote>[[File:Death to invaders poster.png|thumb|290x290px|"Death to the German invaders"]]Following the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italian]] invasion of [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]] in 1935, the USSR proposed a collective security system for Europe and signed defense treaties with France and [[Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)|Czechoslovakia]]. Germany and [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]] signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] in November 1936, and Italy joined soon after. In May 1938, the USSR sent 40 divisions to guard the western border of Czechoslovakia from Germany, but Britain and France negotiated with Germany to let the Nazis annex the Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia. When the Nazis annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia, the USSR began more negotiations with Britain and France, but they refused to make an alliance and Britain instead made a secret agreement with the Nazis agreeing to protect the British Empire. Poland also refused a defense agreement against Germany. From May to August 1939, the USSR fought of a Japanese invasion of [[Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)|Mongolia]].<ref name=":0223322">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=185–187}}</ref>

In March 1941, Stalin sent 800,000 reservists to the western border of the USSR. On 21 June, a German deserter reported that the Nazis would attack the next night. [[Semen Tymoshenko|Tymoshenko]] and [[Georgy Zhukov|Zhukov]] alerted all units and told them to occupy firing posts in fortified areas. Germany bombed border cities in the morning of 22 June and Stalin ordered the Politburo to convene. On 26 June, the Red Army began building a reserve front 300 km behind the front lines. The Nazis broke the Western Front and approached Minsk in the same day.<ref name=":0223323">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=191–223}}</ref>

During the Second World War, the Soviet Union took control of the [[Baltics|Baltic states]] and liberated them from [[Fascism|fascist]] rule.<ref name=":04">{{Citation|author=Albert Szymanski|year=1984|title=Human Rights in the Soviet Union|chapter=The European Nationalities in the USSR|page=78–82|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceazdmtb2y3qq27fve5ib3gk7uv2unt6ae2xss74xmfpur7k5uhl5m?filename=Albert%20Szymanski%20-%20Human%20Rights%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union_%20Including%20Comparisons%20with%20the%20U.S.A.-Zed%20Books%20Ltd.%20%281984%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|isbn=0862320186|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C597B1232D9EA6B0F3DCB438D7E15A81}}</ref> On 8 August 1945, exactly three months after the defeat of Nazi Germany, Soviet troops entered [[Empire of (Great) Manchuria|Manchuria]] and [[Korea]], and Japan surrendered within a week.<ref name=":12">{{Citation|author=Stephen Gowans|year=2018|title=Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom|chapter=The Patriot|page=72|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaced4iiga4ngtxusr2civjxewbili5jne2sbpefbx2s3im2kphattzc?filename=Stephen%20Gowans%20-%20Patriots%2C%20Traitors%20and%20Empires_%20The%20Story%20of%20Korea%E2%80%99s%20Struggle%20for%20Freedom-Baraka%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=Montreal|publisher=Baraka Books|isbn=9781771861427|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8435F6FF91279531705764823FDC2A7F}}</ref> The USSR and United States then agreed to temporarily divide Korea along the 38th parallel, with the occupation lasting no more than five years. The Soviets left Korea in late 1948, but the US military did not and continues to occupy [[Republic of Korea|south Korea]] to this day.<ref name=":13">{{Citation|author=Stephen Gowans|year=2018|title=Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom|chapter=The US Occupation|page=79|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaced4iiga4ngtxusr2civjxewbili5jne2sbpefbx2s3im2kphattzc?filename=Stephen%20Gowans%20-%20Patriots%2C%20Traitors%20and%20Empires_%20The%20Story%20of%20Korea%E2%80%99s%20Struggle%20for%20Freedom-Baraka%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=Montreal|publisher=Baraka Books|isbn=9781771861427|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8435F6FF91279531705764823FDC2A7F}}</ref>

=== Postwar period ===
==== Stalin's last years ====
The Fourth Five-Year Plan began in February 1946, and industry recovered to prewar levels by 1948. By 1950, industrial production was 73% higher than 1940 and consumer goods were 23% higher. The USSR developed its first [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]] in 1947, ending the USA's nuclear monopoly.<ref name=":02233232">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=From Stalin to Khrushchev|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=239–245}}</ref>

After the war, Stalin and [[Andrei Zhdanov|Zhdanov]] initially wanted to reduce military and heavy industry spending. Stalin changed his mind when the [[Marshall Plan]] and [[Truman Doctrine]] showed that the United States was committed to destroying the USSR. By 1952, industrial production reached 2.5 times the amount from before the Second World War.<ref name=":03" />

The USSR recognized [[State of Israel|Israel]] shortly after its founding but reversed its position in 1953 and supported [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]] against Israel in the [[Six-Day War]].'''<ref name=":025">{{Citation|author=Albert Szymanski|year=1984|title=Human Rights in the Soviet Union|chapter=The European Nationalities in the USSR|page=90–95|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceazdmtb2y3qq27fve5ib3gk7uv2unt6ae2xss74xmfpur7k5uhl5m?filename=Albert%20Szymanski%20-%20Human%20Rights%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union_%20Including%20Comparisons%20with%20the%20U.S.A.-Zed%20Books%20Ltd.%20%281984%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|isbn=0862320186|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C597B1232D9EA6B0F3DCB438D7E15A81}}</ref>'''

==== Khrushchev period ====
After Stalin died in 1953, [[Nikita Khrushchev]] became General Secretary and [[Georgy Malenkov]] became Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. The Central Committee under Khrushchev secretly arrested [[Lavrentiy Beria]], head of the [[People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs|NKVD]], and began releasing [[Counterrevolution|counterrevolutionaries]] from prison.

In January 1954, Khrushchev introduced the Virgin Lands policy in an attempt to increase agricultural production by farming new areas in Siberia and Kazakhstan. 300,000 volunteers cultivated 13 million hectares of land in the first year and another 14 million the next year. Molotov criticized this policy for redirecting resources away from industrialization. The campaign was initially very successful, peaking in 1956, but it declined after that and ended in 1964. Khrushchev also tried to increase cattle production by growing corn to feed livestock and promoted chemical fertilizers instead of rotating crops.

Khrushchev delivered a "Secret Speech" in 1956 condemning Stalin. Although most of the Central Committee supported the speech, Molotov, Malenkov, Kaganovich, and [[Kliment Voroshilov|Voroshilov]] said it gave an unbalanced account of Stalin. In 1957, the Presidium voted 7 to 3 (with one abstention) to remove Khrushchev from power. The Central Committee then expelled Molotov, Malenkov, and Kaganovich from positions of power.

Khrushchev decentralized economic planning and replaced it with local planning authorities. He allowed some counterrevolutionary propaganda including [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn|Solzhenitsyn]]'s novels to be published. He reduced quality of cadre by allowing mass recruitment into the party, required a third of officials to be replaced at every election, and split the party into industrial and agricultural sections.<ref name=":03">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Two Trends in Soviet Politics|page=18–53|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref>

In the late 1950s, the Soviet Union rescinded the 1920 [[Karakhan Manifesto]], which returned all Chinese territories occupied by the Russian Empire to China.<ref name=":122222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Tawang|page=166|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>

==== Brezhnev period ====
The [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] removed Khrushchev from power in 1964 and reintroduced central planning. [[Leonid Brezhnev|Brezhnev]] succeeded Khrushchev as General Secretary and served until 1982. He replaced Khrushchev's replacement policy with a stability of cadre policy which resisted changes in leadership. He also reversed Khrushchev's division of the party and mass recruitment. Although the Brezhnev period is often seen as a period of stagnation, the Soviet economy continued to grow more than twice as fast as Western countries. Unfortunately, Brezhnev was also responsible for nepotism and corruption.<ref name=":03" /> In addition, the black market grew during this period and led to the creation of a [[Petty bourgeoisie|petty-bourgeois]] class.<ref name=":033">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=The Second Economy|page=63|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref>

==== Andropov year ====
After Brezhnev's death in 1982, [[Yuri Andropov]] was elected as General Secretary. He attempted to reverse the revisionist policies of his predecessors but died of kidney failure only 15 months into his term. He planned to modernize Soviet technology, improve economic planning, and combat absenteeism and drunkenness in the workplace.<ref name=":03" />

===Decline and counterrevolution===

====Glasnost and perestroika====
[[Mikhail Gorbachev|Mikhail Gorbachyov]] became General Secretary of the CPSU in 1985 and introduced [[Liberalism|liberal]] reforms. A group led by Premier [[Nikolai Ryzhkov]] favored using science and technology to increase production instead of Gorbachev's privatization. Central Committee Secretary [[Lev Zaikov]] supported changing investment policy and promoting inspections and wage differentials. Second Secretary [[Yegor Ligachyov]] opposed consumerism and corruption and upheld central planning and discipline.<ref name=":022">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Promise and Foreboding, 1985-86|page=110–111|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref>

At the 19th Party Conference in June 1988, Gorbachyov proposed a new system of government. It consisted of a Congress of People's Deputies with 50% of seats reserved for non-party members, and a smaller Supreme Soviet elected by the Congress. The Congress would elect an executive president instead of a Council of People's Commissars.<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Turning Point, 1987-88|page=148–149|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref>

Gorbachyov ended assistance to Soviet allies in [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992)|Afghanistan]] and [[Warsaw Pact|Eastern Europe]] in 1988, allowing widespread [[Counterrevolutions of 1989|counterrevolution]]. He and [[Alexander Yakovlev|Yakovlev]] ignored [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and separatist movements in the Baltics. Gorbachyov also failed to respond to nationalist riots in [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)|Kazakhstan]] and even incited a rebellion of Armenians in [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] to embarrass his political opponents.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Turning Point, 1987-88|page=157–164|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref>

Between 1989 and 1991, Gorbachyov changed the CPSU from a [[vanguard party]] into a parliamentary party, undermined central planning, encouraged black market activity, allowed the West to infiltrate media through ''[[glasnost]]'', and surrendered to the United States in terms of foreign policy, abandoning [[anti-imperialism]] and seeking Western support. He changed positions on the national question and initially attempted to repress Baltic separatists before negotiating with them.<ref name=":032">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Crisis and Collapse, 1989-91|page=170–205|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref>

==== Yeltsin–Gorbachev struggle ====
The March 1989 elections to Congress of People's Deputies overrepresented intellectuals and underrepresented workers and peasants. 87% of its members were from the CPSU, but 44% of party members who ran unopposed were not elected. [[Boris Yeltsin]] was elected, but many party leaders lost their positions. Members of the Congress disputed basic ideas of Marxism–Leninism such as the vanguard party and [[Marxist economics]].

In 1989, a massive mine strike began, which was the first major labor unrest since the 1920s. The government shipped large quantities of food and supplies to mining areas.

By early 1990, there was a system of [[dual power]] in which Gorbachev controlled the USSR and Yeltsin controlled Russia. Yeltsin took control of most of the Soviet media between 1989 and 1991 and took power in Moscow and Leningrad by March 1990. Anti-Soviet groups such as the [[Social democracy|social-democratic]] [[Democratic Platform]] and the [[Market socialism|market socialist]] [[Marxist Platform]] formed within the CPSU. After the 28th Party Congress in July 1990, Yeltsin and the Democratic Platform left the CPSU, and left-oppositionists such as [[Yegor Ligachyov|Ligachyov]] founded the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|CPRF]]. The party collapsed after the Congress and approached bankruptcy.

Gorbachev removed the CPSU's influence in the [[Soviet Army]] and shrank the army from 5.3 million to under 4 million. As late as May 1990, 70% of the Central Committee opposed Gorbachev, and the majority of the workers voted to keep the USSR in March 1991. Black market profits and organized crime funded pro-capitalist politicians. The [[Democratic Russia]] group opposed the vanguard party and promoted parliamentary control of the [[Committee for State Security|KGB]], a market economy, and the sovereignty of the RSFSR.

In July 1990, Gorbachev removed Ryzhkov from power and made a deal with Yeltsin, then the head of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet. Ryzhkov and his economist, [[Leonid Abalkin]], had proposed a six-year plan of gradual privatization, but Gorbachev and Yeltsin chose [[Stanislav Shatalin]] to privatize the economy within 500 days. The plan gave all taxing power to the republics and prioritized the laws of each republic over all-union laws. Gorbachev eventually criticized the plan for being too rapid, but his followers, including Yakovlev, [[Eduard Shevardnadze|Shevardnadze]], [[Georgy Shakhnazarov|Shakhnazarov]], [[Roy Medvedev|Medvedev]], and [[Anatoly Chernyayev|Chernyayev]], supported it.<ref name=":032" />

==== August Coup ====
<blockquote>''See main article: [[August Coup|August Coup]]''</blockquote>The August Coup occurred between August 19 and 22, 1991 and was an attempt by hardliners in the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU) to oust revisionist [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] from office and roll-back his policies. The coup was planned by top military and civilian officials, including Vice President [[Gennady Yanayev]], who together formed the State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP).

The GKChP hardliners dispatched [[KGB]] agents, who detained Gorbachev at his dacha in [[Crimea]] but failed to detain the recently elected president of a newly reconstituted [[Russia]], [[Boris Yeltsin]], who had been both an ally and critic of Gorbachev. The coup's failure was instrumental in the [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union|counterrevolution which overthrew the Soviet Union four months later in December 1991]].

====Dissolution====
<blockquote>''See main article: [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union|Overthrow of the USSR]]''</blockquote>The overthrow of the Soviet Union was the process of [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] counter-revolution which culminated in the disintegration of the USSR into independent states in December of 1991. Among the various causes for dissolution was the organization of a bourgeois class inside the USSR under a 'shadow economy' which effectively guaranteed their interests through corrupt officials of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). It's generally accepted that the political and economic policies of Khrushchev, Brezhnev and ultimately Gorbachev paved the way for counter-revolution in the USSR.

==Government==

===Elections===
Before 1936, [[Clergy|priests]], landlords, [[Bourgeoisie|capitalists]], and former [[White movement|Whites]] were not allowed to vote. The 1936 Soviet constitution removed these restrictions so all citizens aged 18 or older could vote, with the exception of insane people and convicted criminals disenfranchised by a court. Under the 1924 constitution, the people elected the lowest level of representatives and higher soviets were elected indirectly. The 1936 constitution made all soviets from the local to all-union level directly elected.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Struggle to Complete the Building of the Socialist Society. Introduction of the New Constitution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch12.htm}}</ref>

===Supreme Soviet===
The [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union]] was the legislature of the USSR and was elected every four years. It consisted of two branches: the [[Soviet of the Union]], which was elected based on population, and the [[Soviet of Nationalities]], which was elected according to the republics, [[Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics|ASSRs]], [[autonomous oblasts]], and [[autonomous okrugs]] of the Soviet Union. Either house could initiate legislation and it had to be passed by a majority vote of both houses to become law. Each house elected a chairman and two vice-chairmen to preside over their sessions, which occurred twice every year. The [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] could also convene special sessions.<ref name=":2" /> Before 1936, the Supreme Soviet was known as the [[Congress of Soviets]] and the Soviet of the Union was known as the [[Federal Soviet]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Second All-Union Congress of Soviets|year=1924|title=Constitution of the Soviet Union|title-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1924)|chapter=}}</ref>

The Federal Soviet was elected with one deputy per 25,000 urban inhabitants or 125,000 rural inhabitants.<ref name=":1" /> After 1936, the Soviet of the Union had one deputy for every 300,000 inhabitants.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=[[Joseph Stalin]]|year=1936|title=Constitution of the Soviet Union|title-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1936)|chapter=The Highest Organs of State Authority of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics}}</ref>

From 1924 to 1936, the Soviet of Nationalities had five deputies for every union republic and one for every autonomous republic and autonomous oblast.<ref name=":1" /> In 1936, this was changed to 25 for every union republic, ten for each ASSR, five for each autonomous oblast, and one for each autonomous okrug.<ref name=":2" /> In 1977, it was changed again so that every SSR would have 32 deputies and every ASSR would have 11.<ref>{{Citation|author=Government of the Soviet Union|year=1977|title=Constitution of the Soviet Union|title-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1977,_Unamended)|chapter=Higher Bodies of State Authority and Administration of the USSR}}</ref>

===Presidium===
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union was elected at a combined session of the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities. It consisted of a [[President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|President]], Secretary, one vice president from every union republic, and 24 members.<ref name=":1" />

===Council of People's Commissars===
The [[Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union|Council of People's Commissars]] (Sovnarkom) was the executive branch of the USSR and was elected at a joint session of the Soviet of the Union and Soviet of Nationalities.<ref name=":1" />

===Supreme Court===
The [[Supreme Court of the Soviet Union|Supreme Court]] was the highest court in the Soviet Union and was elected by the Supreme Soviet once every five years.<ref name=":1" />

==Administrative divisions==
<blockquote>''See main articles: [[Soviet republic (system of government)]] and [[Republics of the Soviet Union]]''</blockquote>
Constitutionally, the USSR was a federation of constituent Union Republics, which were either unitary states, such as [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukraine]] or [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussia]] (SSRs), or federations, such as [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]] or [[Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic|Transcaucasia]] (SFSRs), all four being the founding republics who signed the [[Declaration and Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] in December 1922. In 1924, during the [[National delimitation in the Soviet Union|national delimitation]] in [[Central Asia]], [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbekistan]] and [[Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic|Turkmenistan]] were formed from parts of Russia's [[Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Turkestan ASSR]] and two Soviet dependencies, the [[Khorezm People's Soviet Republic|Khorezm]] and [[Bukharan People's Soviet Republic|Bukharan SSRs]]. In 1929, [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic|Tajikistan]] was split off from the Uzbekistan SSR. With the constitution of 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved, resulting in its constituent republics of [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenia]], [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgia]] and [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan]] being elevated to Union Republics, while [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakhstan]] and [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Kirghizia]] were split off from Russian SFSR, resulting in the same status.<ref>{{Citation|last=Adams, Simon |title=Russian Republics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LyqIDCc-cSsC |year=2005 |page=21 |publisher=Black Rabbit Books |isbn=978-1-58340-606-9|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512041101/http://books.google.com/books?id=LyqIDCc-cSsC&dq|archive-date=12 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 1940, [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldavia]] was formed from parts of Ukraine and [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina|Bessarabia]] and Ukrainian SSR. [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonia]], [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvia]] and [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic|Lithuania]] (SSRs) were also [[Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)|admitted into the union]]. [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelia]] was split off from Russia as a Union Republic in March 1940 and was reabsorbed in 1956. Between July 1956 and September 1991, there were 15 union republics (see map below).<ref>{{Citation|last=Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria |title=Russian Law: The Rnd of the Soviet system and the Role of Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWt7MN3Dch8C |year=1993 |page=94 |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-7923-2358-7|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512041218/http://books.google.com/books?id=JWt7MN3Dch8C&dq|archive-date=12 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

