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Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)

2023-09-19T13:27:51Z

MudWizard: Formation of the HRE

{{Infobox country|name=Holy Roman Empire|native_name=Heiliges Römisches Reich Sacrum Imperium Romanum|image_flag=Flag of the Holy Roman Empire.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire.svg|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]]|government_type=Monarchy|life_span=800/962–1806|image_map=Holy Roman Empire (1789).svg|map_width=260|map_caption=The empire in 1789|common_languages=German Latin|population_estimate=29,000,000|population_estimate_year=1800}}

The '''Holy Roman Empire''' (German: ''Heiliges Römisches Reich'') was a political entity in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods. Its power base was in [[Republic of Austria|Austria]], but it extended across what is now [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]], [[Czech Republic|Czechia]], [[Hungary]], and northern [[Italian Republic|Italy]]. It was deeply divided and had internal conflicts between the Emperor and local princes.<ref name=":022222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Wave of Bourgeois Revolutions|page=94–103|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref>

== History ==
The formation of the Holy Roman Empire began with Charlemagne's coronation as "Emperor of the Romans" in 800 and was solidified when Otto I was crowned emperor in 962 by Pope John XII. This effort aimed to revive the Western Roman Empire, which had seen its legal and political structure collapse during the 5th and 6th centuries, leaving the Roman imperial office vacant after the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476. In 797, Irene removed Byzantine Emperor Constantine VI from the throne, declaring herself Empress. Given that the Latin Church only recognized a male Roman Emperor as the head of Christendom, Pope Leo III sought a new candidate by creating the Holy Roman Empire.

The Czech population revolted in 1415 after the execution of the radical preacher [[Jan Hus]]. The rebellion included egalitarian Taborites who called for the elimination of [[exploitation]] and destruction of the feudal ruling class.

Under the rule of the Hapsburg dynasty, the Holy Roman Empire fought with [[Monarchy of Spain (1516–1700)|Spain]] against [[Kingdom of France (987–1792)|France]] from 1494 and 1559 in northern Italy.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=European Feudalism|page=88|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref>

=== Protestant Reformation ===
The [[Protestant Reformation]] began in what is now Germany in 1517. The Holy Roman Emperor summoned [[Martin Luther]] to the [[Diet of Worms]] in 1521 and threatened to execute him, but his teachings soon spread across the empire to two-thirds of German villages. Impoverished knights in southern Germany revolted from 1522 to 1523 followed by a [[Peasantry|peasant]] rebellion from 1524 to 1525 that threatened the entire feudal [[mode of production]]. Many German princes who opposed the Pope and Holy Roman Emperor converted to Protestantism.<ref name=":022222" />

=== Thirty Years' War ===
In the early 17th century, Spain launched a feudal [[counterrevolution]] against the Reformation. Anti-Catholic nobles in Bohemia threw three imperial officials out of a window in Prague in 1618 and then refused to recognize the new Catholic emperor [[Ferdinand Hapsburg II|Ferdinand]], granting the crown of Bohemia to a German Protestant prince named [[Frederick V of Palatine|Frederick of Palatine]]. Catholic forces defeated Frederick in 1620 and restored the Catholic imperial government. The [[Republic of the Seven United Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[Denmark–Norway (1524–1814)|Denmark]], [[Swedish Empire (1611–1721)|Sweden]], and France intervened against Spain, defeating the Hapsburgs in 1648. The population reduced the German population by half between 1618 and 1648 and drained Spain's resources, allowing France to surpass it in military power.<ref name=":022222" />

== Economy ==
Urban commodity production grew in the 14th and 15th centuries. Weaving was the most important industry, but goldsmithing, silversmithing, and wood engraving also existed for the benefit of the nobility. Commerce grew along with industry, and the [[Hanseatic League]] held a monopoly on sea trade for 100 years before falling to [[Kingdom of England (927–1707)|English]] and Dutch competition.

Agriculture lagged behind England and the Netherlands, and industry was behind [[Italian Republic|Italy]], [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgium]], and England.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=[[Friedrich Engels]]|year=1850|title=The Peasant War in Germany|chapter=The Economic Situation and Social Classes in Germany|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/peasant-war-germany/ch01.htm|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/peasant-war-germany/index.htm}}</ref>

=== Class system ===

==== Clergy ====
The printing press ended the clergy's monopoly over writing. The aristocratic section of the clergy, including bishops and archbishops, were either princes or the vassals of princes and brutally exploited the serfs. There were also poor preachers who did not benefit from feudalism and sympathized with the peasantry and urban masses.<ref name=":0" />

==== Nobility ====
The upper [[nobility]] was the princes who could declare war, organize local councils, and levy taxes without permission from the emperor. By 1600, most of the knights had become princes or lower nobles as the invention of guns made them unnecessary. Many knights owed money to the clergy and sought to become independent from their lords.<ref name=":0" />

==== Burghers ====
The urban middle class, the ancestors of modern [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] [[Liberalism|liberals]], controlled the [[Guild|guilds]] and wanted more legislative power. It criticized the urban aristocracy (patricians) for favorite elite families that had been rich for centuries.<ref name=":0" />

==== Plebeians ====
The plebeians (future [[proletariat]]) were urban dwellers that had no citizenship rights. They included [[Lumpenproletariat|lumpenproletarians]], day workers, and skilled journeymen. Some were former guild members while others were peasants.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:Medieval history]]

Federal Republic of Germany

2023-07-22T17:51:56Z

MudWizard:

{{Infobox country
| name = Federal Republic of Germany
| native_name = Bundesrepublik Deutschland
| image_flag = File:Flag of Germany.svg
| image_coat = File:Coat of arms of Germany.svg
|national_motto=Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit<ref group=Note>From 1949 to 1962, this was 'Gott mit uns' ('God with us').</ref>|englishmotto=Unity and Justice and Freedom| image_map = Germany (ortographic projection).svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Berlin]]<ref group=Note>From 1949 until unification in 1990, the capital city was [[Bonn]]. In 1990, as dictated by the [[Two plus Four Agreement]], Berlin was made the capital; and in the following year, the [[Bundestag]] was moved there.</ref>
| largest_city = capital
|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]| government_type = [[Federation|Federal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois state]]
| established_event1 = Dissolution of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| established_date1 = 6 August 1806
| established_event2 = Creation of the [[German Confederation]]
| established_date2 = 8 June 1815
| established_event3 = [[German Revolutions of 1848–1849|German Revolutions]]
| established_date3 = 13 March 1848
| established_event4 = Dissolution of the German Confederation
| established_date4 = 24 August 1866
| established_event5 = [[North German Confederation]] gains statehood
| established_date5 = 1 July 1867
|established_event6=Proclamation of the [[German Empire]]|established_date6=18 January 1871|established_event7=Proclamation of the [[Weimar Republic]]|established_date7=9 November 1918|established_event8=Beginning of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi regime]]|established_date8=30 January 1933|established_event9=[[German Instrument of Surrender|Nazi surrender]]|established_date9=8 May 1945|established_event10=Proclamation of the Federal Republic|established_date10=27 May 1949|established_event11=[[German reunification|West German annexation of the GDR]]|established_date11=3 October 1990| population_estimate = 83,190,556
| population_estimate_year = 2020
| leader_title1 = President
| leader_name1 = [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]]
| leader_title2 = Chancellor
| leader_name2 = [[Olaf Scholz]]
}}'''Germany''', officially the '''Federal Republic of Germany''' ''(German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland)'', is a country in [[Central Europe]]. It is the second-most populous country in [[Europe]] after [[Russian Federation|Russia]], and the most populous member state of the [[European Union]].
==History==

=== Foundation ===
[[File:Divided Germany.png|thumb|280x280px|British-occupied Germany (green), French-occupied Germany (blue), Soviet-occupied Germany (red), and US-occupied Germany (yellow)]]
After the defeat of Axis forces during the [[Second World War]], Germany was divided into four zones occupied by the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], [[United States of America|USA]], [[French Republic|France]] and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Great Britain]]. At the [[Yalta Conference]] in early 1945, they agreed to make all of Germany pay $10 billion reparations to the USSR. The USA violated this agreement in May 1946 and only let the USSR take reparations from the east.

In 1948, France, the UK, and the USA merged their occupation zones to form West Germany. The Soviet Union then tried to blockade West Berlin to make it pay reparations, but the USA broke the blockade with an airlift.<ref name=":052">{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=A Comparative Analysis of East and West German Financial Systems in Light of the New Evidence|page=154|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|city=Fucecchio|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref> The USA wrote the constitution of West Germany, which was never approved by voters. The constitution refused to recognize the GDR as a legitimate country.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=A Detailed Autopsy of the Collapse of the Superior System in the Divided Germany|page=|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|city=Fucecchio|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref>:114

=== Annexation of the GDR ===
In December 1989, the West pressured the GDR into adopting a 3:1 exchange rate between the Eastern and Western currencies even though the eastern mark had a much higher purchasing power for basic consumer goods. Westerners flowed into the GDR and plundered the country by buying commodities for less than 10% of their normal prices using the new exchange rate.

The majority of East Germans only began to support unification in 1990, when Westerners had dropped the GDR's standard of living by more than two-thirds by shopping there with the 3:1 exchange rate. At this time, they still wanted a left-wing government. Western conservatives promised to establish a 1:1 exchange rate if bourgeois parties won the GDR's elections, leading those parties to narrowly win the 1990 elections and impose a [[Capitalism|capitalist]] counterrevolution.<ref name=":05" />:149–50
=== Russo-Ukrainian conflict ===
Due to the [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict]], Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]] announced he would more than double Germany's military budget, putting it on track to become the third largest military in the world.<ref>{{News citation|author=Rob Schmitz|newspaper=NPR|title=Germany is building what's expected to become Europe's largest military|date=2022-03-17|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/17/1087137501/germany-is-building-whats-expected-to-become-europe-s-largest-military?t=1647958115615|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324053152/https://www.npr.org/2022/03/17/1087137501/germany-is-building-whats-expected-to-become-europe-s-largest-military|archive-date=2022-03-24|retrieved=2022-05-08}}</ref> The German government banned displaying the [[Flag of the Soviet Union|Soviet flag]], flown by the liberators during the Second World War, and allowed the use of the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] flag, which was only used by Nazi collaborators during the war.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Peter Schwarz|newspaper=[[WSWS]]|title=May 8 and the rehabilitation of Nazism in Germany|date=2023-05-12|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/05/12/agbd-m12.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512063725/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/05/12/agbd-m12.html|archive-date=2023-05-12}}</ref>

==Economy==
The vast amount of [[Social democracy|social programs]] in Germany are largely sustained off economic exploitation of less developed parts of [[Europe]], with German finance capital having a large amount of influence over the European banking system, the [[eurozone]], and the euro. Furthermore, the German economy, along with the other highly developed economies of Western Europe, are able to benefit greatly as a result of human capital flight from other areas in Europe, particularly the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|Yugoslavia]] and Balkans,<ref>{{News citation|author=Satyajit Das|newspaper=MarketWatch|title=Germany and France can’t afford euro-zone bailout|date=2012-6-7|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/germany-and-france-cant-afford-euro-zone-bailout-2012-06-07?link=MW_story_investinginsight|retrieved=2022-7-2}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|author=Fred Goldstein|newspaper=Workers World|title=German imperialism and the Greek debt crisis|date=2015-3-15|url=https://www.workers.org/2015/03/18697/|retrieved=2022-7-2}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=OECD|title=HIGH-LEVEL CONFERENCE ON SOUTH EAST EUROPE
HUMAN CAPITAL FLIGHT - SHAPING THE FUTURE TOGETHER|date=2022-5-17|url=https://www.oecd.org/south-east-europe/programme/up-coming.htm|retrieved=2022-7-2|quote=Emigration from the Western Balkan Six (WB6) region has been significant for decades, generating a large diaspora. In 2020, more than one in five citizens born in the region lived abroad, predominantly in a handful of OECD countries. This trend is set to continue as more than one third of WB6 citizens surveyed in 2021 consider emigrating. While sustained high emigration levels, especially of young talents}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=The Global Economy|title=Human flight and brain drain in Europe|date=2021|url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/human_flight_brain_drain_index/Europe/|retrieved=2022-7-2}}</ref> which is one of the primary goals of the [[European Union]], that being the unfettered transportation of capital.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=The EU single market|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm|archive-date=2007-9-1}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:Germany election map.png|thumb|2019 German election: [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] (gray), [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]] (green), [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] (red), and [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]] (blue)]]
The [[Far-right politics|far-right]] Alternative for Germany received 11% of the vote in the 2019 German elections. Since 2015, it has become openly [[Racism|racist]] and [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] and many of its leaders promote Nazi concepts. The AfD also denies [[climate change]].<ref>{{Web citation|date=2019-07-22|title=Dissecting Identity & Democracy: the EU’s new far-right super group|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2019/07/22/dissecting-identity-democracy-the-eus-new-far-right-super-group/|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921200918/https://covertactionmagazine.com/2019/07/22/dissecting-identity-democracy-the-eus-new-far-right-super-group/|archive-date=2020-09-21|retrieved=2022-11-23|author=Ellen Rivera, Marsha P. Davis}}</ref>

=== Lack of democracy ===
Unlike the later formed DDR, the West German constitution was passed without ratification of citizens and a thorough denazification policy was not implemented.