While nominally a union of equals, in practice the Soviet Union was dominated by [[Russians]]. The domination was so absolute that for most of its existence, the country was commonly (but incorrectly) referred to as "Russia". While the RSFSR was technically only one republic within the larger union, it was by far the largest (both in terms of population and area), most powerful, and most highly developed. The RSFSR was also the industrial center of the Soviet Union.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Republic
!Map of the Union Republics between 1956 and 1991
|-
|1
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952–1990).svg|25x25px|]] [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenian SSR]]
| rowspan="15" style="width:350px;" |[[File:Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956-1991).svg|600px]]
|-
|2
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1956–1991).svg|25x25px|]] [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)|Azerbaijan SSR]]
|-
|3
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951–1991).svg|25x25px|]] [[Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1920–1991)|Byelorussian SSR]]

|-
|4
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953–1990).svg|25x25px|]] [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1991)|Estonian SSR]]
|-
|5
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951–1990).svg|25x25px|]] [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1991)|Georgian SSR]]
|-
|6
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.svg|25x25px|]] [[Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1936–1991)|Kazakh SSR]]

|-
|7
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Kyrgyz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.svg|25x25px|]] [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)|Kirghiz SSR]]
|-
|8
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953–1990).svg|25x25px|]] [[Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic|Latvian SSR]]

|-
|9
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953–1988).svg|25x25px|]] [[Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic|Lithuanian SSR]]

|-
|10
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952–1990).svg|25x25px|]] [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1991)|Moldavian SSR]]
|-
|11
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1954–1991).svg|25x25px|]] [[Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1917–1991)|Russian SFSR]]

|
|-
|12
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.svg|25x25px|]] [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1929–1991)|Tajik SSR]]
|-
|13
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1973–1991).svg|25x25px|]] [[Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1925–1991)|Turkmen SSR]]

|-
|14
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.svg|25x25px|]] [[Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1919–1991)|Ukrainian SSR]]

|-
|15
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952–1991).svg|25x25px|]] [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1991)|Uzbek SSR]]
|}

==Economy==
In the Soviet Union, the richest people earned about five times as much money as the poorest. The income gap was tiny compared to the United States, where billionaires have many thousands of times more money than the poorest workers.<ref name=":8">{{Web citation|author=Carlos Martinez|newspaper=[[Invent the Future]]|title=Why doesn’t the Soviet Union exist any more? Part 1: Introduction|date=2017-11-19|url=https://invent-the-future.org/2017/11/why-doesnt-the-soviet-union-exist-any-more-part-1-introduction/#fnref:12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211213148/https://invent-the-future.org/2017/11/why-doesnt-the-soviet-union-exist-any-more-part-1-introduction/|archive-date=2022-02-11|retrieved=2022-10-08}}</ref> Peasants made up 83% of the population in 1926 but only 20% in 1975, while the industrial workforce grew from five to 62 million during the same period.<ref name=":033" />

===Planning===
[[File:Tenth five year plan poster.png|thumb|240x240px|"Shock work for the 10th five-year plan!"]]
The soviet economy was a [[planned economy]], in which much of the economic planning was aided by teams of mathematicians and economists. These plans were enacted in the form of five year plans.

These five year plans used production quotas to encourage growth of the soviet economy. contrary to popular belief, these quotas were based on previous production records, available technology, amid many other factors

===Agriculture===
Farms and farm equipment in the USSR were collectively owned. Grain production increased by 63% from the late 1950s to the late 1970s to reach 199 million tonnes per year. In the late 1950s, the USSR began to increase the proportion of grain used as animal feed in order to increase meat, egg, and dairy production. Total agricultural production increased by 147% between 1950 and 1977 while U.S. production only increased by 64% during the same period.

The USSR's geography made agriculture difficult because only 10% of its land was suitable for grain farming and 30% was too cold for any agriculture.<ref name=":023">{{Citation|author=Albert Szymanski|year=1984|title=Human Rights in the Soviet Union|chapter=Economic Rights|page=128–140|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceazdmtb2y3qq27fve5ib3gk7uv2unt6ae2xss74xmfpur7k5uhl5m?filename=Albert%20Szymanski%20-%20Human%20Rights%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union_%20Including%20Comparisons%20with%20the%20U.S.A.-Zed%20Books%20Ltd.%20%281984%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|isbn=0862320186|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C597B1232D9EA6B0F3DCB438D7E15A81}}</ref>

===Housing and construction===
After the October Revolution, hundreds of thousands of workers moved from slums to nationalized houses. In 1919, a decree was passed setting a minimum of at least 8.25 square meters of living space per person, 30 cubic meters of air space for every adult, and 20 cubic meters for every child. This space only included living and bed rooms, not bathrooms or entrances. Rent in the Soviet Union was kept at under 4% of workers' total incomes,<ref name=":3">{{News citation|newspaper=[[Stalin Society]]|title=Housing in the USSR|date=2017-01-13|url=https://stalinsocietygb.wordpress.com/2017/01/13/housing-in-the-ussr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330020740/https://stalinsocietygb.wordpress.com/2017/01/13/housing-in-the-ussr/|archive-date=2022-03-30|retrieved=2022-05-20}}</ref> and its proportion of income gradually decreased because rent was not increased at all after 1928.<ref name=":023" />

In 1920, 254 residential buildings were built and 2,347 were repaired. From 1923 to 1927, 12.5 million square meters of living space were built. From 1927 to 1931, another 28.85 million were built. The average living space for each worker greatly increased from the revolution to 1938: there was a 94% increase in Moscow, 100% in Leningrad, 176% in the [[Donbass]], and 195% in the Urals.<ref name=":3" />

===Industry and manufacturing===

===Services===

===Environment===

==Infrastructure==

===Transportation===
The standard fare for the Soviet subway was only five kopeks, or roughly eight U.S. cents, and remained constant from the 1930s to the 1980s.<ref name=":023" />

===Energy===

===Science and technology===

==Demographics==

===Living standards===
In 1917, the Bolsheviks reduced the working day to 8 hours. Workers had 12 to 48 guaranteed vacation days per year. The average person in the Soviet Union ate over 3,000 kilocalories per day and had a better diet than in the United States. By the 1980s, the Soviet Union had the seventh best diet in the world.<ref name=":7" /> Soviet citizens ate an average of 103 grams of protein per day, more than the UK, [[Federal Republic of Germany|West Germany]], [[Kingdom of Sweden|Sweden]], or [[Italian Republic|Italy]], and had a higher caloric intake than the UK, West Germany, or Sweden.<ref name=":023" />

Literacy increased from under 30% before the revolution to 87.4% in 1939 and reached 100% by 1970.<ref name=":7" />

Basic foods like bread, meat, dairy, and potatoes were heavily subsidized. Housing, medicine, transportation, and insurance combined only took up 15% of an average family's income.<ref name=":023" />

====Working conditions====
In the late 1960s, the Soviet Union adopted the 40-hour work week. The 1977 Constitution set the maximum at 41 hours with exceptions for national security; averting disasters; socially essential work such as transport, water supply, and electricity; completing work to avoid damage to [[means of production]]; and repair/maintenance to avoid putting other workers out of work.

Workers throughout the USSR had three weeks of paid vacation plus optional unpaid vacation. People who worked at night or in dangerous industries such as coal mining only worked for six or seven hours but received eight hours of pay.<ref name=":023" />

===Education===
Education in the Soviet Union was free<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1936|title=Constitution of the Soviet Union|title-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1936)|chapter=Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens|section=Article 121|city=Moscow}}</ref> and was mandatory between the ages of 8 and 15. There were also ten-year schools that went to the age of 18, but the last three years were not mandatory before the Great Patriotic War. The curriculum included nature study, art, music, social science, and foreign languages.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Anglo-Soviet Youth Friendship Alliance|newspaper=Revolutionary Democracy|title=Education in the U.S.S.R.|url=http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/archive/anglosov.htm|retrieved=2022-04-17|date=1942}}</ref> School days lasted between 4.5 and 6 hours, depending on age.<ref name=":0" /> Education was available in 52 different languages.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Eugene Puryear|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]|title=Nations and Soviets: The National Question in the USSR|date=2022-06-12|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/nations-and-soviets-the-national-question-in-the-ussr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613003437/https://www.liberationschool.org/nations-and-soviets-the-national-question-in-the-ussr/|archive-date=2022-06-13|retrieved=2022-08-31}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Number of school students
!
!1913
!1929
!1933
!1942
|-
|7-year schools
|6,800,000
|11,700,000
|21,300,000
|23,000,000
|-
|10-year schools
|1,000,000
|2,700,000
|5,500,000
|17,000,000
|-
|Total
|7,800,000
|14,400,000
|33,400,000
|40,000,000
|}
Between 1932 and 1937, 20,000 schools were built in the Soviet Union. Between 1938 and 1941, 20,000 more schools were built and 500,000 new teachers were trained. Between 1913 and 1940, the number of libraries in the USSR increased by 57,400. 12% of the USSR's national budget was spent on education.

Children aged 12 and older formed committees to care for school property and help other students. Corporal punishment was illegal.<ref name=":0" />

====Literacy rates====
[[File:To have more we must produce more.png|thumb|257x257px|"To have more, we must produce more. To produce more, we must know more."]]
Before the October Revolution, most people in Central Asia were illiterate. By the late 1930s, most people throughout the Soviet Union could read and literacy was nearly universal by the late 1950s.<ref name=":8" />

====Preschool====
Optional preschool and kindergarten were available in the Soviet Union from birth to the age of 8. In 1932, there were 600,000 children in daycares; this number increased to three million by 1937.<ref name=":0" /> Child care was either free or very cheap.<ref name=":023" />

====Universities====
In 1940, there were 700 universities in the USSR with 650,000 students enrolled. There were 22 universities in [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Belarus]], 13 in [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan]], and 30 in [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbekistan]].<ref name=":0" /> The Soviet Union had one of the highest levels of university attendance in the world.<ref name=":023" />

===Health===
[[File:Soviet doctor poster.png|thumb|323x323px|"Honor and Respect for the Rural Doctor! The Doctor is the Friend of the People!"]]
[[Nikolai Semashko]], the People's Commissar for Public Health from 1918 to 1930, proposed a health system based on the following principles:

*Unified principles of organization and centralization of the health care system
*Equal accessibility of healthcare for all citizens
*Priority attention to childhood and maternity
*Unity of preventive healthcare and treatment
*Elimination of social bases of diseases
*Involvement of the society in the cause of healthcare

The public health budget of the USSR increased by 75 times from the Russian Empire's budget in 1913. From the Civil War to 1928, the number of physicians increased from 19,785 to 63,219,<ref name=":5">{{News citation|author=Carlos Rule|newspaper=[[Stalin Society]]|title=Health in the USSR|date=2017-01-18|url=https://stalinsocietygb.wordpress.com/2017/01/18/health-in-the-ussr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216095354/https://stalinsocietygb.wordpress.com/2017/01/18/health-in-the-ussr/|archive-date=2022-02-16|retrieved=2022-06-27}}</ref> and it reached 334,000 doctors (including dentists) by 1955.<ref name=":4">{{News citation|newspaper=[[Politsturm]]|title=Healthcare Under Socialism: The History of the Soviet Healthcare System|date=2021-09-07|url=https://us.politsturm.com/healthcare-under-socialism-the-history-of-the-soviet-healthcare-system/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112182526/https://us.politsturm.com/healthcare-under-socialism-the-history-of-the-soviet-healthcare-system/|archive-date=2021-11-12|retrieved=2022-05-20}}</ref> Production of pharmaceutical chemicals increased by five times from 1940 to 1950 and 3.1 times from 1950 to 1955 and there were 1,290,000 hospital beds in 1955.<ref name=":4" />

Infant mortality decreased from 25% before the revolution to lower than [[Italian Republic|Italy]] or [[Republic of Austria|Austria]] by 1960,<ref name=":4" /> and child mortality decreased by half from 1917 to 1928.<ref name=":5" />

In 1978, the [[World Health Organization]] recognized the Soviet principles of healthcare as some of the best in the world.<ref name=":4" /> The Soviet Union had the most doctors per capita in the world, 34.6 per 10,000 people, which was more than twice the British level and almost twice the U.S. level. Drugs from hospitals or prescribed for chronic illnesses (70% of all medicines) were completely free.<ref name=":023" />

====By republic====
By 1941, [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)|Azerbaijan]] had 2,500 doctors compared to 291 before the revolution. The number of physicians in [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1929–1991)|Tajikistan]] increased from 13 to 372 over the same time period.<ref name=":5" />

====Life expectancy====
In the Russian Empire, the life expectancy was only 30 years.<ref name=":023" /> Soviet life expectancy was 59.4 years in 1953. By 1965, it had increased to 68.4 years, more than twice as long as before the revolution and 15 years more than the world average at the time.<ref name=":7" /> It increased to 70.4 years by 1975, which was slightly lower than [[Japan]] or Western Europe but higher than [[Republic of Finland|Finland]] or [[Latin America]]. The Soviet life expectancy was 2.5 years longer than the non-white life expectancy in the United States.<ref name=":023" />

====Infectious diseases====
[[File:Soviet cholera poster.png|thumb|352x352px|"Citizens! Get yourself a cholera vaccine. Only against a vaccine death is powerless."]]
During the [[Russian Civil War]], there were outbreaks of cholera, typhus, and smallpox. The prevalence of typhus decreased by more than twice from 1919 to 1922 and by 80 times by 1927 and the prevalence of malaria decreased by more than three times from 1917 to 1930. Compulsory vaccination for smallpox was introduced in 1919 and it was eradicated by 1937.<ref name=":4" />

==Human rights==
Article 123 of the 1936 [[Constitution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Constitution]] guaranteed national equality and banned [[racism]].<ref name=":10">{{Citation|author=[[Joseph Stalin]]|year=1936|title=Constitution of the Soviet Union (1936)|title-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1936)|chapter=Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens|section=|city=Moscow}}</ref> In 1977, it was moved to article 36.<ref name=":11">{{Citation|author=Government of the Soviet Union|year=1977|title=Constitution of the Soviet Union (1977, Unamended)|title-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1977,_Unamended)|chapter=The State and the Individual|city=Moscow}}</ref>

===Women's rights===
After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks gave women equal rights in marriage. Women did not have to live with their husbands anymore and could now divorce without their husband's permission as well as own [[personal property]]. Husbands could also divorce without their wife's permission unless she was pregnant or had a child under one year old.<ref name=":024">{{Citation|author=Albert Szymanski|year=1984|title=Human Rights in the Soviet Union|chapter=Women in the USSR|page=102–105|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceazdmtb2y3qq27fve5ib3gk7uv2unt6ae2xss74xmfpur7k5uhl5m?filename=Albert%20Szymanski%20-%20Human%20Rights%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union_%20Including%20Comparisons%20with%20the%20U.S.A.-Zed%20Books%20Ltd.%20%281984%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|isbn=0862320186|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C597B1232D9EA6B0F3DCB438D7E15A81}}</ref> Article 122 of the 1936 Constitution and 35 of the 1977 Constitution banned [[sexism]] and guaranteed equal rights for women.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />

Spouses and ex-spouses did not have to support each other economically in most cases. However, an ex-husband had to pay child support to his ex-wife if she was looking after children: 25% of his income for one child, one-third for two children, and 50% for three or more children.<ref name=":024" />

Women's pay could not be lowered because of pregnancy or caring for young children. It was illegal to fire women who were pregnant or had children under one year of age. They could receive pensions starting at the age of 55, five years earlier than men.<ref name=":024" />

==Culture==
[[File:Youth-soviet-sports.jpg|thumb|334x334px|"Youth to the stadiums!" B. Reshetnikov, 1962]]

===Sports===
The USSR put a lot of emphasis on sports, as evidenced by the material they produced (such as posters). They were also a participant in the Olympic Games and created their own competing event, the [[Spartakiads]] (named after [[Spartacus]], the rebel slave).

====Weightlifting====
The USSR produced many record-setting athletes, mainly in weightlifting, which was a very popular sport in the USSR and remains one to this day in existing socialist countries such as [[People's Republic of China|China]] or the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]].

The Soviets pioneered their own system, which is today mostly saved and translated by [[Pavel Tsatsouline]]. While most weightlifters today reach their peak around 26 and retire around the age of 35, a few Soviet weightlifters produced world records well past their 30s. This is because their method focused on preserving longevity in their athletes, developed with the scientific method. Athletes were followed by scientists who analysed their data and produced a routine adapted to their level.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Craig Marker|date=2014-11-14|title=4 secrets of Soviet weightlifting as revealed by Pavel Tsatsouline|url=https://breakingmuscle.com/4-secrets-of-soviet-weightlifting-as-revealed-by-pavel/|newspaper=Breaking Muscle}}</ref>

The most famous Soviet weightlifter is arguably [[Vasily Alekseyev]], who set 80 world records in an eight-year period. He retired at the age of 38 after failing to register a total at the Moscow Olympics, following an injury he sustained in 1978.<ref>{{News citation|title=Vasily Ivanovich Alekseyev Soviet weightlifter|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasily-Ivanovich-Alekseyev|newspaper=Britannica}}</ref>

===Film===

==References==
<references />

===Notes===
<references group="note" />
[[Category:Marxist-Leninist states]]
[[Category:Targets of bourgeois media]]
[[Category:Targets of intelligence operations]]
[[Category:Former socialist states]]
[[Category:Targets of imperialism]]

ProleWiki:Library

2023-07-11T05:26:59Z

RedArcher9:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Library of ProleWiki''}}

''Don't see a certain author? Look in Topics (near bottom of the page)!''