Candidates for elections were chosen by rich bureaucrats, and write-in votes were not allowed. It was illegal to work with any organization connected to the GDR.<ref name=":05" />:122–3

=== Neo-Nazism ===
The majority of officials in the West German Justice Ministry were former members of the [[National Socialist German Workers' Party|Nazi Party]]. 34 out of 170 officials had been members of the ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' Nazi paramilitary. In 1957, there were more senior officials who were former Nazis than there had been during [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s rule. Between 1949 and 1980, 54% of interior ministry staffers had been Nazis and 8% had been in the Nazi Interior Ministry led by [[Heinrich Himmler]].<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|title=Report: Majority of West German Justice Ministry officials were ex-Nazis following WWII|date=2016-10-11|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/report-majority-of-west-german-justice-ministry-officials-were-ex-nazis-following-wwii-469899|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920141306/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/report-majority-of-west-german-justice-ministry-officials-were-ex-nazis-following-wwii-469899|archive-date=2021-09-20|retrieved=2022-06-11}}</ref>

The [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] was founded in 1964 and grew from 473 to 50,000 members in 1969. It held sixty seats in the legislatures of eight German states. In 1968, West Germany appointed General [[Albert Schnez]] to commander-and-chief of the Bundeswehr. Schnez had joined the Nazi Party in 1933 and was a colonel in the Nazi army.<ref>{{Citation|author=Herbert Aptheker|year=1969|title=Czechoslovakia and Counter-Revolution|title-url=https://archive.org/details/ApthekerCzechoslovakia/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater|chapter=The Question of West Germany|page=12–13|city=[[New York City]]|publisher=[[New Outlook Publishers]]}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
==Demographics==
==Culture==

== References ==
<references />

===Notes===
<references group=Note />
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Imperialist countries]]
[[Category:Global north]]
[[Category:Outline needs additional content]]
[[Category:European countries]]

George Orwell

2023-04-14T09:55:15Z

MudWizard:

{{Infobox person|name=George Orwell|birth_name=Eric Arthur Blair|birth_date=25 June 1903|death_date=21 January 1950|birth_place=Motihari, [[Presidency of Fort William (1699–1947)|Bengal Province]], [[British Raj (1858–1947)|British India]]|death_place=London, England, [[UK]]|image=George Orwell.png}}

'''Eric Arthur Blair''' commonly known by his pen-name '''George Orwell''', was a prominent essayist and novelist, who called himself a '[[Democratic socialism|democratic socialist]]'. However, he was considered a [[Left-wing anticommunism|left wing anti-communist]] due to his [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] views<ref>{{News citation|journalist=[[Rainer Shea]]|title=Orwell’s 1984 is a paranoid piece of anti-communist propaganda|url=https://www.greanvillepost.com/2020/01/21/orwells-1984-is-a-paranoid-piece-of-anti-communist-propaganda/|newspaper=[[Greanville Post]]}}</ref> which led him to even collude with imperial Britain<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/orwells-little-list-leaves-the-left-gasping-for-more-1328633.html</ref> in stark contrast to the anti-authoritarian virtues he claimed to espouse. Orwell was a member of the Indian Imperial Police in British-occupied [[Burma]] and worked for the British propaganda outlet [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]].<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=[[Nikos Mottas]]|newspaper=[[In Defense of Communism]]|title=George Orwell, an anti-communist traitor|date=2022-07-18|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2022/07/george-orwell-anti-communist-traitor.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718030847/http://www.idcommunism.com/2022/07/george-orwell-anti-communist-traitor.html|archive-date=2022-07-18|retrieved=2022-07-18}}</ref>

== Prominent works ==

=== ''Homage to Catalonia'' ===
Orwell's first real seminal work was the 1938 ''Homage to Catalonia'', a memoir of his personal experience serving with the [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] [[Workers' Party of Marxist Unification]] (POUM) in [[Anarchist Catalonia|Revolutionary Catalonia]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref name=":0" /> Despite mostly an anarcho-communist region at the time, Orwell cites Revolutionary Catalonia as the basis for his hardline dedication to democratic socialism, as well as his self-proclaimed anti-authoritarianism. There is likely some ingenuousness in his words though, as the POUM was famously anti-Leninist and Orwell from this point forward dedicated most of his literary career to denouncing/"satirizing" Marxism-Leninism. It is to note that Orwell initially tried to get a trip to Spain through the [[Communist International|Comintern]]-organised [[International Brigades]]. However, [[Harry Pollitt]] rejected him due to his lack of understanding party politics and lack of anti-fascist convictions.<ref>{{Citation|author=Bill Alexander|year=1984|title=George Orwell and Spain|title-url=https://archive.org/details/GeorgeOrwellAndSpain}}</ref>

=== ''Animal Farm'' ===
''Animal Farm'' is a 1945 novella that is meant to be an allegory for the founding of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1991)|Soviet Union]] and [[Stalin]]'s rise to power. In the story, a farm of animals chase out their drunken owner and establish their own self-governing farm, only for a small group of pigs to effectively take all the power. Eventually, one particularly narcissistic pig named Napoleon sends guard dogs after the other pigs, making himself the undisputed ruler of the farm and oppressing his fellow animals into eventually acting just like humans. This is "supposed" to be an allegory for how Stalin lead the Soviet Union to effectively become a shadow of its former self—an authoritarian [[Capitalism|capitalist]] state just like its enemies—and to this day the book is one of the most famous and respected pieces of anti-communist fiction. This book helped solidify Orwell's identity as an anti-communist leftist, and is also arguably what gave significant rise to the "not real socialism" argument for [[Actually Existing Socialism|AES]].

The novella has had a permanent place on the curriculum of British schools since publication. Many study guides have been written to "help" students come to the "right" conclusion; that of anti-communism. These study guides, written to be succinct enough that they can be regurgitated on-demand by students, whose aim is not to seriously study the book but simply pass exams, exist to misinform students on [[Marxism]] and the [[Russian revolution]].<ref>{{News citation|author=[[Joti Brar]]|newspaper=[[Stalin Society]]|title=Anti-Communist Propagandist, Champion of Trotskyism and State Informer|date=2016-07-12|url=https://stalinsociety.net/?p=279}}</ref>

=== ''1984'' ===
1984 is a novel set in a dystopian vision of the United Kingdom (referred to as Airstrip One). The novel is a thinly veiled panegyric to the plight of [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]], who is represented in the novel by the character Emmanuel Goldstein. He is reviled by the ruling Ingsoc Party, which is supposed to be an allegory to [[Marxism-leninism|Stalinism]]. 1984 is influential in political spheres due to concepts such as ''[[Newspeak]]'' (phrases such as ''wrongthink'' are often used by the [[far-right]] today) as well as the popularization of the ideas of Big Brother ([[totalitarianism]]) and mass surveillance. After Orwell's death, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] created a government-funded film adaptation of the novel.<ref name=":0" />

== Criticism ==
Despite his anti-authoritarian virtues, Orwell composed lists of personalities noted to be sympathetic to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], the assigned comments reeking with homophobia and antisemitism.<ref>https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv4n1/orwell.htm</ref> This list was given to the British government and remained a secret until 1996.<ref name=":0" /> Orwell's allegorical criticisms of the Soviet Union were published during the Second World War, thereby providing propaganda against the USSR at a time where many socialists were defending it in the fight against [[fascism]].

Among Leninists it is commonly pointed out that Orwell was an unashamed supporter of [[Leon Trotsky]], and wholeheartedly believed in the idea that he was an innocent man wrongly persecuted by his fellow Bolsheviks. Being a democratic socialist, Orwell was obviously not a fan of revolution in general, which explains his general disdain for vanguard movements as a whole, and why he favored the more decentralized nature of Revolutionary Catalonia.

In his review of ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', released during the [[Second World War]], Orwell admitted that he did not dislike [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

George Orwell

2023-04-14T09:55:02Z

MudWizard:

{{Infobox person|name=George Orwell|birth_name=Eric Arthur Blair|birth_date=25 June 1903|death_date=21 January 1950|birth_place=Motihari, [[Presidency of Fort William (1699–1947)|Bengal Province]], [[British Raj (1858–1947)|British India]]|death_place=London, England, [[UK]]|image=George Orwell.png}}

'''Eric Arthur Blair''' commonly known by his pen-n ame '''George Orwell''', was a prominent essayist and novelist, who called himself a '[[Democratic socialism|democratic socialist]]'. However, he was considered a [[Left-wing anticommunism|left wing anti-communist]] due to his [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] views<ref>{{News citation|journalist=[[Rainer Shea]]|title=Orwell’s 1984 is a paranoid piece of anti-communist propaganda|url=https://www.greanvillepost.com/2020/01/21/orwells-1984-is-a-paranoid-piece-of-anti-communist-propaganda/|newspaper=[[Greanville Post]]}}</ref> which led him to even collude with imperial Britain<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/orwells-little-list-leaves-the-left-gasping-for-more-1328633.html</ref> in stark contrast to the anti-authoritarian virtues he claimed to espouse. Orwell was a member of the Indian Imperial Police in British-occupied [[Burma]] and worked for the British propaganda outlet [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]].<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=[[Nikos Mottas]]|newspaper=[[In Defense of Communism]]|title=George Orwell, an anti-communist traitor|date=2022-07-18|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2022/07/george-orwell-anti-communist-traitor.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718030847/http://www.idcommunism.com/2022/07/george-orwell-anti-communist-traitor.html|archive-date=2022-07-18|retrieved=2022-07-18}}</ref>

== Prominent works ==

=== ''Homage to Catalonia'' ===
Orwell's first real seminal work was the 1938 ''Homage to Catalonia'', a memoir of his personal experience serving with the [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] [[Workers' Party of Marxist Unification]] (POUM) in [[Anarchist Catalonia|Revolutionary Catalonia]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref name=":0" /> Despite mostly an anarcho-communist region at the time, Orwell cites Revolutionary Catalonia as the basis for his hardline dedication to democratic socialism, as well as his self-proclaimed anti-authoritarianism. There is likely some ingenuousness in his words though, as the POUM was famously anti-Leninist and Orwell from this point forward dedicated most of his literary career to denouncing/"satirizing" Marxism-Leninism. It is to note that Orwell initially tried to get a trip to Spain through the [[Communist International|Comintern]]-organised [[International Brigades]]. However, [[Harry Pollitt]] rejected him due to his lack of understanding party politics and lack of anti-fascist convictions.<ref>{{Citation|author=Bill Alexander|year=1984|title=George Orwell and Spain|title-url=https://archive.org/details/GeorgeOrwellAndSpain}}</ref>

=== ''Animal Farm'' ===
''Animal Farm'' is a 1945 novella that is meant to be an allegory for the founding of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1991)|Soviet Union]] and [[Stalin]]'s rise to power. In the story, a farm of animals chase out their drunken owner and establish their own self-governing farm, only for a small group of pigs to effectively take all the power. Eventually, one particularly narcissistic pig named Napoleon sends guard dogs after the other pigs, making himself the undisputed ruler of the farm and oppressing his fellow animals into eventually acting just like humans. This is "supposed" to be an allegory for how Stalin lead the Soviet Union to effectively become a shadow of its former self—an authoritarian [[Capitalism|capitalist]] state just like its enemies—and to this day the book is one of the most famous and respected pieces of anti-communist fiction. This book helped solidify Orwell's identity as an anti-communist leftist, and is also arguably what gave significant rise to the "not real socialism" argument for [[Actually Existing Socialism|AES]].

The novella has had a permanent place on the curriculum of British schools since publication. Many study guides have been written to "help" students come to the "right" conclusion; that of anti-communism. These study guides, written to be succinct enough that they can be regurgitated on-demand by students, whose aim is not to seriously study the book but simply pass exams, exist to misinform students on [[Marxism]] and the [[Russian revolution]].<ref>{{News citation|author=[[Joti Brar]]|newspaper=[[Stalin Society]]|title=Anti-Communist Propagandist, Champion of Trotskyism and State Informer|date=2016-07-12|url=https://stalinsociety.net/?p=279}}</ref>

=== ''1984'' ===
1984 is a novel set in a dystopian vision of the United Kingdom (referred to as Airstrip One). The novel is a thinly veiled panegyric to the plight of [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]], who is represented in the novel by the character Emmanuel Goldstein. He is reviled by the ruling Ingsoc Party, which is supposed to be an allegory to [[Marxism-leninism|Stalinism]]. 1984 is influential in political spheres due to concepts such as ''[[Newspeak]]'' (phrases such as ''wrongthink'' are often used by the [[far-right]] today) as well as the popularization of the ideas of Big Brother ([[totalitarianism]]) and mass surveillance. After Orwell's death, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] created a government-funded film adaptation of the novel.<ref name=":0" />

== Criticism ==
Despite his anti-authoritarian virtues, Orwell composed lists of personalities noted to be sympathetic to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], the assigned comments reeking with homophobia and antisemitism.<ref>https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv4n1/orwell.htm</ref> This list was given to the British government and remained a secret until 1996.<ref name=":0" /> Orwell's allegorical criticisms of the Soviet Union were published during the Second World War, thereby providing propaganda against the USSR at a time where many socialists were defending it in the fight against [[fascism]].

Among Leninists it is commonly pointed out that Orwell was an unashamed supporter of [[Leon Trotsky]], and wholeheartedly believed in the idea that he was an innocent man wrongly persecuted by his fellow Bolsheviks. Being a democratic socialist, Orwell was obviously not a fan of revolution in general, which explains his general disdain for vanguard movements as a whole, and why he favored the more decentralized nature of Revolutionary Catalonia.

In his review of ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', released during the [[Second World War]], Orwell admitted that he did not dislike [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

Adrian Zenz

2023-03-22T12:45:34Z

MudWizard:

{{Infobox person
| name = Adrian Zenz
| image = Adrian zenz.jpg
| nationality = [[German]]
| birth_date = 1974
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}

'''Adrian Zenz''' (born 1974) is a [[Germany|German]] anthropologist. He claims to be an "independent researcher" with a particular interest in [[People's Republic of China|China]] and the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang province]], while notably not speaking a word of Chinese.<ref>https://twitter.com/adrianzenz/status/1175499119139405824 archive: [https://archive.ph/wip/SMeOr https://archive.ph/SMeOr]</ref> He was the subject of a [[Grayzone]] article in December 2019<ref name=":0">https://thegrayzone.com/2019/12/21/china-detaining-millions-uyghurs-problems-claims-us-ngo-researcher/</ref> which exposed his fraudulent research and hypocritical indignation.