Editors: Use the '''source''' editor to work on the library!

== Selected authors ==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Karl Marx|image=Marx_colorised.jpeg|category=Library works by Karl Marx|left=-30}}
{{Library card|name=Friedrich Engels|image=Engels_colorised.jpeg|category=Library works by Friedrich Engels|left=-15}}
{{Library card|name=Vladimir Lenin|image=Lenin_photograph_colorised.jpg|category=Library works by Vladimir Lenin}}
{{Library card|name=Iosif Stalin|image=Iosif_Stalin_colorised.jpeg|category=Library works by Joseph Stalin|left=9}}<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Enver Hoxha|image=Enver_Hoxha_picture.jpg|category=Library works by Enver Hoxha|left=-45}}

== Marxist-Leninist theorists ==
===Others===
{{Library card|name=Alexandra Kollontai|image=Alexandra-kollontai-color.jpg|category=Library works by Alexandra Kollontai|}}

==Communist and socialist authors==

===Communists===
{{Library card|name=Rosa Luxemburg|image=Rosa_Luxemburg_colorised.jpeg|category=Library works by Rosa Luxemburg}}

==== Socialists ====
{{Library card|name=Martin Luther King Jr.|image=MLKJr colorised.jpg|category=Library works by Martin Luther King Jr.|left=-20}}

==Works on countries==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Soviet Union|image=soviet_union_at_night.jpg|category=Library works about the Soviet Union|left=-100}}
=== Other countries ===
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=USA|image=Lenin-statue-in-Fremont.jpg|category=Library works about the United States of America|left=-65}}

==Documents from communist parties and countries==

===Ruling parties===
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Soviet Union|image=The Motherland Is Calling Soviet WW2 poster.jpeg|category=Library documents from the Soviet Union|top=-15}}
{{Library card|name=Albania|image=Socialist_albania_poster.png|category=Library documents from Albania}}

===Non-ruling parties===
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Brazil|image=Map_of_brazil_from_soviet_atlas_1928.png|category=Library documents from Brazil|left=-65}}
{{Library card|name=Russia|image=Placeholder-image.png|category=Library documents from Russia|left=-100}}
{{Library card|name=USA|image=Map_of_USA_from_soviet_atlas_1928.png|category=Library documents from the United States of America|left=-75}}

==Other topics==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Feminism|image=Soviet_feminism_poster.jpg|category=Library works about feminism}}
{{Library card|name=Philosophy|image=Knowledge_will_break_the_chains_of_slavery_-_Soviet_Poster.webp|category=Library works about philosophy}}
{{Library card|name=Economics|image=Exploitation oppression war poster.png|category=Library works about economics|left=-144|top=-10}}
{{Library card|name=Geopolitics|image=Comrade_Lenin_cleans_the_Earth.png|category=Library works about geopolitics}}
{{Library card|name=Decolonisation|image=The_chains_are_breaking.png|category=Library works about decolonisation|left=-100|top=-7}}
{{Library card|name=Military theory|image=Vietnam propaganda poster 1961.jpeg|category=Library works about military theory|top=10|left=-12}}
{{Library card|name=Fascism|image=Soviet poster against hitler's advance 1941.jpeg|category=Library works about fascism|left=-25}}
{{Library card|name=Revisionism|image=Chinese-soviet-propaganda-posters (10).jpg|category=Library works about revisionism}}
{{Library card|name=Non-marxists and others (from)|image=Bourgeois_internationalism_poster.png|category=Library works by non-marxists and other authors}}

== Interviews, speeches and transcripts ==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Interviews|image=Lenin with Stalin.png|category=Interviews|left=-44}}
{{Library card|name=Speeches|image=Speech-of-lenin-on-the-red-square-1959.jpg|category=Speeches|left=-50}}
{{Library card|name=Transcripts|image=Vsevolod-Medvedev-1912-1985.-Lenin-reading-a-newspaper-Pravda.-Oil-on-canvas.-1965.jpg|category=Video Transcripts|left=-45}}
{{Library card|name=PDF files|image=kim jong un computer.jpeg|category=PDF works|left=-135}}

== Study guides and reading lists==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=All reading lists|image=Mao reading book.jpg|category=Reading lists|left=-44}}

[[Category:ProleWiki official pages]]

ProleWiki:Library

2023-07-11T05:26:27Z

RedArcher9: Comrade Hoxha is the fifth classic of Marxism.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Library of ProleWiki''}}

''Don't see a certain author? Look in Topics (near bottom of the page)!''

Editors: Use the '''source''' editor to work on the library!

== Selected authors ==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Karl Marx|image=Marx_colorised.jpeg|category=Library works by Karl Marx|left=-30}}
{{Library card|name=Friedrich Engels|image=Engels_colorised.jpeg|category=Library works by Friedrich Engels|left=-15}}
{{Library card|name=Vladimir Lenin|image=Lenin_photograph_colorised.jpg|category=Library works by Vladimir Lenin}}
{{Library card|name=Iosif Stalin|image=Iosif_Stalin_colorised.jpeg|category=Library works by Joseph Stalin|left=9}}<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Enver Hoxha|image=Enver_Hoxha_picture.jpg|category=Library works by Enver Hoxha|left=-45}}
== Marxist-Leninist theorists ==
===Others===
{{Library card|name=Alexandra Kollontai|image=Alexandra-kollontai-color.jpg|category=Library works by Alexandra Kollontai|}}

==Communist and socialist authors==

===Communists===
{{Library card|name=Rosa Luxemburg|image=Rosa_Luxemburg_colorised.jpeg|category=Library works by Rosa Luxemburg}}

==== Socialists ====
{{Library card|name=Martin Luther King Jr.|image=MLKJr colorised.jpg|category=Library works by Martin Luther King Jr.|left=-20}}

==Works on countries==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Soviet Union|image=soviet_union_at_night.jpg|category=Library works about the Soviet Union|left=-100}}
=== Other countries ===
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=USA|image=Lenin-statue-in-Fremont.jpg|category=Library works about the United States of America|left=-65}}

==Documents from communist parties and countries==

===Ruling parties===
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Soviet Union|image=The Motherland Is Calling Soviet WW2 poster.jpeg|category=Library documents from the Soviet Union|top=-15}}
{{Library card|name=Albania|image=Socialist_albania_poster.png|category=Library documents from Albania}}

===Non-ruling parties===
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Brazil|image=Map_of_brazil_from_soviet_atlas_1928.png|category=Library documents from Brazil|left=-65}}
{{Library card|name=Russia|image=Placeholder-image.png|category=Library documents from Russia|left=-100}}
{{Library card|name=USA|image=Map_of_USA_from_soviet_atlas_1928.png|category=Library documents from the United States of America|left=-75}}

==Other topics==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Feminism|image=Soviet_feminism_poster.jpg|category=Library works about feminism}}
{{Library card|name=Philosophy|image=Knowledge_will_break_the_chains_of_slavery_-_Soviet_Poster.webp|category=Library works about philosophy}}
{{Library card|name=Economics|image=Exploitation oppression war poster.png|category=Library works about economics|left=-144|top=-10}}
{{Library card|name=Geopolitics|image=Comrade_Lenin_cleans_the_Earth.png|category=Library works about geopolitics}}
{{Library card|name=Decolonisation|image=The_chains_are_breaking.png|category=Library works about decolonisation|left=-100|top=-7}}
{{Library card|name=Military theory|image=Vietnam propaganda poster 1961.jpeg|category=Library works about military theory|top=10|left=-12}}
{{Library card|name=Fascism|image=Soviet poster against hitler's advance 1941.jpeg|category=Library works about fascism|left=-25}}
{{Library card|name=Revisionism|image=Chinese-soviet-propaganda-posters (10).jpg|category=Library works about revisionism}}
{{Library card|name=Non-marxists and others (from)|image=Bourgeois_internationalism_poster.png|category=Library works by non-marxists and other authors}}

== Interviews, speeches and transcripts ==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Interviews|image=Lenin with Stalin.png|category=Interviews|left=-44}}
{{Library card|name=Speeches|image=Speech-of-lenin-on-the-red-square-1959.jpg|category=Speeches|left=-50}}
{{Library card|name=Transcripts|image=Vsevolod-Medvedev-1912-1985.-Lenin-reading-a-newspaper-Pravda.-Oil-on-canvas.-1965.jpg|category=Video Transcripts|left=-45}}
{{Library card|name=PDF files|image=kim jong un computer.jpeg|category=PDF works|left=-135}}

== Study guides and reading lists==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=All reading lists|image=Mao reading book.jpg|category=Reading lists|left=-44}}

[[Category:ProleWiki official pages]]

ProleWiki:Library

2023-07-11T05:24:22Z

RedArcher9: Removed revisionist theorists from catalogue.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Library of ProleWiki''}}

''Don't see a certain author? Look in Topics (near bottom of the page)!''

Editors: Use the '''source''' editor to work on the library!

== Selected authors ==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Karl Marx|image=Marx_colorised.jpeg|category=Library works by Karl Marx|left=-30}}
{{Library card|name=Friedrich Engels|image=Engels_colorised.jpeg|category=Library works by Friedrich Engels|left=-15}}
{{Library card|name=Vladimir Lenin|image=Lenin_photograph_colorised.jpg|category=Library works by Vladimir Lenin}}
{{Library card|name=Iosif Stalin|image=Iosif_Stalin_colorised.jpeg|category=Library works by Joseph Stalin|left=9}}

== Marxist-Leninist theorists ==
===Others===
{{Library card|name=Alexandra Kollontai|image=Alexandra-kollontai-color.jpg|category=Library works by Alexandra Kollontai|}}

==Communist and socialist authors==

===Communists===
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Enver Hoxha|image=Enver_Hoxha_picture.jpg|category=Library works by Enver Hoxha|left=-45}}
{{Library card|name=Rosa Luxemburg|image=Rosa_Luxemburg_colorised.jpeg|category=Library works by Rosa Luxemburg}}

==== Socialists ====
{{Library card|name=Martin Luther King Jr.|image=MLKJr colorised.jpg|category=Library works by Martin Luther King Jr.|left=-20}}

==Works on countries==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Soviet Union|image=soviet_union_at_night.jpg|category=Library works about the Soviet Union|left=-100}}
=== Other countries ===
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=USA|image=Lenin-statue-in-Fremont.jpg|category=Library works about the United States of America|left=-65}}

==Documents from communist parties and countries==

===Ruling parties===
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Soviet Union|image=The Motherland Is Calling Soviet WW2 poster.jpeg|category=Library documents from the Soviet Union|top=-15}}
{{Library card|name=Albania|image=Socialist_albania_poster.png|category=Library documents from Albania}}

===Non-ruling parties===
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Brazil|image=Map_of_brazil_from_soviet_atlas_1928.png|category=Library documents from Brazil|left=-65}}
{{Library card|name=Russia|image=Placeholder-image.png|category=Library documents from Russia|left=-100}}
{{Library card|name=USA|image=Map_of_USA_from_soviet_atlas_1928.png|category=Library documents from the United States of America|left=-75}}

==Other topics==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Feminism|image=Soviet_feminism_poster.jpg|category=Library works about feminism}}
{{Library card|name=Philosophy|image=Knowledge_will_break_the_chains_of_slavery_-_Soviet_Poster.webp|category=Library works about philosophy}}
{{Library card|name=Economics|image=Exploitation oppression war poster.png|category=Library works about economics|left=-144|top=-10}}
{{Library card|name=Geopolitics|image=Comrade_Lenin_cleans_the_Earth.png|category=Library works about geopolitics}}
{{Library card|name=Decolonisation|image=The_chains_are_breaking.png|category=Library works about decolonisation|left=-100|top=-7}}
{{Library card|name=Military theory|image=Vietnam propaganda poster 1961.jpeg|category=Library works about military theory|top=10|left=-12}}
{{Library card|name=Fascism|image=Soviet poster against hitler's advance 1941.jpeg|category=Library works about fascism|left=-25}}
{{Library card|name=Revisionism|image=Chinese-soviet-propaganda-posters (10).jpg|category=Library works about revisionism}}
{{Library card|name=Non-marxists and others (from)|image=Bourgeois_internationalism_poster.png|category=Library works by non-marxists and other authors}}

== Interviews, speeches and transcripts ==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=Interviews|image=Lenin with Stalin.png|category=Interviews|left=-44}}
{{Library card|name=Speeches|image=Speech-of-lenin-on-the-red-square-1959.jpg|category=Speeches|left=-50}}
{{Library card|name=Transcripts|image=Vsevolod-Medvedev-1912-1985.-Lenin-reading-a-newspaper-Pravda.-Oil-on-canvas.-1965.jpg|category=Video Transcripts|left=-45}}
{{Library card|name=PDF files|image=kim jong un computer.jpeg|category=PDF works|left=-135}}

== Study guides and reading lists==
<div class="library-container">
{{Library card|name=All reading lists|image=Mao reading book.jpg|category=Reading lists|left=-44}}

[[Category:ProleWiki official pages]]

Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

2023-07-11T05:15:58Z

RedArcher9:

[[File:Poster titled Advance bravely along the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.png|thumb|1989 Poster, titled "Advance bravely along the road of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics."]]{{Message box/ideologicaldeviation}}
The system of '''socialism with Chinese characteristics''' (Chinese: 中国特色社会主义; pinyin: ''Zhōngguó tèsè shèhuìzhǔyì)'' is a set of socio-political theories, socio-economic theories and policies of the [[Communist Party of China]] (CPC) that are the application of [[Marxism–Leninism]] adapted to Chinese circumstances and specific time periods, consisting of [[Mao Zedong Thought]], [[Deng Xiaoping Theory]], [[Three Represents]] ([[Jiang Zemin]]), [[Scientific Outlook on Development]] ([[Hu Jintao]]), and [[Xi Jinping Thought|Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era]].<ref>{{News citation|title=Chinese dictionary|url=https://www.yellowbridge.com/chinese/dictionary.php|newspaper=Yellow bridge|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703075340/https://www.yellowbridge.com/chinese/dictionary.php|archive-date=3 July 2018}}</ref>

In this view, Xi Jinping Thought is considered to represent [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] policies suited for [[People's Republic of China|China's]] present condition while Deng Xiaoping Theory was considered relevant for the period when it was formulated. Ultimately they are still core elements of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics.<ref>{{News citation|title=Full text of the letter by China's Minister of Commerce|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-07/02/c_137296686.htm|newspaper=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702191911/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-07/02/c_137296686.htm|archive-date=2 July 2018}}</ref>

== Basic Tenents of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics ==
- We must uphold the dominant position of the people.

- We must persist in emancipating and developing social productive forces.

- We must persist in promoting reform and opening up.

- We must uphold social fairness and justice.

- We must stick to the path of common prosperity.

- We must persist in promoting social harmony.

- We must persist in peaceful development.

- We must uphold the leadership of the party.<ref>[https://www.hudong.com/page/reference_snapshot?wiki_doc_id=5840212808930909321&ref_url=http%3A%2F%2Ftheory.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F40557%2F351494%2F351500%2F&collect_params=%22%7B%5C%22search_query%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22search_id%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22source%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22doc_title%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22doc_id%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22view_id%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22first_classify%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22second_classify%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22third_classify%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%7D%22 The road and theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics] . People's Daily Online [cited date 2015-08-19 ]</ref>

== The Main Themes ==

==== First, Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the historical choice of the party and the people. ====

The flag represents the image, and the flag represents the direction. Comrade [[Mao Zedong]] once said: <blockquote>"Doctrine is like a flag. Only when the flag is erected can everyone have something to look forward to and know where to go." </blockquote>As early as the beginning of the 20th century, Chinese people with lofty ideals who sought to save China's development once held up such a flag. Such a "flag" did not lead China to the light. Later, the Russian October Revolution sent a great banner to China - Marxism-Leninism.

==== Second, Firmly establish confidence in the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. ====
The path of socialism with Chinese characteristics has been explored by our party and people through untold hardships and at enormous cost. The road of socialism with Chinese characteristics is under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, based on the basic national conditions, focusing on economic construction, adhering to the four basic principles, adhering to reform and opening up, liberating and developing social productive forces, building a socialist market economy, socialist democratic politics, Socialist advanced culture, socialist harmonious society, and socialist ecological civilization promote the all-round development of people, gradually realize the common prosperity of all people, and build a prosperous, strong, democratic, civilized, and harmonious modern socialist country.

==== Third, Firmly establish confidence in the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics. ====
Scientific theory comes from great practice, and at the same time it guides practice in turn. The theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a scientific theoretical system formed by organically combining the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of reform, opening up and socialist modernization in contemporary China. It includes Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of "Three Represents", the scientific outlook on development and the Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, the Party Central Committee has adopted new ideas, new ideas, and new strategies for state governance.

==== Fourth, Firmly establish confidence in the instutitonal system of socialismwith Chinese characteristics. ====
The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is an institutional system with Chinese characteristics established on the basis of the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics and guided by the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It embodies the nature, characteristics and advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is the fundamental institutional guarantee for the development and progress of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

The institutional system of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, includes the fundamental political system of the people's congres, the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system led by the Communist Party of China, the regional ethnic autonomy system, and the grassroots mass autonomy system and other basic political systems. The socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics and with public ownership being the main stay of the economic system. The economic system, political system, cultural system, and social system are all based upon the instutitional system of socialism with Chinese Characteristics

==== Fifth, Firmly establish the confidence of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics. ====
Culture is the blood of a nation and the spiritual home of the people. To uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, in addition to upholding and developing its path, theory and system, we must also uphold and develop the spiritual civilization and advanced culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and we must maintain cultural confidence. Enhancing cultural awareness and cultural self-confidence is part of the problem of strengthening road self-confidence, theoretical self-confidence, and institutional self-confidence, because the essence of firm road self-confidence, theoretical self-confidence, and institutional self-confidence is based on cultural self-confidence.