== Religious fundamentalism ==
A born-again Christian who claims to preach at his local church, Adrian Zenz is a lecturer at the European School of Culture and Theology. This anodyne-sounding campus is actually the German base of Columbia International University, a US-based evangelical Christian seminary which considers the “Bible [to be] the ultimate foundation and the “final truth in every aspect of our lives,” and whose mission is to “educate people from a biblical worldview to impact the nations with the message of Christ.” Zenz’s work on China is inspired by this biblical worldview, as he recently explained in an interview with Wall Street Journal. “I feel very clearly led by God to do this,” he said. “I can put it that way. I’m not afraid to say that. With Xinjiang, things really changed. It became like a mission, or a ministry.” Along with his “mission” against China, heavenly guidance has apparently prompted Zenz to denounce homosexuality, gender equality, and the banning of physical punishment against children as threats to Christianity.<ref name=":0" />

In his 2012 book ''Worthy to Escape: Why All Believers Will Not Be Raptured Before the Tribulation,''<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=lRtSQB3HHJcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> which he co-authored, Zenz wrote some of the following quotes:

* Through notions of gender equality...the enemy is undermining God’s unique but different role assignments for men and women
* Another important God-given authority structure that Satan is attacking through the postmodern spirit is that of gender authority structures
* true scriptural spanking is loving discipline
* countries are banning all forms of physical punishment of children, the primary scriptural method for instilling respect
* It is very likely that the global persecution of true believers will center on the charge that they promote "intolerant views," especially related to preaching against homosexuality.
* ... anti-discrimination laws put in place throughout the European Union ... forbid employers to discriminate based on gender or sexual orientation. That way, it becomes illegal for churches or Christian organizations to refuse to hire homosexuals into important positions.

Notably, he claims that "God's refining process will wipe out all unbelieving Jews" which raises questions as to probable anti-Semitic views.

In September 2019, Zenz tweeted the following:<blockquote>Many Germans liked [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s control mechanisms. They reduced crime and rid society of unpopular minorities.<ref>https://archive.vn/AVs6t</ref> </blockquote>To the question "Were Germany’s concentration camps an overreaction to a real problem?"

== Imperialist ties ==
Adrian Zenz has many ties to imperialist organisations, notably being employed as a "senior fellow" by the [[Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation]] as per his own Twitter page.<ref>https://archive.is/esnu5</ref>

He is also invited to many different news shows all over the world to share his shoddy research, which solely comes from publicly-available documents published by various PRC agencies. Since Zenz does not speak Chinese, he relies on various unknown sources to translate these documents. None of this is challenged by the news anchors who invite him on set.

== Debunked claims ==
Zenz takes a particular interest against China, claiming that he feels "led by God" in his mission against communism. To that end, he has largely "researched" the re-education initiative by the [[Communist Party of China|CPC]] to combat terrorism and far-right radicalisation in the [[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region|Xinjiang autonomous region]]. His work has been examined by less biased researchers who exposed his amateur methods and ulterior motives.

For example, his initial assertion that up to 1.5 million Uyghurs were interned in "concentration camps" came from an Uyghur separatist group who interviewed 8 people, asking them how many people from their village they ''thought'' were in such centres, and averaging the results to the whole population of Xinjiang. This is presented as and unquestionable fact by Zenz.

More recently, Zenz has started moving his interests towards the [[Tibet|autonomous region of Tibet]], claiming that much the same thing is happening in Xinjiang -- Tibetans, he claims, are being arrested en masse and driven to concentration camps where they are forced to work for free, cannot express their culture, and are not allowed to speak their language. Reuters themselves were unable to confirm his claims.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-rights-tibet-exclusive-idUSKCN26D0GT</ref> What is actually happening is that the CPC, in their decades-long program to eradicate poverty in China, are providing populations in less-developed regions the possibility of working manufacturing jobs which pay more and teach them skills that may be useful on the labour market. Most of the money these workers receive, they send back to their family.

== References ==
<references />
[[de:Adrian Zenz]]

File:Adrian zenz.jpg

2023-03-22T12:37:13Z

MudWizard:

Juche necromancy

2023-03-19T19:14:56Z

MudWizard:

'''Juche necromancy''' is a term that refers to alleged executions in the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] that are falsely reported by the [[Bourgeois media|Western media]]. Such claims are usually from anonymous sources or [[Republic of Korea|South Korean]] tabloids.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=Jymee C|newspaper=[[Midwestern Marx]]|title=Juche Necromancy: Fabricated Executions In the DPRK|date=2023-03-01|url=https://www.midwesternmarx.com/articles/juche-necromancy-fabricated-executions-in-the-dprk-by-jymee-c|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314053004/https://www.midwesternmarx.com/articles/juche-necromancy-fabricated-executions-in-the-dprk-by-jymee-c|archive-date=2023-03-14|retrieved=2023-03-19}}</ref>

== Examples ==

* In 2013, [[Conservatism|conservative]] south Korean news outlet ''Chosun Ilbo'' claimed that the pop singer Hyon Song-wol was executed by machine gun. In May 2014, she appeared alive at the 9th National Convention of Artists in Pyongyang.
* A 2015 [[Cable News Network|''CNN'']] article claimed that [[Kim Jong-un]] executed his aunt Kim Kyong-hui in the previous year. She appeared at a Lunar New Year festival in 2020, disproving the claim.
* In early 2016, [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] claimed that military official [[Ri Yong-gil]] was executed, relying on an anonymous south Korean source. Soon after, he was seen alive at the 7th Congress of the [[Workers' Party of Korea|WPK]].
* The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] tabloid ''[[Daily Mail]]'' claimed that Kim Jong-un ordered the execution of diplomat [[Kim Hyok-chol]]. He attended a concert with Kim Jong-un only a week after these allegations were released.
* The ''Daily Star'', another British tabloid, claimed that the DPRK has executed people by feeding them to piranhas and tigers.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
[[Category:Capitalist propaganda]]
[[Category:Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]
[[Category:Debunking myths]]

German Reich (1933–1945)

2023-03-06T19:43:13Z

MudWizard:

{{Infobox country|name=German Reich {{small|(1933–1943)}} {{small|Deutsches Reich||paren=omit}}<hr>Greater German Reich {{small|(1943–1945)}} {{small|Großdeutsches Reich||paren=omit}}|native_name=|image_flag=German Nazi Flag.png|year_start=1933|year_end=1945 (official abolition in 1947)|image_coat=German National Symbol.png|flag_caption=Flag (1935-1945)|symbol_type=Emblem (1935-1945)|image_map=Nazi Map.png|map_width=220px|capital=[[Berlin]]|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]] (decaying)|government_type=Unitary [[Nazism|Nazi]] State|leader_title1=Reichspräsident (1933-1934)|leader_name1=[[Paul von Hindenburg]]|leader_title2=Führer und Reichskanzler (1934-1945)|leader_name2=[[Adolf Hitler]]|leader_title3=Reichspräsident (1945)|leader_name3=[[Karl Dönitz]]|established_event1=Seizure of Power|established_date1=30 January 1933|established_event2=Passage of the [[Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act]]|established_date2=23 March 1933|established_event3=Hitler named Führer|established_date3=2 August 1934|established_event4=Beginning of the [[Second World War]]|established_date4=1 September 1939|established_event5=2 May 1945|established_date5=Fall of Berlin|established_event6=[[German Instrument of Surrender]]|established_date6=8 May 1945|population_census=109,518,183|population_estimate_year=1940|p1=German Reich (1918–1933){{!}}'''1933:''' German Reich|p2=Federal State of Austria (1934–1938){{!}}'''1938:''' Federal State of Austria|p3=Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938){{!}}Czechoslovak Republic (portion)|p4=New Swabia (1939–1945){{!}}'''1939:''' Antarctica (portion)|p5=Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939){{!}}Czechoslovak Republic (portion)|p6=Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940){{!}}Republic of Lithuania (portion)|p7=Free City of Danzig (1920–1939){{!}}Free City of Danzig|p8=Republic of Poland (1918–1939){{!}}Republic of Poland (portion)|p9=Kingdom of Denmark{{!}}'''1940:''' Kingdom of Denmark (portion)|p10=Kingdom of Norway{{!}}Kingdom of Norway (portion)|p12=Grand Duchy of Luxembourg{{!}}Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (portion)|p13=Kingdom of the Netherlands{{!}}Kingdom of the Netherlands (portion)|p14=Kingdom of Belgium{{!}}Kingdom of Belgium (portion)|p15=French Republic (1870–1940){{!}}French Republic (portion)|p16=United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland{{!}}United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (portion)|p17=Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1941){{!}}'''1941:''' Kingdom of Yugoslavia (portion)|p18=Kingdom of Greece (1935–1973){{!}}Kingdom of Greece (portion)|p19=Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991){{!}}Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (portion)|p20=Kingdom of Italy (1943–1946){{!}}'''1943:''' Kingdom of Italy (portion)}}

The '''German Reich''' ''(German: Deutsches Reich)'' (officially the '''Greater German Reich''' ''(German: Großdeutsches Reich)'' from 1943–45), commonly known as '''Nazi Germany''' ''(German: Nazi Deutschland)'', the '''Third Reich''' ''(German: Drittes Reich)'' or occasionally '''Fascist Germany''' ''(German: Faschistisches Deutschland)'', was a [[Far-right politics|extreme-right]] [[Fascism|fascist]] dictatorship which existed in [[Europe]] between 1933 and 1945 and was ruled by the [[Nazi Party]] (NSDAP). It was preceded by the [[German Reich (1918–1933)|Weimar Republic]] before its dissolution with the issuance of the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]] and the Enabling Act of 1933, which allowed for the then Chancellor of Germany [[Adolf Hitler]] to act outside of parliamentary control.<ref>''"The law that 'enabled' Hitler's dictatorship"''. [https://www.dw.com/en/the-law-that-enabled-hitlers-dictatorship/a-16689839 Deutsche Welle]</ref>

This period began on 30 January 1933 when Hitler was appointed [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]] (head of government) by [[President of Germany|President]] (head of state) Paul von Hindenburg, although the old [[Weimar Constitution]] was used up to the end, with its emergency powers being extensively used. The German Reich is frequently credited with starting [[World War II]] with its [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]], hoping to seize the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]]. However it lost the war and was pronounced defunct on 8 May 1945 when most of Europe’s remaining [[Axis]] personnel surrendered, with a few exceptions.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|title=Hitler’s Holdouts – Meet the Last German Troops to Surrender in WW2|url=https://wp.me/p42Qr6-1II|date=2014-04-30}}</ref> After over four years of [[Allied occupation of Germany|Allied-occupation]], it was succeeded by the [[Federal Republic of Germany]] and the [[German Democratic Republic]] in 1949.

The Nazi government, over the course of its existence, aggressively expanded into neighboring countries, ultimately resulting in the beginning of the [[World War II|Second World War]] with the Fascist invasion of Poland. Internally, [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]] were set up for the forced labour, detention, and execution of [[Judaism|Jewish]] and [[Romani people]], political prisoners, [[Communism|communists]], [[Socialism|socialists]], and trade-union activists. The Nazis' genocidal policies were inspired by the [[United States of America|United States]] genocide of indigenous peoples.<ref>{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=Introduction|page=38|quote=It should also be mentioned that Churchill (1994) has uncovered documents indicating the Nazis were merely following the USA's role model with respect to exterminating unwanted people.|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref>

A programme of “involuntary euthanasia” was adopted for the state-sponsored mass murder of the disabled. This campaign of mass detention and extermination was based on pseudo-scientific racist, sexist, and anti-Semitic eugenic beliefs, which culminated in a systematic [[genocide]] commonly known as the [[Holocaust]]. The Nazi Party was destroyed at the end of World War II after the [[Soviet Union]] captured Berlin and Hitler committed suicide. The German Instrument of Surrender legally declared the surrender and dissolution of the Third Reich, which ended both the Holocaust and Second World War in Europe. The succeeding Allied occupation of Germany would result in the creation of separate [[West Germany|West]] and [[German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)|East German]] states.

== History ==
On January 4, 1933, bankers and industrialists held a secret backroom deal with then-Chancellor [[Franz von Papen|von Papen]] to make Hitler the nation’s new Chancellor:

{{quote|The negotiations took place exclusively between Hitler and Papen. […] Papen went on to say that he thought it best to form a government in which the conservative and nationalist elements that had supported him were represented together with the Nazis. He suggested that this new government should, if possible, be led by Hitler and himself together. Then Hitler made a long speech in which he said that, if he were to be elected Chancellor, Papen’s followers could participate in his (Hitler’s) Government as Ministers if they were willing to support his policy which was planning many alterations in the existing state of affairs. He outlined these alterations, including the removal of all Social Democrats, Communists and Jews from leading positions in Germany and the restoration of order in public life. Von Papen and Hitler reached agreement in principle whereby many of the disagreements between them could be removed and cooperation might be possible. It was agreed that further details could be worked out later either in Berlin or some other suitable place.|[[Kurt Baron von Schröder]]|<ref>{{safesubst:citation|editors=Geoffrey Pridham & Jeremy Noakes|title=Nazism, 1919–1945|title-url=https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=3941|location=Exeter|publisher=University of Exeter Press|volume=I|year=1998|page=115–16}}</ref>}}

In February 1933, the new Chancellor [[Secret Meeting of 20 February 1933|met with the Reich’s leading industrialists at Hermann Göring’s home]]. There were representatives from [[IG Farben]], [[Siemens]], [[BMW]], coal mining magnates, [[Thyssen AG]], [[Friedrich Krupp AG]], as well as a crowd of bankers, investors, and other bourgeois Germans. During this meeting, the Chancellor said that ‘''Private enterprise cannot be maintained in the age of democracy.''’ To reduce regulation, the Chancellery sent its henchmen to every union headquarters on 2 May 1933. They beat the union leaders, sending them to prison or concentration camps, and their party expropriated the union money that the workers paid for their memberships. The unions were [[German Labour Front|put under the leadership of the Chancellery’s anticommunists]], who helped bargain away all collective bargaining rights.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|title=Germany 1933: from democracy to dictatorship|url=https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/germany-1933-democracy-dictatorship|date=2018-09-28}}</ref> One Fascist economist indicated that his party indeed had a thorough plan for deregulation:

{{quote|The first thing [that] German business needs is peace and quiet. It must have a feeling of absolute legal security and must know that work and its return are guaranteed. The interferences in a business which occurred at first, perhaps as a result of too much zeal, have become intolerable.|[[Gottfried Feder]]|<ref>{{safesubst:citation|editor=Briton Hadden|title=NAZIS EASE GRASP ON REICH'S BUSINESS|title-url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/07/04/105151560.html?pageNumber=5|publisher=Time Incorporated|date=1933-07-04|volume=XXII}}</ref>}}

In September 1933, the Chancellery repeatedly cut social provisions, including food rations, to the poor under the guise of combating ‘idolatry’.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|title=GERMANS TO SKIMP ON A MEAL A MONTH AND FEED JOBLESS|title-url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/09/14/105802896.html|publisher=Time Incorporated|date=1933-09-14}}</ref> In 1934, the Fascists outlined their plan to revitalize the Reich’s economy by reprivatisation of significant industries: medicine,<ref name=Muehlbauer>{{safesubst:web citation|last=Muehlbauer|first=Peter|title=Obama, Hitler und die Krankenversicherung|url=https://www.heise.de/tp/news/Obama-Hitler-und-die-Krankenversicherung-1992294.html|publisher=Heise Medien|date=2009-08-28|language=German}}</ref> railways, public works,<ref>{{safesubst:citation|title=REICH WILL PUSH PRIVATE BUSINESS|title-url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/09/21/archives/germany-to-push-private-business-economic-council-decides-on-that.html|publisher=Time Incorporated|date=1933-09-21}}</ref> shipping lines,<ref>[[Germà Bel|Bel, Germà]] (2006).: ''Against the Mainstream. Nazi privatisation in 1930s Germany''. Published in [[The Economic History Review|''The Economic History Review'']] by [[Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210318191541/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00473.x?cookieSet=1 Archived] from the [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00473.x Original] on 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2022-12-01.</ref> construction, steel, and banking. Additionally, the Chancellery guaranteed profits for the private sector, thus many American industrialists and bankers flocked to the Reich to invest.

On 20 January 1934, the Chancellery transferred its right to set minimum wages and working conditions over to the business owners, stating that the ‘''leader of the enterprise makes the decisions for the employees and laborers in all matters concerning the enterprise, as far as they are regulated by this law.''’<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|title=Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression|url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/1861-ps.asp|location=Washington|publisher=Office of the United States Chief Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality|volume=IV|year=1946}}</ref> Hence, the employers lowered wages, increased hours,<ref>https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ffe67095-0f49-4b78-8a15-982b5782d8f5_562x529.jpeg</ref> eliminated other benefits, and prohibited workers from striking or engaging in other collective bargaining rights. The anticommunists eliminated reimbursements for Jewish physicians, which allowed private health insurance companies to profit.<ref name=Muehlbauer/> The anticommunists also rounded up the homeless en-masse and interned them in concentration camps.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last=Ayaß|first=W.|title=Vagrants and beggars in Hitler's Reich|title-url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ed34/3d9f11cc03485e7b59489ce6004b40013aa6.pdf|year=1988}}</ref> By the time that vice president [[Matthew Woll]] of the [[American Federation of Labor|AFL]] visited the German Reich in 1938, he likened the life of an average German worker to that of a slave.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|title=GERMAN LABORER LIKENED TO SLAVE|title-url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1938/11/22/98211078.html?pageNumber=5|publisher=Time Incorporated|date=1938-11-22}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{quote|Irrespective of a quite bad overall performance, an important characteristic of the economy of the Third Reich, and a big difference from a centrally planned one, was the role private ownership of firms was playing—in practice as well as in theory. The ideal Nazi economy would liberate the creativeness of a multitude of private entrepreneurs in a predominantly competitive framework gently directed by the state to achieve the highest welfare of the Germanic people.|Christoph Buchheim and Jonas Scherner|<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last1=Buchheim|first1=Christoph|last2=Scherner|first2=Jonas|title=The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: The Case of Industry|journal=Thtation of Economic History|title-url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/capitalisback/CountryData/Germany/Other/Pre1950Series/RefsHistoricalGermanAccounts/BuchheimScherner06.pdf|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=66|number=2|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910091952/http://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/
files/f
iles/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/buchheim-041020.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-10|page=411|acc
essdate=2020-01-18}}</ref>}}

The German Reich was the second modern nation after the [[Kingdom of Italy]] to implement a [[privatization|privatisation]] programme.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|last=Bel|first=Germà|title=Against the mainstream: Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany|url=http://www.ub.edu/graap/nazi.pdf|location=Barcelona|publisher=Universitat de Barcelona i ppre-IREA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720073011/http://www.ub.edu/graap/nazi.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-20|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> Indeed, the term ‘privatization’ itself<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last=Bel|first=Germà|title=Retrospectives: The Coining of “Privatization” and Germany’s National Socialist Party|title-url=https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdf/10.1257/jep.20.3.187|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=20|number=3|year=2006|page=187–194}}</ref> was coined to refer to their economic reforms.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|title=The Nazi Heritage of Privatization|date=11-September-2006|url=https://wp.me/p1kjl-1d}}</ref> Capitalist economist [[Mark Thoma]] has conceded as much.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation| title = Economist's View: The Origins of the Term "Privatization"| accessdate = 2019-10-09| url = https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2006/09/the_origins_of_.html}}</ref> While consumer spending in the Reich’s economy did decrease from 71% in 1929 to 59% in 1938,<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last=Overy|first=R.J.|title=Guns or Butter? Living Standards, Finance, and Labour in Germany, 1939–1942|title-url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202905.001.0001/acprof-9780198202905-chapter-10|year=1994|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202905.003.0010|ISBN=9780198202905}}</ref> income from capital and business also increased from 17.4% of the national income to 26.6%,<ref>{{safesubst:citation| last = Shirer| first = William Lawrence| title = The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany|title-url=https://archive.org/stream/B-001-014-606|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1960|page=264|ISBN=978-1-4516-5168-3}}</ref> and the rate of return on capital increased in the Fascists’ industry.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last=Tooze|first=Adam|chapter=4|title=The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy|title-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-h_Z_KK0MQUC|location=London|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2006|page=152|ISBN=978-1-101-56495-0}}</ref>

{{quote|In 1936/37 the capital of the ''Deutsche Bank'', ''Commerzbank'' and ''Dresdner Bank'' in the possession of the German Reich was resold to private shareholders, and consequently the state representatives withdrew from the boards of these banks. Also in 1936 the Reich sold its shares of ''Vereinigte Stahlwerke''. The war did not change anything with regard to this attitude. In 1940 the Genshagen airplane engine plant operated by ''Daimler-Benz'' was privatized; ''Daimler-Benz'' bought the majority of shares held by the Reich earlier than it wished to. But the company was urged by the Reich Aviation Ministry and was afraid that the Reich might offer the deal to another firm. Later in the war the Reich actively tried to privatize as many ''Montan GmbH'' companies as possible, but with little success.|Christoph Buchheim and Jonas Scherner|<ref name=Buchheim406>{{safesubst:citation|last1=Buchheim|first1=Christoph|last2=Scherner|first2=Jonas|title=The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: The Case of Industry|journal=Thtation of Economic History|title-url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/capitalisback/CountryData/Germany/Other/Pre1950Series/RefsHistoricalGermanAccounts/BuchheimScherner06.pdf|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=66|number=2|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910091952/http://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/buchheim-041020.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-10|page=406|accessdate=2020-01-18}}</ref>}}

It was possible for capitalists to fund their projects without relying on any state funds. The development of the first relay computer, for example, was funded entirely through private means,<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|title=Konrad Zuse—the first relay computer|url=https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Relays/Zuse.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231836/https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Relays/Zuse.html|archivedate=2020-11-05}}</ref> and while the head of state was unimpressed with the invention they still used it for some minor operations such as calculating aircraft wing design.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|last=Malcolm|first=Chris|title=Who Made the First Computer?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923013651/http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/cam/fcomp.shtml|archivedate=2018-09-23}}</ref> Similarly, another business, Günther & Co., designed a board game without any government input. Although the Schutzstaffel harshly criticized its theme, going so far as to call it ‘almost punishable’, it nonetheless never bothered to actually prohibit it.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last1=Morris-Friedman|first1=Andrew|last2=Schädler|first2=Ulrich|title=“Juden Raus!” (Jews Out!) – History’s most infamous board game|title-url=http://www.giochidelloca.it/storia/BGS6.pdf|journal=International Journal for the Study of Board Games|location=Leiden|publisher=Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies|year=2003|volume=6|page=44–58|ISSN=1566-1962}}</ref> The German Air Ministry requested prototypes from six companies (Gustloff-Werke, Mauser, Johannes Großfuß Metall- und Lackierwarenfabrik, C.G. Hänel, Rheinmetall-Borsig and Heinrich Krieghoff Waffenfabrik), only two (Krieghoff and Rheinmetall) of whom answered favorably, and an irrelevant offer from Mauser was rejected. All others denied that they could even consider it since they were already working to capacity for the Heereswaffenamt and required its approval for the request.<ref name="Senich">{{citation|last=Senich|first=Peter|title=The German Assault Rifle: 1935–1945|page=239|publisher=Paladin Press|year=1987}}</ref> <ref name="Dugelby">{{citation|last=Dugelby|first=Thomas B.|title=Death from Above—The German FG42 Paratroop Rifle|page=4|publisher=Collector Grade Publications|year=2007}}</ref>

While the [[bourgeoisie]] did implement some regulations, they did this for the sake of their militarily driven economy (much like the [[U.K.]] and the [[U.S.A.]] did during wartime); their purpose was to reinforce private ownership and [[capitalism]]. Henry Spiegel noted three main characteristics of the Third Reich’s economy:<ref>{{safesubst:citation
|author=Henry W. Spiegel |editor=|editors= |title=Wehrwirtschaft: Economics of the Military State |journal=The American Economic Review |title-url=https://www.jstor.org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/stable/1805064 |location= |publisher= |year=1940 |volume=30 |number=4 |page=717|isbn= |oclc=}}</ref>

# That it was an ‘economy of scarcity’, that is to say, that the exploitation of ‘men and materials was pushed to the limits’.
# That the state used ‘centralized planning under maintenance of some element of the price system’.
# That the state retained the ‘profit motive’ as the primary ‘economic motor’.

There is little evidence to support the interpretation that the German Reich was a ‘[[planned economy]]’.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last1=Frøland|first1=Hans|last2=Ingulstad|first2=Mats|last3=Scherner|first3=Jonas|chapter=1|editors=Hans Otto Frøland, Mats Ingulstad, & Jonas Scherner|title=Industrial Collaboration in Nazi-Occupied Europe: Norway in Context|title-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIMgDQAAQBAJ|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|page=18–9|ISBN=978-1-137-53423-1|LCCN=2016942278|DOI=10.1057/978-1-137-53423-1}}</ref> The little ‘central planning’ that the bourgeoisie used was not analogous to the Soviet planning; it was more akin to strategic visions for the economy. The ''Wehrwirtschaft'' ideal held primacy in these plans, which sought to transform the economy into an ‘integrated part of the military machine’, but retaining the system of private ownership.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|author=Martin Wolfe |editor=|editors= |title=The Development of Nazi Monetary Policy |journal=Thtation of Economic History |title-url=https://www.jstor.org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/stable/2114432 |location= |publisher= |year=1955 |volume=15 |number=4 |page=393|isbn= |oclc=}}</ref> For example, rather than allocating production directly according to the System of Material Balances (as the [[U.S.S.R.]] did), the Four Year Plan of 1936 merely instituted price controls, particularly to discourage consumption of goods deemed to be luxuries and to promote the ‘basic industries’ that formed the Fascists’ apparatus of war production.<ref>{{safesubst:citation
|author=Martin Wolfe |editor=|editors= |title=The Development of Nazi Monetary Policy |journal=Thtation of Economic History |title-url=https://www.jstor.org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/stable/2114432 |location= |publisher= |year=1955 |volume=15 |number=4 |page=394|isbn= |oclc=}}</ref> Thus food prices effectively increased between the Second Reich and the Third Reich, even despite the ‘higher’ wages and anticommunist attempts at price control, and some foods such as beef, white bread, cereals, and fruits only became more difficult for the proletariat to access (though pork, rye bread, and potatoes did not).<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last=Winkler|first=Robin|editors=Rui Esteves, Arthur Downing|title=Feast or Famine: The Welfare Impact of Food Price Controls in Nazi Germany|title-url=https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/13982/feast-or-famine-rm-winkler-1.pdf|journal=Discussion

Papers in Economic and Social History|publisher=University of Oxford|number=136|year=2015}}</ref> In the agricultural realm, the bourgeoisie did not undertake anything resembling Soviet collectivization, but rather instituted price controls through the ''Reichsnährstand'' (‘Reich Food Estate’) to control cost of living.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|author=Martin Wolfe |editor=|editors= |title=The Development of Nazi Monetary Policy |journal=Thtation of Economic History |title-url=https://www.jstor.org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/stable/2114432 |location= |publisher= |year=1955 |volume=15 |number=4 |page=395|isbn= |oclc=}}</ref> The bourgeoisie would institute a new, hereditary law in 1933 that made it much more difficult for anybody to obtain a gentile’s<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|title=1933: KEY DATES|url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007499|accessdate=2020-04-25}}</ref> farm, even through trade.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|title=The Hereditary Farm Law (September 29, 1933)|url=http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1550|accessdate=2020-04-25}}</ref>