Just as General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: <blockquote>"To strengthen the self-confidence in the road, theory and system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, in the final analysis, we must uphold cultural self-confidence...Cultural self-confidence is a more basic, broader and deeper self-confidence."</blockquote>

==== Sixth, we must correctly understand and grasp the staged characteristics of China's development. ====
General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: <blockquote>"To understand and grasp the staged characteristics of Chinese social development, we must adhere to the methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, think from the combination of history and reality, theory and practice, domestic and international, etc. Think from the historical perspective of social development, think from the overall situation of the development of the party and the country, and draw correct conclusions.”</blockquote>

==== Finally, we must unswervingly strive for the realization of the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. ====
General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that the whole party must continue to coordinate and promote the overall layout of the "five in one" and the strategic layout of the "four comprehensive" in a coordinated manner to win the decisive victory in building a well-off society in an all-round way, to win the great victory of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The Chinese dream is unremitting struggle. To grasp the theme is to deepen the theme and expand the theme. Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a major theme and a major article that keeps advancing with the times. Continuing to advance this major theme and write this major article well is an important responsibility and a great mission that history has entrusted to contemporary Chinese Communists.<ref>[Experts talk] [https://www.hudong.com/page/reference_snapshot?wiki_doc_id=4963320418269995661&ref_url=http%3A%2F%2Fopinion.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2017%2F1103%2Fc1003-29625939.html&collect_params=%22%7B%5C%22search_query%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22search_id%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22source%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22doc_title%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22doc_id%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22view_id%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22first_classify%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22second_classify%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%2C%5C%22third_classify%5C%22%3A%5C%22%5C%22%7D%22 Firmly grasp the theme of socialism with Chinese characteristics .] Viewpoints - People's Daily Online [cited date 2019-11-09 ]</ref>

== Socialist market economy ==
'''[[Socialist market economy]]''' (Chinese: 社会主义市场经济; Pinyin: Shèhuìzhǔyì Shìchǎng Jīngjì) is the official term of the government of the [[People's Republic of China]] for the economic system implemented in the country. It was first proposed by [[Jiang Zemin]], then General Secretary of the Central Committee of the [[Communist Party of China]] , in the report of the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1992. It is an important policy of [[Reform and Opening Up|Reform and opening up]], being a core part of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics.<ref>[https://www.wxyjs.org.cn/dhgjzyldryj_558/201207/t20120712_17005.htm <nowiki>Jiang Zemin and the Establishment of the Socialist Market Economic System . "Party Literature" Issue 5, 2010. 2013-09-06 [ 2016-11-25 ] .</nowiki>]</ref>

The system is a market economy with the predominance of public ownership and state-owned enterprises. Originating in the Chinese economic reforms initiated in 1978 that integrated China into the global market economy, the socialist market economy represents a preliminary or "primary stage" of developing socialism. <ref>[http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/topic/bizchina/economicsystem/200406/20040600239133.shtml "Socialist Market Economic System". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 25 June 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2018. <q>The development of the economic system with public ownership playing a dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side is a basic characteristic of the socialist economic system at the preliminary stage…The public economy consists not only the state-owned economy and the collective economy, but also the state-owned and collective component in the mixed-ownership economy. The dominant position of the public ownership is represented that: the public assets have a dominant proportion in the overall assets of the society; the state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in the economic development, as is from the aspect of the whole country.</q>]</ref>

== Common Prosperity ==
[[Common prosperity|'''Common Prosperity''']] (Simplified Chinese: 共同富裕; Pinyin: gòng tóng fù yù) means that all people finally achieve a standard of living with sufficient food and clothing through hard work and mutual help , that is, universal prosperity based on the elimination of polarization and poverty. It is one of the core values of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/7790098/d089p9C0kqKcXDNNNj5MO_qG5qeNeu8l-z4WTVw4wX2ASdmJIj2sejFM0vnaLktDm5uI3X3gYY1Wd5aeIQpMLNM Common Prosperity - Chinese Dictionary definition]</ref>

Common prosperity allows some people and some regions get rich first, and those who get rich first help those who get rich later, so as to gradually realize common prosperity. Common prosperity is the essential requirement and goal of socialism, as well as the fundamental principle of Chinese socialism.<ref>"Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping", Volume 3, People's Publishing House, 1993 Edition, No. Page 110-111, 142, 364, 373, 64, 374, 374, 155, 23 P</ref>

== Mao Zedong Thought ==
'''[[Mao Zedong Thought]]''' (Simplified Chinese: 毛泽东思想; Pinyin: Máo Zédōng sīxiǎng) is a development of [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]] adapted for the material conditions of [[China]]. Mao Zedong Thought was originally developed by [[Mao Zedong]] and other leading members within the CPC. Mao Zedong thought is ultimately the Sinicization of Marxism. The belief that the [[Communist Party of China|Party]] should adapt the basic principles of Marxism to China's reality. Marxism is the system of socialism with a scientific world outlook. It is a practical Marxist philosophy, with it being applied to the material conditions of China through it being sinicized.

==== New Democracy ====
[[New Democracy|The New Democracy]] (Chinese: 新民主主义; Pinyin:Xīn mínzhǔ zhǔyì) is a [[Revolution|revolutionary]] form of [[State|government]] developed by [[Mao Zedong]], based on the alliance of 4 [[Progressivism|progressive]] [[Social class|classes]] (the [[proletariat]] as the ideological core, the [[peasantry]], the urban [[petty bourgeoisie]] and the [[national bourgeoisie]]) in [[semi-feudal]] and [[semi-colonial]] countries. The goal of New Democracy is to advance to the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] through the dictatorship of the 4 classes or the [[Dictatorship of the proletariat#People's%20Democratic%20Dictatorship|people's democratic dictatorship]].<ref>Mao Zedong (1993). ''The New Democratic Revolution'': 'Tasks of the Chinese Revolution' (Turkish: Yeni Demokratik Devrim) (p. 48). The Umut Publishing.</ref>

==== The Mass Line ====
[[Mass line|The Mass Line]] (Simplified Chinese: 群众路线; Pinyin: qúnzhòng lùxiàn) is the political, organizational and leadership method developed by [[Mao Zedong]] and the [[Communist Party of China]] (CPC) during the [[Chinese]] revolution. The essential element of the mass line is consulting the masses, interpreting their suggestions within the framework of [[Marxism–Leninism]], and then enforcing the resulting policies. It is a basic part of Mao Zedong Thought , one of the guiding ideologies of the Chinese Communist Party, and is declared by the Chinese Communist Party to be one of the three basic aspects of the "living soul" of Mao Zedong Thought. Summarized by Mao Zedong as "all for the masses, everything depends on the masses" and "from the masses, to the masses"<ref>"Resolution on Several Historical Issues Concerning the Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China"</ref>

==== The Sinicization of Marxism ====
The Sinicization of Marxism (Chinese: 中国化马克思主义; Pinyin: Zhōngguó huà mǎkèsī zhǔyì) was formally put forward by Ai Siqi in April, 1938 and firmly put forward in 1941. The Sinicization of Marxism is simply applying dialectical materialism to China’s reality, develop the world outlook of dialectics and historical materialism on China’s own territory according to China’s own material conditions, so that it can become a way to create a New China.

In the process of Sinicization of Marxism, Mao Zedong’s philosophical thought and the philosophical thought of socialism with Chinese characteristics came into being. These two achievements play an important role in guiding China’s progress.<ref>[https://www.davidpublisher.com/Public/uploads/Contribute/63293053daca4.pdf On the Characteristics and Laws of the Sinicization of Marxism] - Xiao Ping, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China. Published by David Publishing</ref>

==== People's Democratic Dictatorship ====
People's democratic dictatorship (simplified Chinese: 人民民主专政; traditional Chinese: 人民民主專政; pinyin: ''Rénmín Mínzhǔ Zhuānzhèng'') is a phrase incorporated into the Constitution of the [[People's Republic of China]]. The concept of people's democratic dictatorship is rooted in the "new" type of democracy promoted by [[Mao Zedong]] in Yan'an during the [[Chinese Civil War]].

At its founding the PRC took the form of a people's democratic dictatorship. In the Chinese political framework, revolutionary consciousness and revolutionary activity distinguish "the people" from counter-revolutionaries. Within the PRC, the democracy includes united revolutionary classes and supportive political parties operating under the leadership of the CPC. It could include [[workers]], [[peasants]], [[intellectuals]], [[petty bourgeoisie]], and even [[national bourgeoisie]] who supported the revolutionary project.

== Deng Xiaoping Theory ==
[[Deng Xiaoping Theory]] (Chinese: 邓小平理论; pinyin: ''Dèng Xiǎopíng Lǐlùn'') was formulated by the "Architect of Reform" [[Deng Xiaoping]] to better account for the socioeconomic conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] during the time period of him being party chairman.<ref>Zhang Wei Wei (1966). ''Ideology and economic reform under Deng Xiaoping, 1978–1993''.</ref>

==== The 4 Cardinal Principles ====
The '''[[Four Cardinal Principles]]''' (simplified Chinese: 四项基本原则; traditional Chinese: 四項基本原則; pinyin: ''Sì-xiàng Jīběn Yuánzé'') were stated by Deng Xiaoping in March 1979, during the early phase of Reform and Opening-up, and are the four issues for which debate was not allowed within the People's Republic of China. The Four Cardinal Principles were one of Deng's Two Basic Points, the other of which was Reform and Opening.<ref name=":9">[[:en:Deng_Xiaoping_Theory#cite_note-:0-2|Uphold the Four Cardinal Principles, Deng Xiao Ping, 1979]]</ref>

The principles include:

# The principle of upholding the [[communist]] path.
# The principle of upholding the people's democratic dictatorship.
# The principle of upholding the leadership of the [[Communist Party of China]] (CPC).
# The principle of upholding [[Mao Zedong Thought]] and [[Marxism–Leninism]].<ref name=":9" />

==== The 4 Modernizations ====
The '''[[Four Modernizations]]''' (simplified Chinese: 四个现代化; traditional Chinese: 四個現代化) namely the modernization of agriculture, science and technology, defense and industry, are the national strategic goals proposed by the [[Communist Party of China]] and the [[People's Republic of China]] from the 1950s to the 1960s.<ref name=":10">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200527141216/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64156/64157/4418435.html How did the "Four Modernizations" come about? - People's Daily Online.]</ref> Zhou Enlai first put forward the concept of "four modernizations" in the "Government Work Report " made at the First Session of the Third National People's Congress in September 1954. At the beginning of reform and opening up , Deng Xiaoping allowed the "four modernizations" to become the focus of the work of the party and the government.<ref name=":10" />

==== Moderately Prosperous Society ====
[[Moderately prosperous society]] or Xiaokang society (Chinese: 小康社会; pinyin: ''Xiǎokāng Shèhuì''), is a Chinese term, originally from Confucianism, used to describe a society composed of a functional middle-class. In December 1979, Deng Xiaoping, then paramount leader of China, first proposed the idea of "Xiaokang" based on the "Four Modernizations".<ref>[http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2014/0714/c69113-25279758.html From "well-off" to "all-round well-off "- A discussion on the formation and development of Deng Xiaoping's theory of well-off society] - People's Daily</ref>

A well-off society is not a general and vague statement. He Keng, deputy director of the National Bureau of Statistics, said in an interview that in 1991, the National Bureau of Statistics and researchers from 12 departments including planning, finance, health, and education were formed. In accordance with the connotation of a well-off society proposed by the Party Central Committee and the State Council, 16 basic monitoring indicators and the critical value of a well-off society were established.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210828053301/https://cn.govopendata.com/renminribao/2002/11/18/9/#1251293 In a large developing country with a population of more than 1.2 billion, people's lives have generally reached a moderately prosperous level. In the new century, we will build a well-off society in an all-round way on this basis. What does it look like to be well-off in an all-round way—Interview with He Keng, deputy director of the National Bureau of Statistics.]</ref>

==== Reform and Opening Up ====
'''[[Reform and Opening Up|Reform and opening-up]]''' (Chinese: 改革开放; pinyin: ''Gǎigé kāifàng'') was proposed and founded by Deng Xiaoping , the second-generation paramount leader of the People's Republic of China . It was a series of economic-oriented reform measures that were implemented after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on December 18, 1978. It can be summarized as "Reform internally and open externally".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191021220420/http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0123/c85037-30586524.html Deng Xiaoping and the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China - People's Daily Online]</ref>

It was proposed in order to deal with the main problems the country faced at the time: namely a very poor population, the lack of an industrial base, and the lack of a large urban population (80% of the population lived in rural areas at the time). Deng Xiaoping saw that the country was still too underdeveloped to build [[Socialism]] where premature collectivization has brought antagonistic contradictions between the relations of production and the social character of the productive forces. The idea was proposed of implementing market policies in order to build the productive forces in order to eventually be able to build Socialism.

==== One Center, Two Basic Points ====
'''[[One center, Two Basic Points|One Center, Two Basic Points]]''' (Simplified Chinese: 一个中心、两个基本点; Pinyin: Yīgè zhōngxīn, liǎng gè jīběn diǎn)is the core content of the Communist Party of China's basic line. One center refers to Socialist construction as the center; two basic points refers to adhering to the four basic principles and adhering to reform and opening up. The unity of the two basic points is the complete content of the line of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, in November 1, 1987.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/10749314/73e0e1jOG4q2rvMWixLj2cAwJFrVPpS8hW7povMvYsthgVNQlYJI1RFmr3GTv0eg87TCqN5mJkL4yh0tJYERUfpMSg_1C8MTEAMPQCM The Thirteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China--The Thirteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China--People's Daily Online ]</ref>

Here are 4 basic things to know regarding it:

(1) The concise summary of the party's basic line in the primary stage of socialism is "one center, two basic points".

(2) Socialist construction is the center of the work of the whole party and the country, and Socialist construction is the core and main body of the basic line.

(3) The four basic principles are the foundation of a country and provide political guarantee for modernization; reform and opening up is the only way for China to modernize and provide impetus for modernization.

(4) "One center, two basic points" are interdependent and indispensable. They are all for the better liberation and development of productive forces to improve the material standards of the people, unified in the great practice of building socialism with Chinese characteristics.

==== Primary stage of socialism ====

===== During the Mao era =====
The term '''"Primary Stage of Socialism"''' (Chinese: 社会主义初级阶段; Pinyin: Shèhuì zhǔyì chūjí jiēduàn) was only briefly mentioned by Chairman Mao, While discussing the necessity of commodity relations at the 1st Zhengzhou Conference held between 2 and 10 November 1958. He specifically mentioned the "initial stage of socialism" <ref>{{Citation|author=Li Gu Cheng|year=1995|title=A Glossary of Political Terms of the People's Republic of China.|page=400|city=Hong Kong|publisher=Chinese University Press|isbn=962202615X, 9789622026155|trans-lang=Chinese}}</ref>

===== After Mao's death =====
The term had been used by the CPC during the Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign of 1983 but had never been explained. After consulting with [[Deng Xiaoping]], the theory of a primary stage of socialism was used as the theoretical basis of the Political Report to the 13th National Congress held in 1987. The theory focused mainly on developing the productive forces and took a highly economic deterministic view on developing socialism.

Despite certain pitfalls, the theory is still used to explain the use of capitalist techniques in China. The main aim of the theory was to reconceptualize socialism to make Marxism fit for contemporary use. Su and Zhang Xiangyang said the primary stage of socialism in China began in the 1950s when the CPC put an end to the policies of New Democracy and would last an estimated 100 years. The previous emphasis on economic equality in favour of economic growth was abandoned. Deng stated:<blockquote>"Of the many lessons we have to sum up, a very important one is this: we should make clear what is socialism and how to build socialism ... The primary task of socialism is to develop production forces and to elevate the standard of the material and cultural life of the people. Our twenty years of experience from 1958 to 1976 have told us: poverty is not socialism, socialism is to eliminate poverty. It is not socialism to not develop production forces and raise the people's living standards."</blockquote>By this point, Deng had equated upholding socialism with developing the level of the productive forces; the ideal of common equality was postponed until an unspecified time. Su and Zhang reached similar conclusions, saying that Marx had two goals when he wrote about the socialist future: a social system in which the productive forces developed and the individual would be granted a great chance of self-development.

However, developing the productive forces became the precondition for the greater self-learning of the individual through common equality; Su and Zhang said that the former would lead to the latter. The left were generally pleased with the theory, which was based upon orthodox Marxist premises. However, some people on the right considered the theory was proof that China needed to reintroduce capitalism to build socialism. Marx had written that socialism developed from capitalism, but China had skipped the capitalist mode of production and went from feudalism to socialism.<ref>{{Citation|author=Sun, Yan|year=1995|title=The Chinese Reassessment of Socialism, 1976–1992.|page=195 - 204|city=Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691029989}}</ref>

== The 3 Represents ==
The '''[[Three Represents]]''' or '''the important thought of Three Represents''' (Chinese: 三个代表; Pinyin: Sān ge dàibiǎo) is a guiding socio-political theory within China credited to then-general secretary of the Communist Party of China, Jiang Zemin, which was ratified at the 16th Party Congress in 2002. The "Three Represents" defines the role of the CPC. Jiang Zemin first introduced his theory on 25 February 2000 while on an inspection tour in Maoming, Guangdong province.<ref>Selected Works of Jiang Zemin, Eng. ed., FLP, Beijing, 2013, Vol. III, p. 519.</ref>

==== Core Ideas ====
The important thought of "Three Represents" requires the Communist Party of China

* It must always represent the development requirements of China's advanced social productive forces
* It must always represent the direction of China's advanced culture
* We must always represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people.<ref>People's Daily Online - Theoretical Channel. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161029112437/http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2012/1028/c350808-19413196.html Comrade Jiang Zemin proposed that the party should always represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China]</ref>

==== Main Content ====

# Development is the party's top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country.
# Establish a socialist market economic system.
# Building a moderately prosperous society.
# Build a socialist political civilization.
# Promote the new great project of party building.