Among the Reich’s industries, the oil industry was perhaps the best example for how the Fascist bourgeoisie operated the ''Wehrwirtschaft'', as the NSDAP considered it to occupy a ‘special and irreplaceable role’ within the market economy and military machine;<ref>{{safesubst:citation |author=Raymond G. Stokes |editor=|editors= |title=The Oil Industry in Nazi Germany, 1936–1945 |journal=The Business History Review |title-url=https://www.jstor.org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/stable/3114932 |location= |publisher= |year=1985 |volume=59 |number=2 |page=254|isbn= |oclc=}}</ref> thus Fascist capital’s inability to steal all of the oil and steel from the U.S.S.R. would further ensure the Reich’s collapse.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last=Tooze|first=Adam|chapter=17|title=The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy|title-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-h_Z_KK0MQUC|location=London|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2006|page=686–7|ISBN=978-1-101-56495-0}}</ref> In the 1930s, Porsche quickly designed the Volkswagen Beetle because one anticommunist claimed to want a cheap and sturdy vehicle that almost everybody in the Reich would be able to drive. He lobbied for his approval, and Porsche’s neoslaves soon began producing these vehicles by the thousands, to the point where they ran low on dealerships, but the project turned out to be a scam:

{{quote|Since private industry could not turn out an automobile for $396, Hitler ordered the State to build it and placed the Labor Front in charge of the project. Dr. Ley’s organization promptly set out in 1938 to build at Fallersleben, near Braunschweig, “the biggest automobile factory in the world,” with a capacity for turning out a million and a half cars a year “more than Ford,” the Nazi propagandists said. The Labor Front advanced fifty million marks in capital. But that was not the main financing. Dr. Ley’s ingenious plan was that the workers themselves should furnish the capital by means of what became known as a “pay-before-you-get-it” installment plan five marks a week, or if a worker thought he could afford it, ten or fifteen marks a week. When 750 marks had been paid in, the buyer received an order number entitling him to a car as soon as it could be turned out. Alas for the worker, not a single car was ever turned out for any customer during the Third Reich. Tens of millions of marks were paid in by the German wage earners, not a pfennig of which was ever to be refunded. By the time the war started the Volkswagen factory turned to the manufacture of goods more useful to the Army.|William Shirer|<ref name=pg267>{{safesubst:citation|last=Shirer|first=William Lawrence|chapter=8|title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany|title-url=https://archive.org/stream/B-001-014-606|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1960|page=267|ISBN=978-1-4516-5168-3}}</ref>}}

Siemens in particular was probably the most important and prolific business in the German Reich, and consequently lost most of its factories during WWII. The business was responsible for the rail infrastructure, communications, power generation, factories (including in Auschwitz and Buchenwald), firearms, execution chambers, and more, throughout the Reich, and survivors later demanded reparations from this business.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|last=Levy|first=Stephanie|title=Holocaust litigation: asking the courts to right a historic wrong.|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Holocaust+litigation:+asking+the+courts+to+right+a+historic+wrong-a063795747|date=2000-07-01}}</ref> <ref>{{safesubst:web citation|title=Siemens retreats over Nazi name|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2233890.stm|date=2002-09-05}}</ref> Other businesses such as the Holtzbrinck Publishing Group and Bertelsmann distributed a wide range of propaganda to the Wehrmacht and other anticommunists in the forms of books and magazines. Although somebody did jail a few senior Bertelsmann employees for alleged black-market paper trading in 1944, the Reich Minister of Propaganda pardoned them anyway.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|last=Manus|first=Elizabeth|title=Bertelsmann’s Nazi Past Gets Ho-Hummed in U.S.|url=https://observer.com/?p=18503|date=1999-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724074250/http://www.observer.com/1999/01/bertelsmanns-nazi-past-gets-hohummed-in-us|archivedate=2011-07-24}}</ref>

Under the banner of ‘rearmament and autarky’, the Fascist bourgeoisie began to use its Four Year Plans to encourage sectors like construction, oil, chemicals, and engineering over others, such as coal and agriculture.<ref>{{safesubst:citation |author=Raymond G. Stokes |editor=|editors= |title=The Oil Industry in Nazi Germany, 1936–1945 |journal=The Business History Review |title-url=https://www.jstor.org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/stable/3114932 |location= |publisher= |year=1985 |volume=59 |number=2 |page=258–260|isbn= |oclc=}}</ref> Under the Plans, the bourgeois state took control over marketing, but corporate leaders remained in charge of the industry as a whole, indicating that the NSDAP was uninterested in either nationalization or direct government management.<ref>{{safesubst:citation |author=Raymond G. Stokes |editor=|editors= |title=The Oil Industry in Nazi Germany, 1936–1945 |journal=The Business History Review |title-url=https://www.jstor.org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/stable/3114932 |location= |publisher= |year=1985 |volume=59 |number=2 |page=254 |isbn= |oclc=}}</ref>

{{quote|Available sources make perfectly clear that the Nazi regime did not want at all a German economy with public ownership of many or all enterprises. Therefore it generally had no intention whatsoever of nationalizing private firms or creating state firms. On the contrary the reprivatization of enterprises was furthered wherever possible.|Christoph Buchheim and Jonas Scherner|<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last1=Buchheim|first1=Christoph|last2=Scherner|first2=Jonas|title=The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: The Case of Industry|journal=Thtation of Economic History|title-url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/capitalisback/CountryData/Germany/Other/Pre1950Series/RefsHistoricalGermanAccounts/BuchheimScherner06.pdf|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=66|number=2|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910091952/http://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/buchheim-041020.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-10|page=405–406|accessdate=2020-01-18}}</ref>}}

On the rare occasions when they were forced to make use of state-owned factories, they included a contract option allowing private owners to purchase it. In addition, they avoided the creation of state-owned enterprises whenever possible, favoring private investment:

{{quote|State-owned plants were to be avoided wherever possible. Nevertheless, sometimes they were necessary when private industry was not prepared to realize a war-related investment on its own. In these cases, the Reich often insisted on the inclusion in the contract of an option clause according to which the private firm operating the plant was entitled to purchase it. Even the establishment of ''Reichswerke Hermann Goring'' in 1937 is no contradiction to the rule that the Reich principally did not want public ownership of enterprises. The Reich in fact tried hard to win the German industry over to engage in the project.|Christoph Buchheim and Jonas Scherner|<ref name=Buchheim406/>}}

In 1938 for example, the Reich forced the Jewish businessman Julius Fromm to vend his condom business to Baroness Elisabeth von Epenstein at 116,000ℛℳ, a fraction of its real value. In return for this, she gave Hermann Göring two castles.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|last1=Aly|first1=Gotz|last2=Sontheimer|first2=Michael|transl=Shelley Frisch|title=Fromms: How Julius Fromm's Condom Empire Fell to the Nazis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZYrAQAAQBAJ|date=2009-10-13|publisher=Other Press, LLC|page=98|ISBN=9781590513774}}</ref>

In terms of worker’s rights, the Fascist bourgeoisie immediately began to crack down on illegal groups (socialists and social democrats): first, ensuring that these groups were destroyed by force, and second, granting ‘extraordinary powers’ to employers to minimize the ability of workers to organize.<ref>{{safesubst:citation |last = Mason |first = Tim |editor=|editors= |title=The Workers’ Opposition in Nazi Germany |journal=History Workshop |title-url=https://www.jstor.org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/stable/4288349 |location= |publisher= |year=1981 |volume=11 |number= |page=121|isbn= |oclc=}}</ref>

The anticommunists established the German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront, DAF) by destroying non-DAF trade unions and seizing their funds.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|title=Persecution of Trade Unionists|url=https://neu.org.uk/media/3056/view|year=2012}}</ref> Propaganda suggested that the DAF was intended to mediate conflicts between businessowners and workers. In practice, the anticommunists used the DAF to decrease workers’ power and to trap them in their current place of employment.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last=Shirer|first=William Lawrence|chapter=8|title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany|title-url=https://archive.org/stream/B-001-014-606|publisher = Simon and Schuster|year=1960|page=263|ISBN=978-1-4516-5168-3}}</ref> After the so-called German Labor Front absorbed the unions, wages fell for front-line workers, working hours increased by 15%, industrial accidents became more common, and capitalists could blacklist workers for complaining about the working conditions.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|title=Life in Nazi Germany 1933-1939|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpq9p39/revision/1|accessdate=2020-04-26}}</ref> The anticommunists introduced the large ‘Strength Through Joy’ (Kraft Durch Freude) vacation program to sell the working class on Fascism and to boost the Reich’s tourism, but contrary to what the propaganda suggested, it was heavily involved in regimenting the leisure time of workers towards Fascist goals rather than allowing the proletariat more freedoms:

{{quote|Tied down by so many controls at wages little above the subsistence level, the German workers, like the Roman proletariat, were provided with circuses by their rulers to divert attention from their miserable state. “We had to divert the attention of the masses from material to moral values,” Dr. Ley once explained. “It is more important to feed the souls of men than their stomachs.” 
So he came up with an organization called Kraft durch Freude (“Strength through Joy”). This provided what can only be called regimented leisure. […] [I]t [was] deemed necessary to control not only the working hours but the leisure hours of the individual. This was what “Strength through Joy” did. In pre-Nazi days Germany had tens of thousands of clubs devoted to everything from chess and soccer to bird watching. Under the Nazis no organized social, sport or recreational group was allowed to function except under the control and direction of Kraft durch Freude.|William Shirer|<ref>{{safesubst:citation| last = Shirer| first = William Lawrence| title = The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany|title-url=https://archive.org/stream/B-001-014-606|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1960|page=265|ISBN=978-1-4516-5168-3}}</ref>}}

Whereas the [[Weimar Republic]] created collective wage agreements across industries in hopes of preventing intense competition for labor, the Third Reich’s official wage rates were far lower than Weimar wage rates, could be overruled (allowing lower pay) for individual companies by the DAF’s ‘labor trustees’, and disallowed the possibility of collective bargaining by the workers.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last=Siegel|first=Tilla|title=Wage Policy in Nazi Germany|title-url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/003232928501400101|journal=Politics & Society|location=|publisher=|date=1985-03-01|volume=14|issue=1|page=1–51|DOI=10.1177/003232928501400101}}</ref> Unemployment was approximately 34% in early 1933, and official statistics reduced this rate to 0.9% for 1939.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last1=Galenson|first1=Walter|last2=Zellner|first2=Arnold|editor=Universities-National Bureau|title=International Comparison of Unemployment Rates|title-url=https://www.nber.org/chapters/c2649.pdf|journal=The Measurement and Behavior of Unemployment|publisher=NBER|year=1957|page=455–474, 526–537|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919113314/https://www.nber.org/chapters/c2649.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-19|ISBN=0-691-04144-X}}</ref> This was likely in part because the official statistics did not take conscriptions, enemies of the bourgeois state, or women into account.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|title=Life in Nazi Germany 1933-1939|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zqrfj6f/revision/3|accessdate=2020-04-25}}</ref> [[Neoslavery]] would expand and contribute to the Reich’s economy recovery.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last=Silverman|first=Dan|title=Hitler’s Economy: Nazi Work Creation Programs, 1933–1936|title-url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674740716|date=1998-08-31|ISBN=9780674740716}}</ref>

Abroad, the German Reich frequently engaged in what came to be termed ‘fascist imperialism’ by historian Maurice Dobb.<ref>{{safesubst:citation |last = Dobb |first = Maurice |editor=|editors= |title=Aspects of Nazi Economic Policy |journal=Science & Society |title-url=https://www.jstor.org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/stable/40399575 |location= |publisher= |year=1944 |volume=8 |number=2 |page=97|isbn= |oclc=}}</ref> Dobb pointed out that, while earlier imperialist ventures targeted unindustrialized and undeveloped nations, Fascist imperialism annexed countries that had “already reached a high level of industrial development” and incorporated them as colonies of the Reich.<ref name=Dobb>{{safesubst:citation |last = Dobb |first = Maurice |editor=|editors= |title=Aspects of Nazi Economic Policy |journal=Science & Society |title-url=https://www.jstor.org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/stable/40399575 |location= |publisher= |year=1944 |volume=8 |number=2 |page=98|isbn= |oclc=}}</ref> For example, as the Reich’s debt accumulated dramatically,<ref>{{safesubst:citation|title=Economic Controls in Nazi Germany|title-url=https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1940110100#H2_4|date=1940-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910204241/http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1940110100#H2_4|archivedate=2015-09-10}}</ref> and the annexation of Austria did little to improve the economy,<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last=Abt|first=Parker|title=The Nazi Fiscal Cliff: Unsustainable Financial Practices before World War II|title-url=https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1188&context=ghj|journal=The Gettysburg Historical Journal|volume=16|article=5|year=2017}}</ref> the German anticommunists would invade Western Poland in 1939 and devastate many of the industries there. Once the bourgeois state successfully subordinated a country, it embarked upon the “unprecedented” task of “de-industrializing” it so that it could produce food and raw materials for the Fascist economy, while maintaining a “monopoly of industrial production” in the German heartland itself.<ref name=Dobb/> When de-industrialization was complete, the bourgeois state granted Fascist firms “extensive privileges” to develop raw material production in the occupied territories, and established “obligatory delivery quotas” of such materials to the Fascists.<ref>{{safesubst:citation |last = Dobb |first = Maurice |editor=|editors= |title=Aspects of Nazi Economic Policy |journal=Science & Society |title-url=https://www.jstor.org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/stable/40399575 |location= |publisher= |year=1944 |volume=8 |number=2 |page=99|isbn= |oclc=}}</ref>

Many Nordic capitalists proved quite useful to the Reich. As early as 1940, 54% of Finnish exports went to the Reich.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|title=Yearbook of Finnish Foreign Policy|title-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9bwAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Finnish Institute of International Affairs|year=1976|page=9}}</ref> Despite the Finnish’s anti-German sentiment that the Reich’s policy during the [[Winter War]] generated, the Fascists knew that Finnish demands were much easier to meet than those of the Soviets, and the Finnish bourgeoisie willingly vended 60% of Petsamo’s nickel to the Reich during 1940, much to the Soviets’ displeasure. By August 1940 the Reich was quietly supplying the Finnish state with arms through private commercial channels, and the Finnish and German bourgeoisies signed a significant arms delivery by October 1940 and a supplementary troop transit by November 1940, further worrying the Soviets.<ref>>{{safesubst:citation|last=Krosby|first=H.|title=The Diplomacy of the Petsamo Question and Finnish-German Relations, March–December 1940|journal=Scandia|title-url=https://journals.lub.lu.se/scandia/article/download/774/560|volume=31|number=2|year=1965}}</ref>

===The “economic miracle”===
The one credited for the Third Reich’s “economic miracle” is Hjalmar Schacht, a freemason banker and an old establishment figure who was the president of the Reichsbank under the Weimar Republic during the 1920s, whom Hitler appointed as Minister of Economics in 1934 — since Fascists were mostly economically illiterate romanticists who were more concerned about racial identity politics than developing a coherent economic model that would truly be an alternative to capitalism. Under the centrist Schacht, the new “national socialist” economy underwent massive privatization. The economically left-leaning faction of the NSDAP that had hoped for ‘real socialism’ with German characteristics was knifed in the same year that Schacht was put in charge.