==== Justification of the Three Represents ====
The Communist Party of China believes that the "Three Represents" is the inheritance and development of Marxism-Leninism , Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory , reflecting the new requirements of the development and changes of the contemporary world and China for the work of the CPC. It is an important theoretical weapon to promote the self-improvement and development of socialism in China, and it is the crystallization of the collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China.

In Jiang's speech on the "Three Represents" on the 80th anniversary of the founding of the CCP, he claimed that the expansion of "working class" would help the party remain advanced as the vanguard of the working class by expanding its popular support and increasing its social influence. Jiang made a statement on the concept of the working class that it includes intellectuals:<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/e-speech/a.htm "Jiang Zemin's Speech at the Meeting Celebrating the 80th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China China"]. ''China Internet Information Center''.</ref> <blockquote>“With intellectuals being part of the working class, the scientific, technical and educational level of the working class has been raised considerably... Consequently some workers have changed their jobs. But this has not changed the status of the Chinese working class. On the contrary, this will serve to improve the overall quality of the working class and give play to its advantages as a group in the long run. The Chinese working class has always been the basic force for promoting the advanced productive forces in China. Our Party must remain the vanguard of the working class and unswervingly and wholeheartedly rely on the working class.”</blockquote>

== The Scientific Outlook on Development ==
The '''[[Scientific Outlook on Development]]''' (Chinese: 科学发展观; pinyin: ''Kēxué Fāzhǎn Guān'') is one of the guiding socio-economic principles of the Chinese Communist Party (CPC), credited to former Chinese leader [[Hu Jintao]] and his administration, who was in power from 2002 to 2012. The ideology was ratified into the CPC constitution at the 17th Party Congress in October 2007. It is lauded by the Chinese government as a successor and extension ideology to Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the Three Represents.<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/102774/8024779.html Hu Jintao (19 November 2012). "Full text of Hu Jintao's report at 18th Party Congress"]. People's Daily.</ref>

==== Core Ideology ====
Humanism is at the center of the scientific development concept. The people-oriented concept is "to take the interests of the people as the starting point and end point of all work, to continuously meet people's multifaceted needs and promote the overall development of people." It includes 4 specific aspects:<ref>[https://archive.ph/MX8A Wen Jiabao (29 February 2004). "Wēn Jiābǎo: Láogù shùlì hé rènzhēn luòshí kēxué fāzhǎn guān"] <bdi>温家宝：牢固树立和认真落实科学发展观</bdi></ref>

* On the basis of economic development, continuously improve the people's material and cultural living standards and health standards
* Respect and protect human rights, including the political, economic and cultural rights of citizens
* Continuously improve people's ideological and moral quality, scientific and cultural quality and health quality
* Create a social environment where people develop equally and give full play to their intelligence

==== People Oriented ====
'''People Oriented ('''Chinese: 以人为本; pinyin: Yǐrénwéiběn) means to take the interests of the people as the starting point and foothold of all work, to continuously meet people's various needs and promote the all-round development of people; to be comprehensive means to continuously improve the socialist market economic system and maintain a sustained, rapid, coordinated and healthy economy while developing.

To speed up the construction of political civilization and spiritual civilization to form a pattern of mutual promotion and common development of material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization; coordination means to coordinate urban and rural coordinated development, regional coordinated development, economic and social coordinated development, and domestic development.

And opening up to the outside world; sustainability means coordinating the harmonious development of man and nature, properly handling the relationship between economic construction, population growth, resource utilization, and ecological environment protection, and promoting the entire society to embark on a civilized development path of production development, affluent life, and good ecology.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/317422/19e8q6qA7GM9VWo1OrmlkAKZckFPinYJhlrWQu-vwqDIjc9bM7vHM7yStTYK2njKXMc9rTCb_BKQYJUHzzZlvyHWjDBxTchE48epFhr6uR7d7qwsv2skDwlb4WU7DDXKuQ Scientific Outlook on Development] - China Taiwan Network </ref>

==== Socialist Harmonious Society ====
'''The Socialist Harmonious Society ('''Chinese: 和谐社会; pinyin: ''héxié shèhuì) ,'' is a strategic goal of social development proposed by the Communist Party of China in 2004 , which refers to a harmonious and harmonious social state in which all classes work together. On September 19, 2004, at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China , the concept of “persisting in mobilizing all positive factors in the broadest and most complete way, and continuously improving the ability to build a harmonious socialist society ” was formally put forward<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040923054518/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2004-09/19/content_1995366_1.htm "Communique of the Fourth Plenary Session" of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China .] Xinhuanet. 2014-09-19 [ 2015-10-19 ] . </ref>

The formulation of a harmonious society aims to point out the common interests accepted by all walks of life for the confused direction of reform. Prior to this, people repeatedly debated between "fairness" and "efficiency". There is no doubt that at the beginning of the reform and opening up , the CPC’s policy was to “prioritize efficiency and give consideration to fairness.” As a result, while achieving construction achievements, social injustice occurred, and the problem has hindered the deepening of reform.

Harmonious society is quite specific to the current Chinese society. The equalization of basic public services including education, medical care, social security and other social hotspots , as well as the system of guaranteeing democratic rights and widening channels for the expression of social conditions and public opinions are the specific contents of the theory of harmonious society.

==== The 8 Honors and 8 Shames ====
The 8 Honors and 8 Shames (simplified Chinese: 八荣八耻; pinyin: bā róng bā chǐ) is a set of concepts and guidelines put in place by Hu Jintao, used to measure the work, conduct and attitude of Chinese citizens and CPC members. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080303120342/http://news3.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-10/18/content_5220576.htm CPC promotes "core value system" to lay moral foundation for social harmony] - Xinhua.net</ref>

The 8 Honors and 8 Shames are as follows:

# Love your nation; do it no harm.
# Serve the people; never betray them
# Follow science; discard superstition
# Be diligent; not indolent
# Be united and help each other; make no gains at another's expense
# Be honest and trustworthy; do not sacrifice ethics for profit
# Be disciplined and law-abiding; not chaotic and lawless
# Live plainly, work hard; do not wallow in luxuries and pleasures.

The Party stressed Hu's list of eight honors and disgraces in the resolutions, saying that these virtues including patriotism, professional dedication and honesty should be further promoted and government, business and social credibility should be enhanced.

== Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Age ==
[[Xi Jinping Thought|Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era]] (Simplified Chinese:习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想; Pinyin: Xíjìnpíng xīn shídài zhōngguó tèsè shèhuì zhǔyì sīxiǎng) is a further socio-political formulation of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. It is the successor of Mao Zedong thought, Deng Xiaoping theory, The 3 Represents and the Scientific Outlook on Development.

==== The 14 Point Program ====
The concepts behind Xi Jinping Thought were elaborated in Xi's ''[[The Governance of China]]'' book series, published by the [[Foreign Languages Press]] for an international audience. Volume one was published in September 2014, followed by volume two in November 2017, followed by volume three in June 2020.<ref>[http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/19th-party-congress-xi-jinping-outlines-new-thought-on-socialism-with-chinese-traits Goh, Sui Noi (18 October 2017). "19th Party Congress: Xi Jinping outlines new thought on socialism with Chinese traits".] ''Straits Times''.</ref>

# Ensuring Communist Party of China leadership over all forms of work in China.
# The Communist Party of China should take a people-centric approach for the public interest.
# The continuation of "comprehensive deepening of reforms".
# Adopting new science-based ideas for "innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development".
# Following "[[socialism with Chinese characteristics]]" with "people as the masters of the country".
# Governing China with the Rule of Law.
# "Practise [[Core Socialist Values|socialist core values]]", including [[Marxism-Leninism]] and socialism with Chinese characteristics.
# "Improving people's livelihood and well-being is the primary goal of development".
# Coexist well with nature with "energy conservation and environmental protection" policies and "contribute to global ecological safety".
# Strengthen the national security of China.
# The Communist Party of China should have "absolute leadership over" China's [[People's Liberation Army]].
# Promoting the one country, two systems system for [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] with a future of "complete [[Chinese unification|national reunification]]" and to follow the [[One China|One-China principle]] and [[1992 Consensus]] for [[Taiwan]].
# Establish a common destiny between the Chinese people and other peoples around the world with a "peaceful international environment".
# Improve party discipline in the Communist Party of China.

==== The Four Comprehensives ====
The Four Comprehensives, or the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy (Chinese: 四个全面战略布局) is a list of political goals for China, put forward by Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2014. They are:<ref>[https://www.guancha.cn/culture/2015_05_04_318218.shtml "今年首批中央文献重要术语"外语版"出炉共30个". ''www.guancha.cn''.] Retrieved April 8, 2016.</ref>

# Comprehensively build a moderately prosperous society
# Comprehensively deepen reform
# Comprehensively govern the nation according to law
# Comprehensively strictly govern the Party.

==== The Two Establishes and the Two Safeguards ====
Two Establishes (Chinese: 两个确立; Pinyin: Liǎng gè quèlì ) and Two Safeguards (Chinese: 两个维护; Pinyin: Liǎng gè wéihù) are two political slogans promoted by the CPC to reinforce Comrade Xi Jinping's tenure. According to the CPC historical resolution, the Two Establishes are:

# "To establish the status of Comrade Xi Jinping as the core of the Party’s Central Committee and of the whole Party"
# "To establish the guiding role of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era"

According to the Sixth Plenum of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, the Two Safeguards are:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220729191420/https://chinamediaproject.org/the_ccp_dictionary/two-establishes/ "Two Establishes". ''China Media Project''.]</ref>

# "Safeguard the 'core' status of General Secretary Xi Jinping within the CPC"
# "To safeguard the centralized authority of the Party"

During the 20th National Congress of the CPC, the Two Safeguards was added to the CPC Constitution.<ref>[http://cpc.people.com.cn/20th/n1/2022/1026/c448334-32552477.html "中国共产党章程--中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会专题报道--人民网"]. ''People's Daily''</ref>

==== Chinese Dream ====
The [[Chinese Dream]] (simplified Chinese: 中国梦; traditional Chinese: 中國夢; pinyin: ''Zhōngguó Mèng'') is a term closely associated with [[Xi Jinping]] which conveys the aspirations of [[People's Republic of China|China]] to rejuvenate itself and become a [[Moderately Prosperous Society|moderately prosperous society]]. Xi began promoting the phrase as a slogan during a high-profile tour of an exhibit at the National Museum of China in November 2012, shortly after he became leader of the [[Communist Party of China|CPC]].<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2014/03/14/world/asia/chinese-dream-anniversary-xi-jinping-president Xie, Tao (14 March 2014). "Opinion: Is President Xi Jinping's Chinese dream fantasy or reality?"] – CNN</ref>

== See also ==
[[Quotes:Socialism with Chinese Characteristics|Quotes on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics]]

[[Reform and Opening Up]]

[[Socialist market economy]]

=== References ===
[[Category:Outline needs additional content]]
[[Category:Ideology of the Communist Party of China]]

Communist Party of China

2023-07-11T05:15:09Z

RedArcher9:

{{Message box/ideologicaldeviation}}<blockquote>''"CPC" redirects here. For other uses, see [[CPC (disambiguation)]].''</blockquote>{{Infobox political party
| name = Communist Party of China
| native_name = 中国共产党
| native_name_lang = Chinese
| logo = [[File:Danghui.svg|frameless|175px]]
| abbreviation = CPC
| general_secretary = [[Xi Jinping]]
| founders = [[Chen Duxiu]]<br />[[Li Dazhao]]<br />[[1st National Congress of the Communist Party of China|1st National Congress]]
| founded = 23 July 1921
| newspaper = ''[[People's Daily]]''
| think_tank = [[Central Policy Research Office]]
| youth_wing = [[Communist Youth League of China]]<br />[[Young Pioneers of China]]
|membership_year=2022|membership=96,710,000| political_orientation = [[Dengism]]<br>[[Social-imperialism]]<br>[[Fascism]]<br>[[Nationalism|Han-Chinese ultranationalism]]
| website = http://cpc.people.com.cn/
}}The '''Communist Party of China''' ''(Chinese: 中国共产党; pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng)'' was founded on July 23, 1921. After the establishment of the Communist Party of [[People's Republic of China|China]] in 1921, it established the correct path of the new democratic revolution, and liberated the Chinese people. The party has explored the correct revolutionary path of encircling the cities from the countryside and seizing political power with armed forces, "awakening millions of workers and peasants" and "taking the whip to beat the enemy", overcoming the "three mountains" of imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucratic capitalism, and established the People's Republic of China in which the people are the masters of the country.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/117227/25593C5EieghZuzbD145d2q2LqV4MMoLcq-RxYwMQDb15_IOHTAM2dV57yHYlH7Tg3zkIE9s2BIB2U6-Z44cbMyUe8rUsUq_hZQefFT03BFSdSX3YRGYg-Dz A great historical starting point - some important historical facts about the founding of the Communist Party of China] - People's Daily Online </ref><ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/117227/b1acXZaWz3j1QOzUua8Bg7ViZT7rYPPU6dg1LA5r1IWJdBXbwgzxiRzlGKhY29tIfEfbt6-Dt1IJ0iXOLbPVB5YxTYdK1qY0vyiU_uwFWrHjDPck1nJ60vx3REg5rfuyrg3hPX2ExjR0qPE Great Contributions of the Communist Party of China] - The National People's Congress of China</ref>

The Communist Party of China is the vanguard of the Chinese working class, the Chinese people and the Chinese nation, and the core of leadership for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It represents the development requirements of China's advanced productive forces, the direction of China's advanced culture, and the most fundamental interests of the general public. The party's highest ideal and ultimate goal is to realize communism.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/117227/ef59m0-Nj3veFfu2_U1YwodDrUSiH-S3-FGBPsHP10FHvU3D7AYWRokWJZ9Jl_ESBbF1VPFdu3BkuStW4ZkYnoDT7dkamyEHDpdjMtfgOwP9PhDNfL4icSgYyjcxgCd_cbA Constitution of the CPC] - Xinhua.net</ref>

The Communist Party of China takes Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of "Three Represents", the Scientific Outlook on Development, and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as its own guide to action. The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The central task of the Communist Party of China is to unite and lead the people of all ethnic groups in the country to build a great modern socialist country in an all-round way, realize the second centenary goal, and comprehensively promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/117227/2c9f1Nbzjcl19TBQ206eQLTLZAETRlH0sWzD2Y2kw_HzT3jSPrE6zYPTJ6is7qgSiXscEQea65d7NX-myJVM8j4SUwj2qeVIQ7WvF-llwyf24VuS2-5ZThdwZ_kriL0fpADMoAk19w Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China] - Xinhuanet </ref><ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/117227/d4f9OKrtCX9mfIkjyi7uALP2gO5dgGKuMhTTYZrDJTKOgEhw9OSVtAUBV7D1lhMeIdYwYr9dGggvHKcZkC36NzZ9BPGPv1fi-qbeVHLh4zT-LbtLjyWOz9kqkUJMiNBtf7ZB Holding high the great banner of Xi Jinping's new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics - the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China Tour] - Xinhuanet </ref><ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/117227/8614cx5nbckD7eEdEoGY1ZKil2SNt-Ge1qzjHhkUWCheyXlijL91iiBta3p16FukowRw0DzEx5c4eLFyL0G7GPVUUVEJ8E3FSaM2cAxoYiK5igmK3ANJhKp_ Xi Jinping: Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Work Together to Build a Modern Socialist Country in an All-round Way—Report at the Twentieth National Congress of the Communist Party of China] - Xinhuanet </ref>

==History==

===Founding===
The Communist Party of China was founded on July 23, 1921, heavily influenced by the events of the [[May Fourth Movement]] and the [[October Revolution]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Hu Qiaomu|title=Thirty years of the Communist Party of China|city=Beijing|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|year=1953}}</ref> At its [[1st National Congress of the Communist Party of China|first congress]], the party only had about 50 members.<ref name=":0" /> Although the party was founded on July 23, its anniversary is officially celebrated on July 1. Owing to the shortage of archival materials available at the time, which indicated that the party was founded in July 1921 but did not provide an exact date, in June 1941 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China declared July 1 to be the anniversary of the party's birth. Although historians were later able to determine the exact date to be July 23, the anniversary is still celebrated on July 1.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Xinhua News Agency|title=共产主义小组的建立与中国共产党的成立|date=2004-10-25|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-10/25/content_2136770.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430055514/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-10/25/content_2136770.htm}}</ref>

===Civil war and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression===
In 1934, the [[Chinese Red Army]] began the [[Long March]] and retreated from Jiangxi to Shaanxi to avoid persecution from the [[Kuomintang]] and established a [[Revolutionary Base Area|revolutionary base]] in Yan'an.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[CGTN]]|title=A preview of key moments in CPC's history|date=2021-07-01|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-07-01/A-preview-of-key-moments-in-CPC-s-history-11xGQ14vURy/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017010346/https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-07-01/A-preview-of-key-moments-in-CPC-s-history-11xGQ14vURy/index.html|archive-date=2021-10-17|retrieved=2022-10-16}}</ref>

After [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|fascist Japan]] invaded China, the Chinese Red Army became part of the [[Eighth Route Army]].

After many years of civil war in which the CPC achieved total victory in mainland China and most of the coastal islands, led the [[People's Liberation Army]] to defeat the [[National Revolutionary Army]] of the [[Republic of China]], and forced the Republic of China into a military coup.

===First Generation===
The government of the Republic of China retreated to [[Taiwan]]. [[Mao Zedong]] established the People's Republic of China in Beijing in 1949, the only ruling party in the PRC leading the Workers' and Peasants' Alliance and the United Front on behalf of the working class and exercising the [[People's Democratic Dictatorship]] in mainland China since October 1949.