Hjalmar Schacht brought a cartel economy that was dominated by monopolies like Siemens, Gutehoffnungshütte, Krupp, and Rheinmetall. In the 1930s Germany became one of the most privatized countries in the world, at a time where the world was trying to find its way out of the depression either through experimenting with socialism or Keynesian economics. The Third Reich, instead of breaking up monopolies, was strengthening them. Big business conglomerates were preferred to smaller ones because political intervention and lobbying would be easier. The plan was to make politics involved in business through mutual cooperation, also known as corporatism. Schacht, although being a center-rightist, did support the plan of achieving full employment through public work, yet even this wasn't devised by the Nazis either — the attempt to alleviate unemployment through work brigades constructing the autobahn was a continuation of policies that had been instituted in the late Weimar Republic with the support of the last chancellor, Kurt von Schleicher, who alongside leftists was purged as well during the the Night of the Long Knives.

Since massive public work programs and stimulating the economy required deficit spending, Schacht introduced a scheme that could massively increase government spending without the appearance of it — this was achieved by setting up a private dummy company called '''Me'''tallurgische '''Fo'''rschungsgesellschaft, or MEFO for short, which was a joint-venture effort by the four biggest industrial players — Siemens, Gutehoffnungshütte, Krupp, and Rheinmetall. The only purpose of this company was issuing so-called "MEFO bills". The plan was that when the government would order a new batch of tanks, it would not pay directly with Reichsmarks. The payment to the armament producer would instead be deferred with a MEFO bill given out by MEFO, which operated as a ‘private company’, with a guarantee of MEFO paying the producer in the period of six months, and the government relying on the Reichsbank’s ‘unofficial’ promise to buy these contracts right before the pay date.

Due to Schacht’s scheme, the German economy actually recovered, but there were two problems here: since these MEFO bills had a 4% annual interest rate and they could be traded between the armament producers, they were used like money in trade deals between different German companies. They were even preferred over actual money. The armament producers did not want these contracts to end and so they extended them further and further beyond the initial six-month pay date. They became a pseudo-currency in themselves. Secondly, a big portion of these contracts were given to arms producers and not civilian construction of peace economics. It became clear that the MEFO scheme was primarily to achieve rearmament, bypassing the Versailles Treaty by avoiding making new public debt in the official books. Consumption actually stagnated and at this point the ‘happy well-fed German family driving a Volkswagen’ trope was becoming a myth. Military spending went from constituting 1% of the national budget to 10% in a few years between 1933 and 1936. Schacht desperately tried to warn Hitler that he was going to get the country bankrupt at this rate of military spending.

Hjalmar Schacht maintained that the MEFO scheme was not a permanent solution, but a short, temporary measure to get the economy going again. When unemployment sufficiently lowered and Germany rearmed, he and price commissioner Dr. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler both tried to persuade Hitler that the German Reich was now a defiant military power again and it was the perfect time to change gears from military to civilian-oriented production and develop new trade deals in the world market. For Schacht and Goerdler, further military expenditure at the expense of civilian economic growth was insane and made no sense form a rational point of view. With military expenditures quickly growing far larger than the civilian work-creation programs, Schacht realized that the Chancellery’s imperialist ambitions of achieving Lebenraum through violent irredentism surpassed that of securing the economic gains and social stability of the last four years.

The economic miracle credited to Schacht declined when the Chancellery decided to replace him with the economically illiterate and trigger-happy Goering in 1937. With Schacht gone, the ongoing massive military expenditure was creating a debt with which the national civilian economy could not cope anymore. The overblown Fascist military-industrial complex was not devised to built refrigerators and hydroelectric power plants; it could nonetheless plunder and pillage neighboring states. Hitler and Goering expected that upcoming territorial expansion would provide the means of repaying the soaring national debt, by using the wealth and manpower of conquered nations. Their targets were, however, largely poverty-stricken. In the last years of the Third Reich, 25% of the labour force was made up of slaves, mostly Poles and Jews, many of them working at in the Auschwitz labor camps for IG Farben’s rubber plants fueling the war effort. Perhaps the most disturbing moment that Hitler had was when he traded Schacht’s developed economic theories for the idea that a sustainable economy could be run on slave labor and looting at the heart of Europe in the 20th century.

== Infrastructure ==

=== Health ===
The German Reich experienced significant mortality and nutritional crises during peacetime (a remarkably rare occurrence in a developed nation):

{{quote|Germany experienced a substantial increase in mortality rates in most age groups in the mid-1930s, even relative to those of 1932, the worst year of the Great Depression. Moreover, children’s heights—an indicator of the quality of nutrition and health—were generally stagnating between 1933 and 1938, but had increased significantly during the 1920s. Persecution, by itself, does not explain such an adverse development in biological welfare; the non-persecuted segments of the German population were affected as well.|Andrea Wagner & Jörg Baten|<ref name=Autarchy>{{safesubst:citation |last1=Baten |first1=Jörg |last2=Wagner |first2=Andrea |editor=|editors= |title=Autarchy, market disintegration, and health: the mortality and nutritional crisis in Nazi Germany, 1933–1937 |journal=Economics & Human Biology |title-url=https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X02000023 |archiveurl=https://wp.me/pa7b25-1i |archivedate=30/July/2018 |location=Germany |publisher=Elsevier Science B.V. |year=2003 |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=1–28|doi=10.1016|oclc=}}</ref>}}

These problems were the direct result of their capitalist policy:

{{quote|The reason for this adverse development was caused by the fact that military expenditures increased at the expense of public health measures. In addition, food imports were curtailed, and prices of many agricultural products were controlled. There is ample evidence that this set of economic policies had an adverse effect on the health and nutritional status of the population.|Andrea Wagner & Jörg Baten|<ref name=Autarchy/>}}

By 1939, living standards were even lower than those of other anticommunist regimes, such as the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|U.K.]] and the [[United States of America|U.S.A.]]

== Ideology ==
<blockquote>
{{quote|It is […] entirely appropriate to register the point that, despite the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact|Nazi–Soviet pact]], and indeed other instances of his opportunistic use of anti-Bolshevism to achieve short-term goals, Hitler remained committed from the early 1920s until his downfall in 1945 to the pursuit and destruction of Bolshevism. Even if he may have toyed fleetingly with the idea of accommodating the Soviet Union as a partner in Ribbentrop’s proposed ''Kontinentalblock'' in the hope of finally ending his war with Britain, […] the fact remains that the struggle against Bolshevism constituted a fixed principle, the ‘lodestar’, as Ian Kershaw has put it, of his foreign policy. Indeed, given the intensity of Hitler’s views on the Jewish question, it could hardly have been otherwise from the moment in the early 1920s when he accepted that Bolshevism was an invention and instrument of the Jews, who wished to use it to impose their own tyranny across the globe.|Lorna L. Waddington|<ref name=Waddington>{{safesubst:citation|last=Waddington|first=Lorna|title=The Anti-Komintern and Nazi Anti-Bolshevik Propaganda in the 1930s|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|location=London|publisher=SAGE Publications|volume=42|issue=4|year=2007|page=573–594|ISSN=0022–0094|DOI=10.1177/0022009407081488}}</ref>}}
</blockquote>

The Reich’s eugenics programme was consciously inspired by [[America]]’s own eugenics programmes<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|last=Kaelber|first=Lutz|title=Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States|url=http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303104237/http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics|archivedate=2020-03-03}}</ref> from the 1920s and earlier. The Führer himself once wrote Madison Grant an appreciative letter implying that ''The Passing of the Great Race'' was one of his favorittations, and Fascists regularly communicated with eugenicists from New York to California, who were eager to assist with the Reich’s programme.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|last=Black|first=Edwin|title=Hitler's debt to America|url=https://amp.theguardian.com/uk/2004/feb/06/race.usa|date=2004-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315091802/https://amp.theguardian.com/uk/2004/feb/06/race.usa|archivedate=2016-03-15}}</ref> Physically and mentally challenged people thus became early victims of the Third Reich’s violence. Nevertheless, the Fascists made some exceptions for capitalists deemed too useful for disposal, such Artur Adolf Konradi, who was paralysed from the waist below, and Max Hahn, who lost one of his arms in [[WWI]]. Some physicians have also speculated that the Chancellor himself was suffering from Parkinson’s disease at the time of his death.

Generally, the Third Reich held people of color in contempt, with some government officials holding a less intolerant attitude towards certain Asian men, although the Reich nevertheless opportunistically accepted the assistance of many volunteers of color such as the Free Arabian Legion, and despite their own aggressive colonialism, the Fascists frequently exploited the anticolonial sentiments of Arabs<ref name=Hammond>{{safesubst:citation|last=Hammond|first=Kelly|title=Managing Muslims: imperial Japan, Islamic policy, and Axis connections during the Second World War*|journal=Journal of Global History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=12|year=2017|page=251–273|doi=10.1017/S1740022817000079}}</ref> and Indians,<ref name=Bauerkämper>{{safesubst:citation|last=Bauerkämper|first=Arnd|title=Transnational Fascism: Cross-Border Relations between Regimes and Movements in Europe, 1922–1939*|journal=East Central Europe|volume=37|location=Leiden|publisher=Koninklijke Brill|year=2010|page=214–246|DOI=10.1163/187633010X534469}}</ref> probably as a means of pitting their enemies against each other. After the conclusion of the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936, the Fascists’ white supremacy made an exception for Japanese people, and relaxed attitudes further after the Tripartite Pact of 1940, but some complications remained even after these pacts. For example, intermarriages between Germans and Japanese, while technically legal, remained discouraged, and the few interracial couples in the Reich faced harassment. There were also some European Fascist politicians who never completely trusted the [[Empire of Japan]] either, a feeling which the Imperialists held toward them in turn.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last=Krebs|first=Gerhard|editors=Rotem Kowner, Walter Demel|chapter=10|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Tq2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA217|title=Racism under negotiation: the Japanese race in the Nazi-German perspective|series=Brill’s Series on Modern East Asia in a Global Historical Perspective|title-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Tq2CAAAQBAJ|location=Boston & Leiden|publisher=Brill|year=2015|volume=II|page=217–241|DOI=10.1163/9789004292932_011|ISBN=978-90-04-29293-2|ISSN=2212-1730}}</ref> Despite the wavering attitudes and the want of consensus, Japanese men were the people of color for whom the Fascists had the most tolerance. There were likely about five hundred Japanese people living in Berlin during the early 1940s, a number comparable to that of the Germans living in the Empire of Japan, and many Japanese in the Reich worked as diplomats, military officers, students, and trading company employees.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last=Kudō|first=Akira|editor=J.A.A. Stockwin|chapter=1|title=Japanese-German Business Relations: Co-operation and Rivalry in the Interwar Period|title-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W00qBgAAQBAJ|location=London|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|year_published=2001|page=31|ISBN=0-203-01851-6}}</ref>

=== Anti-Semitism ===
''Main Article: [[Anti-semitism in Nazi Germany]]''

One crucial part of German Fascism was antisemitism; only a tiny minority of German Fascists (e.g. Karl Plagge, Oskar Schindler) secretly dissented from this view. Traditionally, antisemitism in German society referenced Jewish culture as its basis, but capitalists such as Henry Ford<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|title=Mein Kampf : Nazi Germany|url=http://spartacus-educational.com/GERmein.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515020345/http://spartacus-educational.com/GERmein.htm|archivedate=2014-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{safesubst:citation|last=Ryback|first=Timothy|chapter=three|title=Hitler’s Private Library|title-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZY6CB_9IGAC|date=2008-10-21|location=|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|page=69|ISBN=978-1-4000-4204-3}}</ref><ref>{{safesubst:web citation|last=Dobbs|first=Michael|title=Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/nov98/nazicars30.htm|date=1998-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605012002/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/nov98/nazicars30.htm|archivedate=2009-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{safesubst:web citation|last=Sartore|first=Melissa|title=How Henry Ford Helped The Nazis As Much As He Possibly Could|url=https://www.ranker.com/list/relationship-between-henry-ford-and-nazis/melissa-sartore|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831125043/http://www.ranker.com/list/relationship-between-henry-ford-and-nazis/melissa-sartore|archivedate=2017-08-31}}</ref> introduced a more ‘racial’ justification for this phenomenon, claiming that Jews were innately rather than just socially or religiously inferior.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last1=Pool|first1=James|last2=Pool|first2=Suzanne|chapter=3|title=Who Financed Hitler|location=U.S.A.|year=1997|title-url=https://archive.org/stream/WhoFinancedHitler|page=91|ISBN=0-8037-8941-6}}</ref> In reality, however, the Fascists were committing antisemitism as a means of preserving most of the petite-bourgeoisie: concentrating capitalism’s horrible economic pressure on only a minor segment of the class rather than its entirety.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|title=Bordiga’s “Auschwitz, or the Great Alibi”|journal=Programme Communiste|title-url=https://www.Marxists.org/subject/jewish/bordiga/auschwitz.htm#a3|number=11|trans=Mitchell Abidor}}</ref>

Violence against Jews was common in Third Reich during the 1930s, but massacres were comparatively rare until the 1940s. Suicide, normally considered an act of cowardice (though preferable to surrender) in the German Reich,<ref>{{safesubst:citation|author=Christian Goeschel|title=Suicide in Nazi Germany|chapter=Suicide under the Swastika, 1933–1939|publisher=Oxford University Press Inc.|year=2009|page=61|isbn=978-0-19-953256-8}}</ref> was destigmatized for Jews. The Jewish suicide rate increased significantly with the beginning of the Third Reich, largely owing to its racial policies, and sometimes the Fascists explicitly encouraged Jews to commit suicide. For example, after a Jewish shopkeeper and his family took their own lives in Vienna, storm troopers plastered his shop windows with placards saying ‘Please imitate’. Even so, the Fascists officially denied any responsibility for Jewish suicides.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|author=Christian Goeschel|title=Suicide in Nazi Germany|chapter=Suicides of German Jews, 1933–1945|publisher=Oxford University Press Inc.|year=2009|page=96–105|isbn=978-0-19-953256-8}}</ref> From 1941 onward, Fascists no longer intentionally encourage the practice, and the SS castigated suicide attempts, probably because they were expressions of self-determination, but suicide among Jews remained substantial regardless.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|author=Christian Goeschel|title=Suicide in Nazi Germany|chapter=Suicides of German Jews, 1933–1945|publisher=Oxford University Press Inc.|year=2009|page=107–115|isbn=978-0-19-953256-8}}</ref>

As well, Fascist antisemitism sometimes spread to regions where it had previously been very rare. For the 1920s and most of the 1930s, Italian Fascists tolerated Jews, and sometimes even complained that German Fascism was too antisemitic, but by 1938 the Kingdom of Italy officially adopted antisemitism due to the overwhelming popularity of the German Reich.<ref name=Bauerkämper/> Antisemitism had been nonexistent in East Asia due to the sheer rarity of Jews there, but as a consequence of the German Reich’s popularity in the Empire of Japan during the 1930s, a minority of Imperialists adopted the antisemitism of their European partners, and in the 1940s the Imperialists implemented some antisemitic policies as part of the inter-Axis Indian Ocean cooperation. At the request of the Western Axis, the Imperialists arrested and incarcerated hundreds of Jews throughout Southeast Asia, and Imperial propagandists would sometimes campaign against ‘Jewish world control’ during 1943 in an attempt to distract local Muslims. Imperial authorities also forcibly relocated 20,000 Shanghai Jews into a ghetto, though they did ignore several thousand other Jews there, mainly ones of either Middle Eastern or Soviet origin.<ref name=Kowner2017>{{safesubst:citation|en|last=Kowner|first=Rotem|title=When economics, strategy, and racial ideology meet: inter-Axis connections in the wartime Indian Ocean*|journal=Journal of Global History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=12|issue=2|date=2017-06-08|page=228–250|doi=10.1017/S1740022817000067}}</ref> The majority of the Empire of Japan still found antisemitism incomprehensible, however, and applied actions such as these only sporadically. Fascist antisemitism also contaminated the Arab world, made the anti-Jewish sentiment there much more aggressive, and influenced Arab ultranationalist discourse, even decades after 1945.<ref name=Hammond/>
==Military==
Nazi Germany maintained one of the largest militaries in [[human history]], with most historians estimating that 17 million Germans (as well as over a million non-Germans) served in the [[Wehrmacht]] between the years 1935 and 1945. This number peaked in 1943 with 10 million troops<ref>[[William Tuohy|Tuohy, William]] (1987-01-06).: ''Linchpin of NATO. W. German Forces Get Top Rating''. [[Los Angeles Times]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220227211358/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-01-06-mn-2627-story.html Archived] from the [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-01-06-mn-2627-story.html original] on 2022-02-27. Retrieved 2022-12-07.</ref>. Contrary to the popularly-held notion that the Soviet Union only survived the [[Operation Barbarossa|Nazi invasion]] through numbers, Axis forces (consisting of the [[Romanian Armed Forces|Romanian]], [[Royal Italian Armed Forces|Italian]], [[Royal Hungarian Armed Forces|Hungarian]], [[Finnish Defence Forces|Finnish]], [[Ground Forces of the Slovak Republic|Slovak]], and German militaries) invaded the USSR with over 3.8 million personnel—over a million more than the 2.6-2.9 million Soviet personnel on the defence<ref>[[David M. Glantz|Glantz, David M.]] (1998).: ''Stumbling Colossus. The Red Army on the Eve of World War II''. [[University Press of Kansas]]. [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence]], [[Kansas]]. p. 101.</ref>.

The leadership of the military, much like that of the Party apparatus, was heavily class-based. 15 of the 26 [[Generalfeldmarschall|Generalfeldmarschälle]] (field marshals) who served under Hitler, or 57%, were provably members of, directly descended from, or married to noble families<ref group="Note">This includes [[Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli]], [[Erich von Manstein]], [[Erwin von Witzleben]], [[Fedor von Bock]], [[Georg von Küchler]], [[Gerd von Rundstedt]], [[Günther von Kluge]], [[Hermann Göring]] (later the sole [[Reichsmarschall]]), [[Maximilian von Weichs]], [[Ewald von Kleist (Field marshal)|Ewald von Kleist]], [[Robert Ritter von Greim]], [[Walter von Reichenau]], [[Werner von Blomberg]], [[Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb]], and [[Wolfram von Richthofen]].</ref>, with all the rest coming from upper middle-class backgrounds. One Generalfeldmarschall, [[Albert Kesselring]], claims in his memoirs that he was descended from a [[Ritter]] in the 12th Century named [[Ouscalus Chezelrinch]]<ref>Kesselring, Albert.: ''The Memoirs of Field Marshal Kesselring''. p. 15.</ref>; although it should be noted that there is over a 700-year time gap between his birth and that of Chezelrinch's, and the lineage appears to be untraceable.

==Culture==
The Fascists coined the locution ‘[[cultural Bolshevism]]’ to disparage cultural phenomena that they deemed worthy of purging, such as jazz. The Fascist state subjected abstractionist artwork to ridicule and favored genres that were less unrealistic. In 1941, the bourgeois state prohibited Fraktur under the official excuse that it consisted of ‘Jewish characters’.<ref>{{safesubst:citation|last=Reuveni|first=Gideon|chapter=IV|title=Reading Germany: Literature and Consumer Culture in Germany before 1933|title-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNdCjZ4OZgC|location=New York|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2006|page=206|trans=Ruth Morris|ISBN=1-84545-087-6}}</ref> The Fascists also paid special attention to children, marketing to them explicitly anti-Semitic books such as ''Trust No Fox on his Green Heath and No Jew on his Oath'', and also marketed playthings that glorified the military, such as tanks and Fascist figurines, but ceased production of certain ones if they were based on somebody that the bourgeois state just executed. They once marketed an expensive bridge playset, but it sold poorly in part because it wasn’t a militarily specific piece.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|last=Leatherdale|first=Duncan|title=Nazi toys expected to raise thousands at Thornaby auction|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-31991001|date=2015-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327191128/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-31991001|archivedate=2015-03-27}}</ref>

===Religion===
The Fascists invented a culturally specific variant of Christianity called Positive Christianity, which sought to unify the local Catholic and Protestant churches. It taught that Jesus Christ was an Aryan rather than a Jew, and was himself fighting against the Jews.<ref>{{safesubst:web citation|last=Springer|first=Karl|title=Onward! Humor from the Period of Struggle of the National Socialist Movement|url=https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/springer.htm|location=Munich|publisher=Zentralverlag der NSDAP|year=1939|trans=Randall Bytwerk}}</ref> This variant had little in common with mainstream Christianity, received the condemnation of Christian authorities elsewhere in the world, and was abandoned by the end of the Reich.

===Gun Control===
The Weimar Republic passed very stringent gun laws that essentially banned all gun ownership in an attempt to stabilize the country and comply with the Treaty of Versailles, with a law in 1928 undoing some of this by creating a permit system. Most men and many women still owned weapons from during or before the first World War though and this new law was applied quite rarely, mostly when newly-bought weapons became registered. The Fascists used these records to confiscate guns from their enemies, but because they only covered a few of the weapons in circulation, many Jewish people and others managed to stash away weapons into the late 1930s. In 1938 the Fascists adopted the German Weapons Act, which reduced gun restrictions to just handguns, extended permits from one year to three, and lowered the legal age of purchase from 20 years to 18. Many categories of people were further no longer subject to gun ownership restrictions, such as holders of annual hunting permits, government workers, and NSDAP members. On 11 November of that same year though, the Regulations Against Jews’ Possession of Weapons was issued, banning all Jews in the Reich from owning any kind of weapon. Jewish homes were already being raided by the Fascists however, and as the Anti-Defamation League [https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/adl-says-nazi-analogies-have-no-place-in-gun-control-debate explained in 2013], the small amount of Jews could in no way have stopped the power of the Fascist state.

In current gun control discussions a reference to the disarmament of the Fascists’ victims is often made as an argument for loose firearm regulations, in spite of the facts of the actual situation, with the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising also being brought up. As for that case, 7,000 Jews died and 50,000 were sent to concentration camps whereas German losses as estimated to be from under 20 to several hundred — at any rate an overwhelming defeat for the armed civilians, who lacked tremendous amounts of almost every aspect that actually took the Allies to defeat the Third Reich.<ref>[https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2019/apr/08/viral-image/no-gun-control-regulation-nazi-germany-did-not-hel/ No, gun control regulation in Nazi Germany did not help advance the Holocaust]. ''PolitiFact''.</ref>

===Linguistics===

In May 17th, 1935, Bernhard Rust issued a decree to dissuade institutional education of artificial auxiliary languages<ref>{{Citation|title=Li rubi pectores|title-url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1948&size=45&page=5|chapter=Kurt Feder|publisher=Cosmoglotta|page=4|year=January 1946}}</ref> for the given reason that the use of such languages would have lead to "weakening of the essential values of national character”.

{{quote|The cultivation of artificial world auxiliary languages such as Esperanto has no place in the National Socialist state. Their use leads to a weakening of the essential values of the national heritage. Thus we should avoid all promotion of the teaching of such languages; instructional classrooms should not be made available for this purpose.|Bernhard Rust|Deutsche Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung 1 (1935), 10 (20 May), official part, p. 228.|According to Walther, denunciations of GEA by NDEB led to this decree: circular of 23 December 1935.}}

In June 6 1936, Heinrich Himmler issued a decree to ban all activities relating to international auxiliary languages by organizations in Germany.<ref>[https://invenio.bundesarchiv.de/invenio/direktlink/cb4ef98e-0e0a-4fc6-bb11-af8e86a9baaa/ The decree of 6 June 1936, signed on Himmler’s behalf by Dr. Werner Best, Heydrich’s deputy: Bundesarchiv, R 58/7421, fol. 204–5.]</ref> The prohibition on artificial languages went in effect in July 15.

====Esperanto====

[[Esperanto]] was oppressed by the state as a consequence of state antisemitism due to the Jewish creator of the language, L. L. Zamenhof; and anti-communism as large amount of Esperanto speakers in Germany were socialist or communist.

In 1933, German police forcibly shutdown the German Workers Esperanto Association, Internation of Proletarian Esperantists, and Society of Esperanto Friends (previously named the Socialist Esperanto Association).

In June 6 1936, Heinrich Himmler issued a decree to liquidate internal Esperantist associations, specifically the German Esperanto Association; prohibit activity by international Esperantist organizations; and ban Esperanto, as an international auxiliary language, after July 15.

== See also ==

* [[Kingdom of Italy (1922-1943)]]
* [[Spanish State (1939-1975)]]
* [[United States of America]]

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Fascist countries]]
[[Category:Imperialist countries]]
[[Category:History of Germany]]

Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)

2023-03-06T19:37:10Z

MudWizard:

Patriotism

2023-02-04T11:30:03Z

MudWizard:

'''Patriotism''' is love for or devotion to a country. Similarly to everything else in [[dialectical materialism]], it has no innate characteristics. It is not innately good nor is it innately bad. Only when couched in [[material conditions]] does patriotism become good or bad. Patriotism of [[Imperialism|imperialist]] countries is [[reactionary]], especially in [[Settler colonialism|settler-colonial]] states such as the [[United States of America|USA]], but patriotism can be progressive in the context of national liberation from [[Colonialism|colonization]].<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Mao Zedong]]|year=1966|title=Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung|title-url=http://www.marx2mao.com/Mao/QCM66.html|chapter=Patriotism and Internationalism|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/red-book/ch18.htm|pdf=http://www.marx2mao.com/PDFs/QCM66.pdf|city=Beijing|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/red-book/index.htm}}</ref>

One such example of this progressive character was in China's national united front against Japan. In an effort to rebuff [[Japanese Empire|Japanese imperialism]], the [[Communist Party of China|CPC]] allied with the [[Kuomintang]] and other patriotic classes into a firm Anti-Japanese United Front. With this patriotic strength, the Chinese were able to throw out Japanese imperialists and pave the way for modern [[China]].