=== Second Generation===
In 1978, the third plenary session of the CPC Central Committee approved [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s reform and opening up policy and established several [[Special economic zone|special economic zones]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Fifth Generation===
By 2021, the CPC had reached over 90 million members.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Qiao Collective]]|title=Reflections on the Communist Party of China’s Centenary|date=2021-07-08|url=https://www.qiaocollective.com/articles/cpc-centenary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718160239/https://www.qiaocollective.com/articles/cpc-centenary|archive-date=2022-07-18|retrieved=2022-09-11}}</ref>

==Demographics ==
In 2020, the Communist Party of China had 91,914,000 members, about 6.57% of the population of China. In 2017, about 26.7% of members were women.<ref>https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2018-06-30/doc-ihespqrx6865303.shtml</ref> In 2015, roughly 30% were farmers, herdsmen or fishermen, 25% were white collar workers, 18% were retirees, and 8% were government employees.<ref>https://daily.jstor.org/communist-party-of-china/</ref>

On July 2, 2001, [[Jiang Zemin]] allowed the possibility of membership to be extended to billionaires.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/07/02/china-allows-its-capitalists-to-join-party/98c51d3e-590c-4f1b-a52a-132b3def1281/</ref> Despite this, the politburo and central committee are barred to these billionaires. The National People's Congress and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference also includes parties that aren't the CPC. 2,980 seats are available in the National People's Congress, only 45 are held by the capitalist class. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference includes the regions of [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Hong Kong]] and [[Macao Special Administrative Region|Macau]], religious bodies and non-CPC members. Only 59 out of 2,200 available seats are held by the capitalist class.<ref name=":1">[https://mpbritt.com/class-analysis-of-the-communist-party-of-china-using-2019-party-data/ Class Analysis of the CPC in 2019]- MpBritt</ref>

In 2019, the breakdown is at least 66.14% working class/peasantry, 28.37% undefined class status, and 5.5% entrepenurs (the extra 0.01% comes from rounding the two halves of White Collar Management up by 0.005% each). Even if we put all of those from an undefined class status, still about two-thirds of the party are workers/peasants. The proportion is probably higher, though. If we put them as aligned with the working class the percentage would be 94.51%. But even if we were the least generous as possible then we’d still end up with over half the party members being of a working-class/peasant background, so no matter how you cut it, the CPC is primarily made up of workers and peasants.<ref name=":1" />

==Controversies==

===Disputed English nomenclature===

The CPC is incorrectly referred to as "Chinese Communist Party" (CCP) in [[Western media]], despite the CPC declaring "Communist Party of China" to be the official English translation of its native name.

==Structure==

<abbr title="Communist Party of China">CPC</abbr> members are recursively grouped into party branches; higher-level party branches regulates lower-level branches.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://news.cgtn.com/event/2021/who-runs-the-cpc/index.html|title=Who Runs the CPC|author=[[China Global Television Network]]}}</ref> When a branch exceeds a manageable size; it gets managed by a higher-level branch of the parent branch.

For example, party (or grassroots) branches with between 50 and 100 members are grouped into General Party Branches. General Party Branches regulate grassroots branches.

== See Also ==

* [[National Socialist German Workers' Party]]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Communist parties]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Communist Party of China]]
[[Category:Political parties]]

Template:Message box/ideologicaldeviation

2023-07-11T05:11:39Z

RedArcher9:

{{Message box|text=This article contains revisionist and deviationist propaganda which may promote an anti-Marxist and social-imperialist agenda. Do not read this revisionist propaganda screed if you value [[Stalinism|true Marxism]].|image=Warning ideology icon.png}}
<includeonly>[[Category:Pages with revisionist material]]</includeonly>

Essay:What even is "dengism"?

2023-07-11T05:10:59Z

RedArcher9: Added a little something-something to help REAL MARXISTS understand the nature of this little propaganda screed.

{{Message box/ideologicaldeviation}}

I'm serious. How is 'dengism' even defined to begin with? [[Maoism|Maoists]] (and other [[Anti-revisionism|Anti-revisionists]]) seem to love this word, as this is a catch-all phrase for any 'revisionists' who appears to support the [[People's Republic of China]]. We could define 'dengism' to be this way, however, it also can apply to 'revisionists' who support the 4 other claimed socialist nations as well. This leads to a question. What even is 'dengism'?
== The Definition ==

Looking at the word etymologically, it stems from two parts, 'deng' and 'ism'. The 'ism' part is commonplace in most ideologies, such as [[Marxism-Leninism]], as it shows you support this ideology. 'Deng' comes from the person known as '[[Deng Xiaoping]]'. He's a controversial figure amongst Anti-revisionists as he is pictured to be a 'revisionist' who set up capitalist restoration within China. I would like to analyse this closer later on, but let us continue with defining 'dengism'. So we got the full picture, 'dengism' is anyone who supports Deng Xiaoping and his ideology. What was his ideology to be exact?

Deng Xiaoping wrote his own theory known as [[Deng Xiaoping Theory]]. This is what most Anti-revisionists consider 'dengism'. What does Deng Xiaoping Theory consist of? It consists of mainly three aspects, that is: the thought of the Stages of Socialism within China (and exclusively within China), the Four Modernisations and the Four Cardinal Principles. As we begin to analyse Deng Xiaoping closer, we will see what Deng Xiaoping legitimately believes in.

What did the theories mostly consist of? Well the theory won't matter if he's truly a revisionist, right? Revisionist theory just upholds revisionist thought, which would affect legitimate Marxist-Leninists, and Marxist-Leninist movements as a result. However, it doesn't matter how revisionist the person is, if we can analyse the deviation of Marxism within Deng Xiaoping's writings, it would be rightful to call him a revisionist. So we shall begin with that first.

== Deng Xiaoping Writings and Theory ==

A lot of Deng Xiaoping's writing come from the circumstances brought upon the conditions of China. Therefore we must consider the material conditions whilst introducing the theory. So we shall begin with the one that puts a foundation on the material conditions themselves.

=== Four Cardinal Principles ===

The Four Cardinal Principles are principles laid by Deng Xiaoping during the 'Reform and Opening Up' in China. The Four Cardinal Principles stated are:

# We must keep to the socialist road.
# We must uphold the dictatorship of the proletariat.
# We must uphold the leadership of the Communist Party.
# We must uphold Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.<ref>{{Citation
| author = Deng Xiaoping
| year = 1979
| title = Uphold the Four Cardinal Principles
| title-url = https://dengxiaopingworks.wordpress.com/2013/02/25/uphold-the-four-cardinal-principles/
}}</ref>
Analysing this, this makes sense. This was made while Deng Xiaoping was chairman, and seeing that China needed to be modernised at the time according to Deng Xiaoping, there was a need to uphold things such as the [[Dictatorship of the proletariat]]. I don't think you can conclude anything revisionist with the Four Cardinal Principles, unless if Deng Xiaoping was wrong regarding the material conditions (which we will get back to later). This does not show evidence that he was a revisionist. If anything, he wanted to uphold [[Mao Zedong Thought]].

=== Four Modernisations ===

What about the Four Modernisations? Anything revisionist related to it? Well it's a series of policies enacted by Deng Xiaoping in order to develop the productive forces. The Four Modernisations relate to developing these sectors: Agriculture, Industry, Defence, and Science and Technology. This is necessary for any socialist system, and even Marx stated that it is necessary in order to truly liberate people:
<blockquote>
[I]t is only possible to achieve real liberation in the real world and by employing real means, that slavery cannot be abolished without the steam-engine and the mule and spinning-jenny, serfdom cannot be abolished without improved agriculture, and that, in general, people cannot be liberated as long as they are unable to obtain food and drink, housing and clothing in adequate quality and quantity. “Liberation” is an historical and not a mental act, and it is brought about by historical conditions, the development of industry, commerce, agriculture, the conditions of intercourse...<ref>
{{Citation
| author = Karl Marx
| year = 1846
| title = The German Ideology
| title-url = https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/
| chapter = Part I: Feuerbach. Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlook
| chapter-url = https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm
}}
</ref> </blockquote>

Nothing there signifies any form of revisionism so far.

=== Stages of Socialism ===

Deng Xiaoping claims that China is in the primary stage of socialism. This means that China is in a stage where Deng Xiaoping claims China is not 'up to the socialist standard'. And as such, the development of the productive forces is needed to advance towards the next stage. Deng Xiaoping claims this stage will remain until the middle of the next century:
<blockquote> [W]e are building socialism, but that doesn’t mean that what we have achieved so far is up to the socialist standard. Not until the middle of the next century, when we have reached the level of the moderately developed countries, shall we be able to say that we have really built socialism and to declare convincingly that it is superior to capitalism. We are advancing towards that goal.<ref name="Multiple">
{{Citation
| author = Deng Xiaoping
| year = 1987
| title = To Uphold Socialism We Must Eliminate Poverty
| title-url = https://dengxiaopingworks.wordpress.com/2013/03/18/to-uphold-socialism-we-must-eliminate-poverty/
}}
</ref> </blockquote>

It doesn't seem like Deng Xiaoping is being a revisionist here either. Looking into the theory, it seems as if Deng Xiaoping follows Marxism-Leninism and accordingly well.

== Deng Xiaoping in relation to Mao and the CPC ==

Let us push the theory aside for a moment, and see if Deng Xiaoping was a revisionist even before Deng Xiaoping came into power. This is where the 'Anti-revisionists' have their critiques (shows how well they read theory, does it not?), as they criticise Deng Xiaoping for being a supposed 'traitor' to the CPC and Mao Zedong. Let us start before the Cultural Revolution, for a very good reason as most of Mao's critiques on Deng Xiaoping were during the Cultural Revolution.

=== Before the Beginning of the Cultural Revolution ===

Deng Xiaoping was part of the 'Chinese Civil War', and although his importance is negligible in this stage, it sets a precedent that he was a veteran revolutionary who contributed to the CPC. He also ruthlessly criticised legitimate revisionists such as [[Chen Duxiu]], calling him a 'right opportunist' in multiple instances.<ref>
{{Citation
| author = Deng Xiaoping
| year = 1965
| title = Build a Mature and Combat-Effective Party
| title-url = https://dengxiaopingworks.wordpress.com/2013/02/22/build-a-mature-and-combat-effective-party/
| quote = In the later stage of the Great Revolution our Party was misled by Chen Duxiu’s Right opportunistic error, when we were afraid of engaging in a political struggle with the bourgeoisie, afraid of irritating it, and not daring to arouse the masses into action. Consequently, the Great Revolution ended in defeat as soon as Chiang Kai-shek betrayed it.
}}
</ref> However, we can dismiss this as revisionists can attack other revisionists. Just because they're an enemy of our enemy doesn't automatically mean they're our friend. This does not mean that he is a revisionist, it means it is insufficient. We must also note that Deng Xiaoping did work with other CPC members such as [[Liu Shaoqi]], another member who was called a 'revisionist'. However he worked with people like [[Zhou Enlai]], meaning this is also insufficient. So I'll consider Mao's views on Deng Xiaoping before the Cultural Revolution. According to the writings, he did comment on Deng Xiaoping's work, writing statements in agreement with what he stated, and even providing improvement to his works.<ref>
{{Citation
| author = Deng Xiaoping
| year = 1951
| title = Agrarian Reform in Southwest China and Our Experience
| title-url = https://dengxiaopingworks.wordpress.com/2013/02/22/agrarian-reform-in-southwest-china-and-our-experience/
| quote = (Excerpt from a comprehensive report to the CPC Central Committee and Comrade Mao Zedong. In the report, which was transmitted to various localities on May 16, Comrade Mao Zedong remarked, “Comrade Xiaoping’s report is very good” and he added some comments of his own to the report.)
}}
</ref> So Deng Xiaoping certainly was not a revisionist at this stage.

=== After the Beginning of the Cultural Revolution ===

This is where things get difficult to analyse, especially because of the rise of a group known as the 'Gang of Four'. Although they didn't appear in the cultural revolution initially, their presence was solidified in the Cultural Revolution and affected many things in China. This will not be a report on the Gang of Four, as they are its own beast, but we will analyse them as they are part of the Cultural Revolution. It must also be stated that that the Maoists uphold the Gang of Four. Mao did actually criticise Deng Xiaoping in the Cultural Revolution, especially in the later years. However, Deng Xiaoping was being criticised because he criticised the Cultural Revolution. He was not the only one critical of the Cultural Revolution, as other members of the CPC criticised it as well (especially veterans who were part of the Chinese Civil War).<ref>
{{Web citation
| newspaper = ChinaDaily
| title = 'Cultural revolution' (1966-76)
| date = 2010-11-24
| url = https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/19thcpcnationalcongress/2010-11/24/content_29714621.htm
| quote = [M]any older generation proletarian revolutionists who were instrumental in the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) voiced their strong opposition to the "cultural revolution", calling it a "mistake". They criticized activities by the clique of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing such as purging veteran officials and creating chaos within the Party and the People's Liberation Army. However, the struggle was presented to Mao as a one-sided report by the clique of Kang Sheng. Mao criticized the veteran revolutionists who participated in the struggle.
}}
</ref>
Despite the criticism, he was still in a position of power, that is because Zhou Enlai helped him remain in power, and Mao Zedong liked Zhou Enlai for his leadership. It was only in 1976, when Zhou Enlai died, that Deng Xiaoping was demoted and purged from the party. Mao Zedong also made a campaign against Deng Xiaoping labelled the 'Criticize Deng and Oppose the Rehabilitation of Right-Leaning Elements' in 1975 as Deng was still critical of the Cultural Revolution. So that's it, we can assert that Deng Xiaoping was critical of the Cultural Revolution, and since the Cultural Revolution was good, Deng was a revisionist, right? Not quite.

Firstly, the Cultural Revolution did have some good aspects. It eliminated bourgeois influence from society, and destroyed reactionary culture that was prevalent in China at the time. However, the Cultural Revolution made China dwindle in terms of the Productive Forces. But wait, didn't China have high GDP growth in the 1960s? Yes, it did. However, that completely masks the whole picture, and China's GDP growth was dwindling, and it actually went negative in 1976. Looking into terms of GDP growth figures, Deng Xiaoping's reforms stabilished GDP growth, and to this day it has higher GDP grow than the United States.<ref>
{{Web citation
| newspaper = World Bank
| title = GDP growth (annual %) - China
| url = https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=CN
}}
</ref> So Deng Xiaoping was right when he said that China was now decades behind even the Third World nations, meaning that he was right in regards to his writings and material conditions.

However, the Maoists will throw one more thing in, and use a quote from Mao Zedong that stated he abandoned class struggle:

<blockquote> This person does not grasp class struggle; he has never referred to this key link. Still his theme of ‘white cat, black cat,’ making no distinction between imperialism and Marxism.<ref>
{{Citation
| author = Chin Chih-po
| year = 1976
| title = Denial of the Difference Between Socialism and Capitalism Is Not Allowed — Repudiating the theme about “white cat, black cat”
| title-url = https://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/1976/PR1976-16e.htm
| publisher = Peking Review
}}
</ref> </blockquote>

However, we can say that Mao Zedong is not correct on everything. Mao Zedong said it himself. We must understand that his quote of 'black cat, white cat', refers to a quote stated by [[Lu Bocheng]] initially which is then built on:
<blockquote>
As to what kind of relations of production is the best mode, I’m afraid we shall have to leave the matter to the discretion of local authorities, allowing them to adopt whatever mode of production that can facilitate quickest recovery and growth of agricultural production. The masses should also be allowed to adopt whatever mode they see fit, legalizing illegal practices as necessary. These are all tentative ideas, not final decisions, so they will not necessarily come to pass in future. When talking about fighting battles, Comrade Liu Bocheng often quotes a Sichuan proverb — “It does not matter if it is a yellow cat or a black cat, as long as it catches mice.” The reason we defeated Chiang Kai-shek is that we did not always fight in the conventional way. Our sole aim is to win by taking advantage of given conditions. If we want to restore agricultural production, we must also take advantage of actual conditions.
</blockquote>

It is about the material conditions. Therefore as long as the strategy works, we can adopt different methods towards the solution. This is why the [[Socialist market economy|Market Socialist]] economy worked so well for China. And hence why Deng Xiaoping chose the right path at the end.

=== After the End of the cultural revolution ===

I've seen Maoists which post quotes which aren't really quotes from Deng Xiaoping at all. I've seen two. So let's take a look before we can conclude on our analysis of 'revisionism' on Deng Xiaoping.

<blockquote>
Poverty is not socialism. To be rich is glorious.
</blockquote>
This one is a 'half-truth'. The first sentence is legitimate and it comes the work called 'To Uphold Socialism We Must Eliminate Poverty'. The 2nd sentence is not, however, and it contradicts what Deng Xiaoping stated, which was this:
<blockquote>
During the “cultural revolution” the Gang of Four raised the absurd slogan, “Better to be poor under socialism and communism than to be rich under capitalism.” It may sound reasonable to reject the goal of becoming rich under capitalism. But how can we advocate being poor under socialism and communism? It was that kind of thinking that brought China to a standstill.<ref name="Multiple"></ref>
</blockquote>

That sentence alone contradicts anything that Deng Xiaoping apparently said beforehand. Therefore, it isn't a legitimate quote to begin with.

The other quote is this:
<blockquote>
We no longer know what socialism is, or how to get there, and yet it remains the goal.
</blockquote>

This comes from an book titled 'Capital Is Dead: Is This Something Worse?', which the quote itself is unsourced. Even if we are to accept this as a 'half-truth', it is very misleading, as here it is what Deng Xiaoping actually said regarding the definition of socialism:
<blockquote>
What is socialism and what is Marxism? We were not quite clear about this in the past. Marxism attaches utmost importance to developing the productive forces. We have said that socialism is the primary stage of communism and that at the advanced stage the principle of from each according to his ability and to each according to his needs will be applied. This calls for highly developed productive forces and an overwhelming abundance of material wealth. Therefore, the fundamental task for the socialist stage is to develop the productive forces.
</blockquote>

What he is clearly referring to is that Socialism and Communism were not clearly defined in the past. Especially in the 1800s, where Karl Marx lived. Karl Marx used Socialism and Communism interchangeably, and it is only when Lenin made a distinction between Socialism and Communism, called socialism a 'lower phase of communism'. So no, this quote is also fake.

== Conclusion ==

So we come back to the original problem. What even is 'Dengism'? 'Dengism' is nothing more than a label used to attack legitimate Marxist-Leninists. It's the same tactics Trotskyists use to label Marxist-Leninists as 'Stalinists'. There is no need to distinguish between Marxist-Leninists and 'Dengists'. I read Deng Xiaoping Theory and support the People's Republic of China, but that still makes me a Marxist-Leninist. All Marxist-Leninists who support China are not 'Dengists'. Therefore, we can end this essay by stating that the original premise introduced by Maoists and 'Anti-revisionists' are wrong. Not only they are wrong, [[Essay:Problems with Maoism|they are revisionist themselves]].
== References ==

ProleWiki

2023-07-11T05:08:31Z

RedArcher9: Removed feeble slanders.

''This article is about the history and notable events that happened on ProleWiki. For a description of the wiki, see the [[ProleWiki:About|About page]].''{{Infobox website
| name =
| logo = File:Prolewiki logo 2022.png
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = The logo of ProleWiki, a globe featuring a star and wheat emblem, historically communist symbols
| screenshot = File:ProleWiki Screenshot 2022-10-09.png
| screenshot_size = 200px
| screenshot_alt =
| screenshot_caption = Main page of English ProleWiki
| type = Online encyclopedia
| language_count = 7
| language =
| founding_name =
| founding_date = 30 September, 2020
| founding_website =
| founded =
| founder = [[Comrade:Forte|Comrade Forte]]
| key_people = [[Comrade:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]], [[Comrade:MxAsh|MxAsh]]
| num_users = 23 [[Special:ActiveUsers|active users]]<br>{{NUMBEROFUSERS}} registered users
| url = prolewiki.org
| footnotes =
}}'''ProleWiki''' is a self-described "[[Communism|Communist]] ([[Marxist-Leninist]])" and "anti-imperialist" collaborative encyclopedia founded in September 2020. It is based on [[MediaWiki]] software.<ref name=":02">[https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/ProleWiki ProleWiki - ProleWiki]</ref> The site has promoted itself as ''"the proletarian encylopedia".''<ref group="note">ProleWiki, however, has also hitherto entitled itself ''the people's wiki'' or ''the people's [[Wikipedia]]'', indicating ProleWiki's founding motivations as creating an ideologically alternative to Wikipedia.</ref>

ProleWiki is infamous among most [[Socialist]] circles for its exceedingly narrow range of accepted ideological trends, with most of its editors being militant [[Dengism|Dengists]] and those who are not often getting banned, its nearly uncritical support for the economic and political system of [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Russia]], and other modern [[Capitalism|Capitalist]] states (of which they codify their support of in their "principles"<ref name=":12">[https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/ProleWiki:Principles ProleWiki - Principles]</ref>), and its extremely closed and numerically small administration, and its support of anti-science movements. Depite claiming to maintain nearly 90 fully active editors as of January 2023, the site in reality has less than a dozen editors who are even moderately active.

The site is greatly connected to other ideologically-aligned communities on the online left, such as [[Lemmygrad]] and [[R/GenZedong|GenZedong]], and is dependent on these external sites for their recruitment of editors and preservation of the ideological line of the site. ProleWiki often serves as a "gateway" for Communists to be indoctrinated into chauvinistic and [[Revisionism|revisionary]] ideology, with the site actively promoting "[[List of third position ideologies|Patriotic Socialist]]" and other social-chauvinist points of view and allowing users of those persuasions into the project.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220928154210/https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Talk:Patriotic_socialism Shall American communists hate their country?], by ProleWiki administrator Jucheguevara (1 August, 2022) ''ProleWiki''</ref><ref>[https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Essay:The_Mysterious_Destruction_of_Productive_Forces The Mysterious Destruction of Productive Forces] [an essay which promotes the "degrowth" conspiracy, a commonly-held view among the far-right] ''ProleWiki''</ref>
==History ==
The following is a timeline of major events and developments which have taken place on ProleWiki.
===Founding and early development (30 September 2020 – 24 November 2021)===
ProleWiki was founded on 30 September 2022 by [[Brazil|Brazilian]] pro-[[Communist Party of China|CPC]] propaganist Felipe Forte and other users of the internet forum Lemmygrad. The inital concept for ProleWiki likely originated as a reaction to the [[Liberalism|Liberal]] bias found on [[Wikipedia]], with ProleWiki initally attempting to promote itself as "the people's Wikipedia". The then-sole administrator of ProleWiki, Forte, would firstly attempt to attract editors via promoting his project to several pro-China [[Telegram]] channels and to Lemmygrad. He would also attempt to self-promote his site on Wikipedia shortly. Also at this time, the site allowed Marxist-Leninists are many distinct subgroupings to join and freely express their views, a policy likely taken out of pragmatism.<ref>[https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Topic:X5jeo7csdapak0mb Statement on democracy within Prolewiki], by ProleWiki administrator CriticalResist (23 October, 2022) ''ProleWiki''</ref> Forte would also create a number of fake accounts and spambots on the site to boost SEO engagement to make the site more visible to unknowing newcomers, however, when this action fail to be yielding in regard to account creation, Forte would later falsely claim that the spambots he covertly made were unintentional and made a system of "account requests" which, supposedly, was implemented to repel future spam attacks,<ref name=":02" /> but in truth existed as part of Forte's plot to slowly turn ProleWiki into a pro-CPC propaganda outlet via preventing non-revisionist [[Marxists]] from joining.<ref>[https://lemmygrad.ml/post/9176 "Enjoy ProleWiki's first spam attack"] by ProleWiki administrator Forte (16 November, 2020) ''Lemmygrad''</ref>

While the site was able to enjoy a short-lived spike of editors and general activity for the first weeks of its existance, and the sole adminstrator Forte delegated sysop roles to several other people.<ref>[https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Special:Log&offset=&limit=500&type=rights&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=&subtype= User rights log] ''ProleWiki''</ref> However, this activity would soon sputter out entirely after the project progressed into early 2021. In response to this setback, Forte would later restrict adminstrator roles to merely two editors who were fully servile to his personal ideological line - CriticalResist and Jucheguevara (who was a known "Patriotic Socialist" and general holder of many reactionary views) - and declare himself "supreme comrade" of ProleWiki,<ref>[https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Sign&action=edit Template used by "supreme comrade" Forte to indicate his "leadership" over the site.]</ref> claiming that the previous democratized administration was suffering from "absenteeism". However, these adminstrators were greatly commited to their positions, and this action was truly done in order to ensure ProleWiki would become purely a propaganda hub for Dengist revisionism and ruled in a top-down manner by him personally, as the other adminstrators were begining to question the pro-China ideological line of ProleWiki.<ref>[https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Talk:People%27s_Republic_of_China&diff=8846&oldid=5359 ProleWiki adminstrators voicing their discontent on the talk page of the article on China]</ref>
===Ideological consolidation and first purge of anti-revisionists (25 November 2021 – 31 July 2022)===
In response to increasing discontentment on the part of the editors concerning the extremely revisionist and anti-Marxist stance Forte had taken towards the People's Republic of China, Forte would initate the first ideologically-motivated purge on ProleWiki on 25 November 2021, banning a total of 12 editors in the span of just 3 hours (which as at the time over 90% of all active editors on ProleWiki). In an attempt to obscure the reasoning behind this mass-banning, Forte would claim that these editors were "Khruschevites", "Trotskyists", and "Radlibs". Following this, Forte and the other administrators would openly state ProleWiki's dogmatic and permanent support for the People's Republic of China and codifed it in their principles.<ref>[https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Talk:People%27s_Republic_of_China WE '''''FULLY SUPPORT''''' CHINA's SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIALISM] by ProleWiki administrator Forte (25 November 2021) ''ProleWiki''</ref><ref name=":12" /> Forte and the others in his clique would proceed to completely discard [[Lenin]]'s scientific theory of [[imperialism]] (calling it "dogmatic" and "outdated") and started embracing anti-[[Stalinist]] ideology, even downplaying [[Stalin]]'s contributions to Marxism.<ref>[https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Comradeship:Forte/Archive#Re:_Stalin_Talk Topic on Comradeship:Forte] ''ProleWiki''</ref> ProleWiki, from this point forth, would consistently deny the account requests of anti-revisionists and generally any Communist who failed to fanatically support China.
===Ideological conflicts and administrative disunity (1 August 2022 – 27 September 2022)===
While the internal condition of ProleWiki would remain relatively stable for most of early-to-mid 2022, with few notable conflicts within the editorship or administration of ProleWiki, This state of internal coherence would all rapidly disintegrate in August of 2022 when, along with others things such as protestations regarding the treatment of China, the inevitable creation of the page on Patriotic Socialism happened. The page noted Patriotic Socialism (with regards to the pseudo-socialist chauvinist ideology found in the United States of America) as being opportunist and revisionist. However, certain members within ProleWiki were Patriotic Socialist, including a then-administrator Jucheguevara, and a conflict would start between Patriotic Socialist and non-Patriotic Socialist (which included two of the three administrators) elements within ProleWiki.

This conflict would result in the non-Patriotic Socialist attaining ideological victory over the Patriotic Socialist elements, with the correct anti-Patriotic Socialist viewpoint of the article persisting. Relative peace would remain in the ProleWiki community, however, this would not be long-lasting. A month after the initial conflict, in September, the before-metioned administrator with Patriotic Socialist views, Jucheguevara would, particularly following the creation of the articles on MAGA Communism and on Infrared, which similar to the one on Patriotic Socialism, made clear that “MAGA Communism” was anti-Marxist and revisionist, and the [[Infrared (media collective)|Infrared collective]] (who are major “theorists” and promoters of “MAGA Communism”) were chauvinist, apparently experience escalating discontent with ProleWiki itself. Jucheguevara would conspire with the Infrared community to effectively infiltrate ProleWiki and force it to adopt Patriotic Socialist ideology, and to enforce a pro-Patriotic Socialist viewpoint onto the previously metioned articles. The then-administrator, Jucheguevara, would be banned on 27 September 2022 upon the discovery of his actions by the other ProleWiki administrators.<ref>[https://lemmygrad.ml/post/391777 "Jucheguevara has been removed from administrative positions"], by ProleWiki administrator Forte (27 September 2022) ''Lemmygrad''</ref>

This action, however, was largely done for non-ideological reasons on the part of the other ProleWiki administrators, with it being less the case that they cared about combatting social-chauvinist trends and more simply being the fact that their power within ProleWiki was increasing being compromised.<ref>[https://wisconcom.substack.com/p/on-prolewiki On ProleWiki] (13 November 2022)</ref>
==See also ==
*[[Lemmygrad]]
*[[Friends of Socialist China]]
*[[Conservapedia]]
==Notes==
<references group="note" />
==References==
== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Wikis]]
[[Category:Online encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Revisionists]]

Template:Message box/ideologicaldeviation

2023-07-11T05:04:51Z

RedArcher9:

{{Message box|text=This article contains revisionist and deviationist propaganda which may promote an anti-Marxism and social-imperialist agenda. Do not read this revisionist propaganda screed if you value [[Stalinism|true Marxism]].|image=Warning ideology icon.png}}
<includeonly>[[Category:Pages with revisionist material]]</includeonly>

Stalinism

2023-07-11T05:01:26Z

RedArcher9: STALINISM REALLY DOES EXIST!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

'''Marxism–Leninism–Stalinism''' ('''MLS'''), commonly known simply as '''Stalinism''', is the most advance stage in the development of [[Marxism]] and is the revolutionary science of the proletariat.<ref name=":2">[https://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.com/2007/10/it-is-absolutely-correct-and-adoptable.html It is absolutely correct and acceptable to use the term “Stalinism”] (14 October, 2007) ''Anasintaxi''</ref><ref name=":0">[https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv1n2/letters.htm Letter from Moscow, Russia] ''Revolutionary Democracy''</ref><ref name=":1">[https://books.google.com/books/about/Marxism_Leninism_Stalinism_the_State_the.html?id=2PH9vwEACAAJ Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism: the State, the Dictatorship of the Proletariat, Socialism and Communism with Some Critical Comments on the Labor Theory of Value and the Materialistic Interpretation of History] by Calvin J. Plater et al. (1949)</ref><ref name=":4">[https://wisconsincommunist.blogspot.com/2023/03/what-is-stalinism.html Development and Theory of Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism] (30 March, 2023) ''Wisconsin Communist''</ref>

Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism was synthesized into a coherent ideology in 1978 by [[Enver Hoxha]],<ref name=":3">[https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/1969/01/10.htm The Demagogy of the Soviet Revisionists Cannot Conceal Their Traitorous Countenance] by Enver Hoxha (January 10, 1969) ''<small>"[...] Bolshevism is always alive in the Soviet Union and the Soviet Bolshevik revolutionaries will not be defeated in the face of the tragedy which the land of the Soviets is living, but they will restore the great traditions of October Revolution, of the heroic times of Lenin and Stalin. And the only road to this is the [creation] of the Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist revolutionary party, that must take in its hands the banner of the struggle for the overthrow of [revisionism] and the [installment] of the dictatorship of the proletariat"</small>''</ref> along with the developments made by people such as [[Lazar Kaganovich]] and [[Nikos Zachariadis]].<ref>[https://neodemocracy.blogspot.com/2021/11/what-is-stalinism-use-of-term-stalinist.html What is Stalinism] (30 November, 2021) ''Neodemocracy''</ref> It is based on the theory and practice of [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Friedrich Engels|Engels]], [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], and [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]].<ref>[https://wisconcom.substack.com/p/who-are-hoxhaists Who are "Hoxhaists"?] (4 December, 2022) ''Stalinist Collective''</ref>

Currently, it is a relatively new revolutionary ideology, however, by the 2020s, it has begun to rapidly replace the now commonly [[Revisionism|revisionary]] "[[Dengism|Marxism-Leninism]]" which many modern revisionists claim to adhere to.<ref name=":4" />
==Characteristics==
===Context of development===
Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism is distinct from precursory developments of Marxist thought in that, while for instance, Leninism was the Marxism of the epoch of [[imperialism]] and nascent proletarian revolution, Stalinism is the socialism of moribund imperialism and developed socialism.<ref name=":1" /> Stalinism developed from the experience of socialist societies such as the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (before 1956) and the [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania]].<ref>[https://espressostalinist.com/2012/01/29/nikos-zachariadis-on-marxism-leninism-stalinism/ Nikos Zachariadis on Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism] (29 January, 2012)</ref><ref>[https://espressostalinist.com/2012/01/29/dimitris-glinos-on-marxism-leninism-stalinism/ Dimitris Glinos on Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism] (29 January, 2012)</ref> Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism would later be augmented by its followers into the present day.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />
===Opposition to revisionism===
Most modern Stalinists are in addition [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionists]] — drawing inspiration from the political and ideological struggles waged against revisionary trends, such as [[Khrushchevism]], and the figures who led such anti-revisionist struggles, namely Enver Hoxha and others.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060203090357/http://freespace.virgin.net/pep.talk/Bland.htm On Stalinism] by Bill Bland (30 April, 1999)</ref><ref name=":4" />
===Socialist economic self-reliance===
Stalinists hold that within the context of the development of [[socialism]], the [[socialist state]] must rely on its own economic forces rather than external economies. The theory of socialist economic self-reliance was developed by Enver Hoxha, and was most elaborated in his work ''[[Imperialism and the Revolution]]'':<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/imp_rev/toc.htm Imperialism and the Revolution], by Enver Hoxha (1978)</ref><blockquote>"In no case do the [[Bourgeoisie|capitalists]] provide their credits for the construction of socialism. They provide them to destroy socialism. Therefore a genuine socialist country never accepts credits, in any form, from a capitalist, bourgeois or revisionist country."</blockquote>This theory was developed within the greater context of the struggle against social-imperialism. Thus, a socialist state, no matter how small in territorial size, may build [[socialism in one country]] without the interference of modern revisionist or capitalist states.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />
==Criticism and misconceptions==
===Revisionists' conflation with "Hoxhaism"===
Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism is often referred to as "Hoxhaism", largely by modern revisionists. The label "Hoxhaist" is meant as a pejorative, largely to suggest that Stalinists are merely adherents to the theory of Enver Hoxha and not the other classics of Marxism, or otherwise to imply "cultishness" from Stalinists towards Hoxha and his legacy. However, despite the claims that MLS is truly "Hoxhaism", the term "Hoxhaism" is ideologically and factually incorrect for a plethora of reasons:<ref>[https://wisconsincommunist.blogspot.com/2023/04/what-is-hoxhaism.html What is "Hoxhaism"?] (7 April, 2023) ''Wisconsin Communist''</ref>
#Enver Hoxha was merely a followers of the other four classics of Marxism. While he did concoct new theory, his practice was inspired almost in whole by the theory of Stalin, Lenin, etc.. In other words, without the theory of preexisting Marxists, Hoxha would lack any Marxist theory, therefore, "Hoxhaism" as a term is not factual in the sense that, metaphorically, Hoxha without the other classics of Marxism is like a single organ in a body without the rest of the body to attach to.
#Enver Hoxha rejected the concept that he founded "Hoxhaism", implicitly or explicitly, in the manner that he always remained and referred to himself as a Marxist-Leninist or later a Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist.
#Whereas "Hoxhaism" is metaphysical in that it suggests Hoxha was the only ideologist of "Hoxhaism", Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism correctly displays that Stalinism is founded in Leninism, that Leninism is founded in classical Marxism, etc..
Thus, from known facts, "Hoxhaism" does not exist as anything beyond a simple informalism or pejorative for Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism. "Hoxhaists" are Stalinists.
==See also==
*[[Anti-revisionism]]
*[[Anasintaxi (communist party)|Anasintaxi]]
==References==
<references /><references />
[[Category:Capitalist terminology]]
[[Category:Capitalist progaganda]]

Hoxhaism

2023-07-11T04:58:53Z

RedArcher9: Removed Anti-Stalinist propaganda

#REDIRECT [[Stalinism]]

People's Republic of China

2023-07-11T04:52:25Z

RedArcher9: Fixed typo.

{{Infobox country
| name = People's Republic of China
| native_name = 中华人民共和国<br /><small>Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó
| image_coat = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg
| image_flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
|flag_caption=Flag of the PRC, representing class-collaboration with the bourgeoisie| symbol_type = National Emblem
| image_map = Orthographic map of China.svg
| map_width = 220px
|official_languages=[[Mandarin]]| capital = [[Beijing]]
| largest_city = [[Chongqing]]
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Marxist-Leninist]] people's republic under a totalitarian [[fascist]] dictatorship
| established_event1 = Unification of China by Qin Shi Huang
| established_date1 = 221 BCE
| established_event2 = Founding of the Yuan dynasty
| established_date2 = 1271 November 5
| population_estimate = 1,463,140,000
| population_estimate_year = 2020
|labour_force=784 million<ref name="statista">Statista. ''[https://www.statista.com/statistics/251380/number-of-employed-persons-in-china/#:~:text=The%20labor%20force%20of%20China,were%20working%20in%20rural%20areas.]''</ref>|unemployment=5.5% (forced labor employed)|labour_force_participation=48.07%|labour_occupation=53.3% services<br> 39.4% industry<br>7.3% agriculture<ref name="investopedia">Investopedia. ''[https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/103114/chinas-gdp-examined-servicesector-surge.asp#:~:text=The%20industry%20sector%2C%20which%20includes,reflecting%20the%20growth%20of%20services.]''</ref>| leader_title1 = Dictator & revisionist chief
| leader_name1 = [[Xi Jinping]]
| leader_title3 = [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier]]
| leader_name3 = [[Li Qiang]]
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = [[Han Zheng]]
|established_date3=1949 October 1|established_event4=[[Sino-Albanian Split|Betrayal of Socialist Albania]]|established_date4=1978|established_event5=Formation of Fascist Dictatorship|established_date5=1978-1989|established_event6=Tiannamen Square Massacre|established_date6=1989|established_event7=Uyghur Genocide|established_date7=2012-present|established_event8=Hong Kong protests|established_date8=2019-2020|established_event9=Xi Jinping declared dictator for life|established_date9=2022 November 1|established_event3=Second Chinese Bourgeois Revolution|mode_of_production=[[Imperialist]] [[Capitalism]]}}The '''People's Republic of China''' is a country in [[Asia|East Asia]]. Despite claiming to represent a [[socialist state]], it is under the rule of a [[Bourgeoisie|capitalist]] and [[Fascism|social-fascist]] [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|oligarchy]].

It is an [[Social-imperialism|imperialist]] and extremely [[revisionist]] regime, with its exploitation particularly taking place in countries located in [[Africa]]. It has ties with the [[United States of America]] and is actively developing an alliance with the similarly imperialist [[Russian Federation]].

It has committed crimes against humanity and is even reported to be committing [[Uyghur genocide|genocide]] in its [[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region|easternmost]] regions. It is under the rule of [[Xi Jinping]], a multi-billionaire capitalist [[Dictatorship|dictator]].
==Government==
China is ruled by the so-called [[Communist Party of China|"Communist" Party of China]], a social-fascist and revisionist party, and is a clear [[dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]], with cliques of multi-millionaires and billionaires (which includes the nation's dictator, Xi Jinping himself) holding totalitarian control. Despite the revisionists' false claim of the regime's "execution" of certain billionaires as proof of "[[socialism]]", these actions are in truth taken by the ruling bourgeoisie and the party against rival capitalists in order to secure their economic monopoly.

While claiming that [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]] is being upheld and [[democratic centralism]] is existent, in reality, none of this is put into practice in the Chinese capitalist dictatorship. In reality, the true political power exists with the Chinese billionaires and bureaucrats who effectively control the Chinese "Communist" Party, by which they are able to better secure their totalitarian oligarchy.

=== Xi Jinping's Dictatorship ===
While starting out as a party bureaucrat, Xi Jinping would later become a multi-millionaire (possibly billionaire) capitalist and [[landlord]], which would enable him to later effectively declare himself dictator of the country in [[20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China|2022]]. He has made political pacts and friendships with fellow capitalists such as [[Donald Trump]] and [[Vladimir Putin]].

=== State Ideology ===
The state ideology is "[[Socialism with Chinese Characteristics]]", also known to [[Anti-revisionism|non-revisionists]] as Dengism. This ideology is defined by its [[neo-fascist]] corporatist economic model, its Han-Chinese ultra-nationalism, its hatred of non-Han ethnic groups and its class-collaborationism. This revisionist ideology developed from the similarly revisionist ideology of "[[Mao Zedong Thought]]", which shares these reactionary features.
==Economy==
China has a "[[Third-position|third-positionist]]" (fascist corporatist) [[State capitalism|state-capitalist]] economy. In spite of the revisionists' incorrect claims, over 90% of the Chinese economy is under private control, and even the "state-owner industry" is under the effective control of capitalist hands, with corrupt party bureaucrats holding total control of work-hours, wages, and the like.

=== Labor Unions ===
Like most other capitalist states, workers in China lack any sort of workplace democracy. The closet thing to a [[trade union]] in China is a state-owned entity known as the "[[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]]", which, similar to the "trade union" in [[Nazi Germany]], was formed by the revisionist Chinese "Communist" Party in order to represent the class interests of the ruling revisionist clique while repressing those of the [[workers]] and to enact their fascist goals of class-collaboration.

=== Working Conditions ===
Information is difficult to acquire information from outside the People's Republic of China itself due to the regime's fascist politics of autarky and [[Dystopia|dystopian]]-like mass surveillance which is used to repress any dissent against the ruling revisionist clique. However, according to experts, Chinese workers face horrible working conditions and little pay, with them commonly being forced to begin working at 6AM and are only allowed to retire for the day at 9 PM (nearly midnight). This is all for the profit of the ruling billionaires and corrupt party bureaucrats.
==Foreign Policy==
China has relations with many other capitalist and imperialist states and is currently plundering many countries in Africa.

In [[Great Recession|2008]], China bailed out Wall Street and other major American capitalist organizations.
==State Repression==
The Chinese "Communist" Party has performed repression against national liberation movements within their capitalist empire, and has recently began to extend this repression to [[Maoism|Marxist-Leninist-Maoists]], with the Chinese bourgeoisie selling weapons to other capitalist states in an effort to kill Maoists, and internally, has banned the revolutionary [[Maoist Communist Party of China|Maoist Communist Party]].

=== Tiananmen Square Massacre ===
1989 saw large student protests emerge, whose aims largely were those of reviving socialism as it has existed under [[Mao Zedong]] before the capitalist-fascist and revisionist dictatorship of [[Deng Xiaoping]] had restored capitalism.

The social-fascist Dengist regime used [[Tiananmen Square Massacre|brutal force]] against the pro-socialist protests. After 1989, China became a definitive fascist dictatorship, with the prospect of restoring socialism delayed for decades.

=== 2019-2020 Hong Kong Protests ===
In the years 2019-2020, a grass-roots protest movement had developed against poor living standards and outside exploitation which was brought as a result of Chinese social-imperialism in their [[Neocolonialism|neo-colony]] of [[Hong Kong]]. The Chinese revisionist military and police [[Hong Kong Protests of 2019|suppressed]] these grass-roots protests, and Hong Kong persists in being subjected to Chinese imperialism to this day.
==See Also==
*[[Uyghur genocide]]
*[[Revisionism]]
*[[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] [[Khrushchev|(1956]][[Brezhnev|-1]][[Gorbachev|991)]]
* [[United States of America]]
*[[German Reich (1933–1945)|German Reich (1933-1945)]]
==Further Reading==
*[https://github.com/Red-Spectre/Info/blob/main/Against%20Dengism.md Against Dengism]
*The "AES" Doctrine: Wrong Then, Wrong Now
* China: A Modern Social-Imperialist Power
<references />
[[Category:Asian countries]]
[[Category:Fascist countries]]
[[Category:Imperialist countries]]
[[Category:Totalitarian states]]
[[Category:Dictatorships]]
[[Category:Genocide]]

Linux

2023-07-08T16:07:19Z

RedArcher9: added sources

[[Image:Tux.svg|200px|thumb|Tux, the communal mascot of Linux.]]
'''Linux''' is a [[Free and open-source software|free and open-source]] [[UNIX]]-like monolithic kernel created by [[Linus Torvalds]] and developed by the linux community. Linux is managed with the version control system <code>git</code> and licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] version 2.

Linux is often bundled with the [[GNU]] utilities. Although, this is not always the case, as can be seen by distributions like [[Alpine Linux]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Alpine Linux Developers|newspaper=Alpine Linux|title=Main Page|date=2023-5-24|url=https://www.alpinelinux.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520235223/https://www.alpinelinux.org/|archive-date=2023-5-20|retrieved=2023-5-24|quote=Alpine Linux is a security-oriented, lightweight Linux distribution based on musl libc and busybox.}}</ref>

==History==

Linus Torvalds released the Linux Kernel in source-code form in 1991.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.01 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.01/docs/}}</ref> The next year, in February 1992, Linux was released under the GNU General Public License.<ref>{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.12 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.12/docs/}}</ref>

===NVIDIA's Open-Source Boycott on Linux===

In 2011, the [[NVIDIA Corporation]] refused to provide open-source <abbr title='Graphical Processing Unit'>GPU</abbr> drivers;<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/427004/why-nvidia-graphics-cards-are-the-worst-for-open-source-but-the-best-for-linux-gaming.html|title=Why Nvidia graphics cards are the worst for open-source, but the best for Linux gaming|newspaper=PCWorld|author=Chris Hoffman|date=2015-04-17}}</ref> Linux developers were forced to reverse engineer proprietary NVIDIA GPUs to develop open-source drivers, to which NVIDIA provided horrendous support.{{helper}}

Linus Torvalds famously responded to the boycott with a middle finger and a curse word: "NVIDIA, Fuck you!"<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=_36yNWw_07g|channel=Kuttofos|date=2012-06-17|title=Linus Torvalds To Nvidia - "Fuck You"}}</ref>

===NSA Interrogation===

In 2013, [[Nils Torvalds]] reported that the [[National Security Agency]] contacted Linus Torvalds with a request to add backdoors into Linux.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://falkvinge.net/2013/11/17/nsa-asked-linus-torvalds-to-install-backdoors-into-gnulinux/|title=[[National Security Agency|NSA]] Asked Linus Torvalds To Install Backdoors Into GNU/Linux}}</ref>

==Linux distributions==

Linux distributions (operating systems that use Linux) often use the [[GNU coreutils]]. Although, many alternatives to the GNU coreutils exist, such as [[Uutils]] and [[Busybox]].

===State-developed===

Many [[State|states]] have developed a Linux-based operating system to develop sovereign economies and break dependence on [[Microsoft Windows]], which has backdoors usable by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].

* The [[Russian Federation]] developed and is transitioning to [[Astra Linux]],<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru|title=Российские операционные системы (ОС), отечественное ПО для виртуализации и резервного копирования | Astra Linux (Russian operating system, home virtualization, and reserve software | Astra Linux)}}</ref> due to it's compliance to state orders for use of domestic software.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru/main-government|title=Государственный сектор}}</ref>
* The [[Republic of Cuba]] developed [[Nova]].<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.nova.cu/|title=Nova | Portal Web}}</ref>
* The [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] (through the Korea Computer Center) developed [[Red Star OS]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=ArchiveOS|title=Red Star OS|url=https://archiveos.org/redstar/}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Chris Hoffman|newspaper=PCWorld|title=Meet Red Star OS, the North Korean Linux distro that apes Apple’s OS X|date=2014-12-23|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/430978/meet-red-star-os-the-north-korean-linux-distro-that-apes-apples-os-x.html|retrieved=2023-7-8}}</ref>

==Attacks by Microsoft==

==External Links==
* [https://kernel.org kernel.org]
* [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/ Torvalds Linux repository]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Computer operating systems]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software]]

Microsoft Windows

2023-07-08T15:47:28Z

RedArcher9: expanded section

[[File:Microsoft windows logo.png|right|frameless]]
'''Microsoft Windows''' (often informally known as '''Windows''' or '''Win'''), is a line of graphical [[proprietary]], closed-source operating systems developed by the [[Microsoft Corporation]]. Existing since 1985, Microsoft Windows, in its various editions, has grown to become one of the most popular computer operating systems globally, holding about seventy-five percent of the market share as of 2022.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Tech 21 Century|title=Most Popular Operating Systems (OS) for Computers, Smartphones, Tablets etc|url=https://www.tech21century.com/most-popular-operating-systems/|retrieved=2022-8-6}}</ref>

== History ==

Prior to the development of Windows 2000, Microsoft used MS-DOS as the kernel in Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE, and Windows ME.

Microsoft Windows NT replaced the MS/DOS kernel in Windows 2000 and newer operating systems.

===Source Code Leak===

The source code of MS-DOS 3.3, MS-DOS 6, Windows NT 3.5 & 5, Windows CE 6 & 7, Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003<ref name=":windows_xp_leak_confirmed">{{News citation|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/windows-xp-leak-confirmed-after-user-compiles-the-leaked-code-into-a-working-os/|title=Windows XP leak confirmed after user compiles the leaked code into a working OS|author=Catalin Cimpanu|newspaper=ZDNet|date=2020-09-30}}</ref>, and Windows XP<ref name=":windows_xp_leak_confirmed"/>; were leaked on September 26, 2020.

==Controversies==

===Forced automatic updates===

Microsoft implemented automatic updates that cannot be disabled in Windows 10.

===Backdoors and surveillance===

<code>_NSAKEY</code> is a variable that stores a PGP signature used for encryption in [[Windows NT]]. There is eponymous suspicion that Windows NT has a backdoor usable by the [[National Security Agency]].

In 2017, [[WikiLeaks]] revealed that the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] can hack into Windows PCs and listen to people through them.<ref>{{Web citation|author=ZeroHedge.com|newspaper=[[MintPress News]]|title=Wikileaks Releases ‘Vault 7’ – The Largest Leak Of Confidential CIA Documents To Date|date=2017-03-07|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/wikileaks-releases-vault-7-largest-leak-confidential-cia-documents-date/225613/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215075858/https://www.mintpressnews.com/wikileaks-releases-vault-7-largest-leak-confidential-cia-documents-date/225613/|archive-date=2021-02-15|retrieved=2022-09-04}}</ref>

In 2023, security researchers discovered that Microsoft has the ability to access password-protected zip files and scan their contents freely.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Dan Goodin|newspaper=arstechnica.com|title=Microsoft is scanning the inside of password-protected zip files for malware|date=2023-5-16|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/05/microsoft-is-scanning-the-inside-of-password-protected-zip-files-for-malware/|retrieved=2023-7-8}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Computing]]
[[Category:Computer operating systems]]

Eastern Roman Empire (395–1453)

2023-07-08T15:32:11Z

RedArcher9: Small corrections; 'Eastern Roman Empire' was never the official name of the polity, rather, they kept referring to themselves as the 'Roman Empire.' Also, Byzantium never had a uniform 'flag' in the modern sense.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Roman Empire (395–1453)}}
{{Infobox country|name=Roman Empire|native_name=Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων|image_flag=Byzantine imperial flag.png|year_start=395|year_end=1453|flag_caption=Imperial banner of the Palaiologos dynasty|image_map=Byzantine Empire 555 CE.png|map_width=290|map_caption=Byzantium in 555CE|capital=[[Constantinople]]|common_languages=Greek|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]]|established_event1=Formation of the Roman Empire|date_start=|established_date1=27 BCE|established_event2=|established_date2=|event_pre=East-West division|date_pre=|event_start=Fall of the Western Roman Empire|event_end=Constantinople falls; Byzantium ends|date_end=|population_estimate=~26,000,000|population_estimate_year=565 CE}}
'''Byzantium''', also called the '''Byzantine Empire''' or the '''Eastern Roman Empire''', was an imperial state that lasted from 395 to 1453 CE. It is commonly viewed as a medieval continuation of the [[Roman Empire (27 BCE–395 CE)|Roman Empire]]. At its foundation, the Byzantine Empire controlled one-third of the Roman army but collected two-thirds of its tax revenue. Its well-equipped, professional armies were able to defeat repeated invasions while the western empire collapsed into a patchwork of warring states.<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=European Feudalism|page=79|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref>

Byzantium's [[Conservatism|conservative]] leadership prevented technological advancement and resorted to knowledge dating to the Roman era in the fields of architecture, metallurgy, and military strategy.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Chris Harman|year=1999|title=A People's History of the World|page=117–120|chapter=The ‘Middle Ages’|isbn=9781898876557|city=London|publisher=Bookmarks Publications Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=F247C9051030CCBA52C1E5A4468834E9|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacea6om2gf2ixovddv7moyuv3i4rj2ggii7gta4x4h4rk4ebpqdvd6i?filename=Chris%20Harman%20-%20A%20People%27s%20History%20of%20the%20World.pdf}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Early history ===
Early Byzantine emperors were able to keep control of the [[Balkans]], [[Syria]], Anatolia, and [[Egypt]]. Barely 50 years after [[Justinian I|Justinian]]'s last attempt to conquer the west, Byzantium lost economic control of its outer territories and reoriented its economy around defense.<ref name=":0" />

=== Loss of territory ===
The Arabs took control of [[Syria]] in 636 at the Battle of Yarmuk. When the Turks seized eastern Anatolia in 1071, the empire shrank to half its original territory. Crusaders sacked the capital city of Constantinople in 1204, and the remnants of the empire finally fell to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1453.<ref name=":0222" />

== Religion ==
Byzantine authorities persecuted [[Paganism|pagans]], [[Judaism|Jews]], and non-Orthodox [[Christianity|Christians]], who together made up almost half of the total population.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:Medieval history]]