== References ==
{{Citation|author=Liu Shaoqi|year=1939|title=How To Be a Good Communist|title-url=http://www.commonprogram.science/documents/how%20to%20be%20a%20good%20communist.pdf|chapter=4. The Unity of Theoretical Study and Ideological Self-Cultivation|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/liu-shaoqi/1939/how-to-be/ch04.htm|quote=Before the Incident of July 7. 1937, certain comrades did not understand that the contradiction between the Chinese nation and Japanese imperialism had become the principal one while the contradictions among the different classes and political groups within the country had become secondary. As a result, they opposed the Party's policy of forming a national united front against Japan. of uniting all patriotic classes, strata, political parties and social groupings for joint resistance, and especially of uniting with the Kuomintang to fight Japan. Although these comrades thought they were taking a firm proletarian stand in opposing the Party's correct policy, they actually departed from it and plunged into "closed-doorism" and sectarianism. Had we acted in accordance with their wrong views, the proletariat and its political party would have been unable to unite and lead all the patriotic classes, strata, parties and social groupings for the purpose of defeating Japanese imperialism; instead, the forces of the Anti-Japanese National United Front would have been weakened and the proletariat and its political party would have been isolated to the detriment of the struggle to resist Japan and save China. After the July 7th Incident, when our Party had formed the Anti-Japanese National United front with the Kuomintang, certain comrades went to the other extreme, maintaining that since the Kuomintang had joined in the resistance to Japan, there was hardly any distinction between it and the Communist Party. They adopted a policy of capitulation by appeasing the big landlord and big bourgeois classes and the Kuomintang. and opposed the Party's policy of upholding its independence within the united front. While they over estimated the strength of and placed undue trust in the Kuomintang, on which they pinned all their hopes for resisting Japan and saving China, they had no confidence in the strength of the Communist Party and the people, did not place their hopes on the Communist Party and therefore did not dare freely to expand the Party and the anti-Japanese people's revolutionary forces and to resolutely fight against the Kuomintang's policy of opposing and restricting the Communist Party. The comrades with this approach styled themselves as the true representatives of the proletariat, but in essence their policy would have made the proletariat a vassal or an appendage of the bourgeoisie, and would have caused the proletariat to loose the leadership of the Anti-Japanese National United Front. These "Left" and Right mistakes are both striking examples of the failure to take a firm proletarian stand and to identify the correct path for advancing the revolutionary cause when major changes are occurring in the political situation.|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/liu-shaoqi/1939/how-to-be/|series=Selected Works of Liu Shaoqi|volume=I|trans-lang=Chinese}}

== See also ==

* [[Internationalism]]
* [[Nationalism]]
* [[Patriotic socialism]]

== References ==

Vaush

2023-01-31T23:57:34Z

MudWizard: Removes this sentence as per discussion on Discord.

'''Vaush''' is a [[United States of America|Statesian]] [[YouTube]] and [[Twitch]] streamer. He identifies as a [[Libertarian socialism|libertarian socialist]] and an [[Anarchism|anarchist]]. Vaush was banned from Twitch for calling white people "crackers."<ref>{{News citation|author=Ethan Gach|newspaper=Kotaku|title=Socialist Twitch Streamer Banned For Calling White People ‘Cracker’ [Update]|date=2021-12-14|url=https://kotaku.com/socialist-twitch-streamer-banned-for-calling-white-peop-1848213042|retrieved=2022-04-17}}</ref> Vaush has also been accused of being a [[Pedophilia|pedophile]]<ref>{{News citation|author=Beige Goat|newspaper=Twitter|title=Context, for what it's worth.|date=2020-11-09|url=https://twitter.com/beigegoat45/status/1325705005886746624|retrieved=2022-04-17|quote=In fact—and this is gonna be a real hot take—I have yet to hear a convincing moral or legal argument as to why possession of child pornography should be illegal.}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|author=Vaush|newspaper=Discord|date=2018-02-13|url=https://i.redd.it/z3nrrkf179l51.png|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806085802/https://i.redd.it/z3nrrkf179l51.png|archive-date=2022-08-06|quote=As those imbalances (or at least some of them) are redressed through the advent of socialism, the age of consent should therefor [sic] be lowered.}}</ref> and claimed [[Karl Marx|Marx]] and [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] would have voted for [[Joe Biden|Biden]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref>{{News citation|author=[[BadEmpanada]]|newspaper=Twitter|title=Vaush misread stuff so badly in his latest video that it led me to make a serious youtube comment that I now must post here. the lack of non-US knowledge is clear in his misreading of Lenin especially|date=2020-08-20|url=https://twitter.com/RadEmpanada/status/1296701957739077633|archive-url=https://archive.ph/MQ3bo|archive-date=2020-10-26|retrieved=2022-04-17}}</ref>

== Criticism ==

=== Anti-Semitism ===
While discussing the [[National Socialist German Workers' Party|Nazis]] in a debate with [[NonCompete]], Vaush said Jews disproportionately controlled banks in [[German Reich (1918–1933)|Weimar Germany]].<ref name=":0">{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lR1FdFefcA&t=3050s|channel=Vaush|title=HE HUNG UP - Absurd Debate w/ NonCompete Quickly Derails|quote=There was a disproportionate number of Jewish control of banks in Germany during the Weimar Republic.}}</ref>

===Racism===
Vaush has called Black people "subhuman"<ref>{{Web citation|author=Vaush|newspaper=Discord|url=https://i.redd.it/q1bs0pmcuk661.png|archive-url=https://archive.ph/DP5nR|archive-date=2020-12-21|quote=you guys know ive called black and trans people subhuman too}}</ref> and intentionally said the n-word in a debate.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Vaush|newspaper=YouTube|title=Am I a Jew? Arguing with Nazis on THE KILLSTREAM|date=2019-05-14|url=https://i.imgur.com/TMMwFra.png|archive-url=https://archive.ph/C7g1n|archive-date=2020-11-15|quote=In this video, I drop an n-bomb. Biiiig one; hard 'R' [...] It was a power move which I am entirely unashamed of}}</ref> He is against preserving Black culture even though it was systematically repressed by the United States.<ref>{{Web citation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722205131/https://twitter.com/high_define/status/1258520435655766022|archive-date=2022-07-22|quote=Wait, fuck Black culture—I don't give a fuck about preserving culture. What? That's exactly the same as a white ethnonationalist argument.}}</ref>

===Transphobia===
Vaush has called the [[LGBT+]] community "cancerous"<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Streamable|url=https://streamable.com/fdy60u|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308145927/https://streamable.com/fdy60u|archive-date=2022-03-08|quote=The left community online, particularly the LGBT community, is cancerous as fuck. If you're not an idiot, you will agree with me.}}</ref> and "mentally ill."<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Streamable|title=I know this is fundamentally reactionary thinking, but still, I can’t think of anything else|url=https://streamable.com/uu2mkv|quote=A lot of the people who are trying to cancel [[Contrapoints]] are fucking dejected, worthless, mentally ill, basement-dweller, fucking queer people who have absolutely nothing to offer the world apart from their bitter scorn.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308152603/https://streamable.com/uu2mkv|archive-date=2022-03-08}}</ref>

===War-crime "Joke"===
On the 11 December, 2020 stream Vaush made the "joke" that Iraqis have him to thank for stopping and preventing [[United States imperialism|U.S. Imperialism]] in [[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]] due to his position to vote for Biden.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxn2aNbqa6w&t=13060s|channel=Vaush|title=GOING OVER VIDEOS CRITICIZING ME {{!}} CHILL STREAM|date=2020-12-11|quote=…you [[https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Hakim Hakim]] are lucky that I personally got Biden into office because otherwise – is Hakim from Iraq? Well, hey listen ok, we're going to get Biden to get those troops out of Iraq ok – wait did he already do that? We are going to keep Biden from fucking bombing anymore of your airports ok. That's what we're going to do! You're welcome Hakim!
I know, I know it–, I know it sucks, because frantically Democrats and Republicans both have a pretty fucking bad record when it comes to foreign policy, but listen you. Ok, I got Biden elected and I'm gonna wield that infinite power, alright, and I'm gonna make sure we quit fucking around in the Middle East ok. We're gonna pull troops out of – we're gonna pull troops out of [[Afghanistan]], we're gonna pay reparations to the countries we bomb, we're gonna stop that [[Yemen]] shit, we're gonna start arguing with [[Saudi Arabia]], we're going to reinstitute the nuclear fucking arms shit deal with [[Iran]] – the nuclear treatus [sic], we're going to establish fuckin' one state council solution with [[Israel]] and [[Palestine]] – 'cos I feel that's closest we're going to be able to get – um, we're gonna – we're gonna do it. "This won't happen under Biden." Goddamn right it will. It will 'cos of me. 'Cos of all the socialist influence I have in the Democratic party. Yeah, we're gonna lift sanctions on [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Vuvuzuela]] [sic], we're gonna fix the world. "No it won't Vaush." Do you think I'm being serious man?}}</ref>

==References==
[[Category:YouTube channels]]
<references />
[[Category:Imperialist propaganda]]
[[Category:Breadtube]]

German Empire (1871–1918)

2023-01-31T17:50:55Z

MudWizard:

{{Infobox country
| name = German Empire
| native_name = Deutsches Kaiserreich
| image_flag = Flag of the German Empire.png
| capital = Berlin
| largest_city = Berlin
| mode_of_production = [[Capitalism]]
| life_span = 1871–1918
| image_map = German Empire.png
| map_width = 290
| official_languages = German
| area_km2 = 540,858
| population_census = 64,925,993
| population_census_year = 1910
| government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Constitutional monarchy|semi-constitutional monarchy]]<ref>Nipperdey, Thomas, "Deutsche Geschichte 1866-1918: Zweiter Band: Machtstaat vor der Demokratie" (1995), p. 98–108.</ref><ref>Röhl, John C. G. "Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Concise Life" (2014), p. 172–173.</ref>
* Under a [[military dictatorship]]<ref>Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). ''The Nemesis of Power The German Army in Politics 1918–1945''. London: Macmillan. pp. 13–14.</ref> (1916–1918)
| title_leader = [[German Emperor|Emperor]]
| leader1 = [[William I, German Emperor|Wilhelm I]]
| year_leader1 = 1871–1888
| leader2 = [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Friedrich III]]
| year_leader2 = 1888
| leader3 = [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]]
| year_leader3 = 1888–1918
| title_deputy = [[List of Chancellors of Germany#German Empire, Reichskanzler (1871–1918)|Chancellor]]
| deputy1 = [[Otto von Bismarck]]
| year_deputy1 = 1871–1890
| deputy2 = [[Leo von Caprivi]]
| year_deputy2 = 1890–1894
| deputy3 = [[Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst|Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst]]
| year_deputy3 = 1894–1900
| deputy4 = [[Bernhard von Bülow]]
| year_deputy4 = 1900–1909
| deputy5 = [[Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg]]
| year_deputy5 = 1909–1917
| deputy6 = [[Georg Michaelis]]
| year_deputy6 = 1917
| deputy7 = [[Georg von Hertling]]
| year_deputy7 = 1917–1918
| deputy8 = [[Prince Maximilian of Baden|Max von Baden]]
| year_deputy8 = 1918
}}

The '''German Empire''' ''(German: Deutsches Reich)'', also referred to as '''Imperial Germany''' ''(German: Deutsches Kaiserreich)'', the '''Second Reich''' ''(German: Zweites Reich)'', as well as simply '''Germany'''‎ ''(German: Deutschland)'', was a country in Central Europe that existed from the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1871 until the end of the [[First World War]]. In November 1918, the German monarchy was overthrown and the [[German Reich (1918–1933)|Weimar Republic]] was established.

== Unification ==
In the mid-19th century, Germany was divided into 39 states. The dominant state, [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], was ruled by an aristocracy called the Junkers. Prussia fought against [[Kingdom of Denmark|Denmark]] in 1864 over the status of Schleswig and Holstein and defeated [[Austrian Empire (1804–1867)|Austria]] in 1866, becoming the leading force in the German [[Nationalism|nationalist]] movement and forming the [[North German Confederation]]. Prussia took control of the rest of Germany in 1870 when it went to war against [[Second French Empire|France]]. [[Otto von Bismarck]], a Prussian Junker, became the first emperor of Germany.<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The Age of Blood and Iron|page=159–161|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Germany rapidly industrialized following its unification, with coal production increasing from 34 to 277 million tons, pig-iron increasing from 1.3 to 14.7 million tons, and steel increasing from 0.3 to 14 million tons between 1870 and 1914. In 1879, Germany introduced a series of tariffs, which rose to 13% by 1914.<ref name=":0222" />

== Colonialism ==
The German Empire colonized parts of [[Africa]] and [[Oceania]]. It committed genocide against the Herero and Nama peoples in what is now [[Republic of Namibia|Namibia]]. Germany lost control of its colonies after the First World War.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=Risen from the Ruins: The Economic History of Socialism in the German Democratic Republic|date=2021-04-20|url=https://thetricontinental.org/studies-1-ddr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426161306/https://thetricontinental.org/studies-1-ddr/|archive-date=2022-04-26|retrieved=2022-08-12}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:History of Germany]]

Progressivism

2023-01-21T21:10:53Z

MudWizard: Created page with "'''Progressivism''' is a political and social movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in response to the rapid industrialization and urbanization of the time. It is characterized by a belief in the ability of government and society to improve the lives of citizens through regulation, reform, and social welfare programs. One of the key examples of progressivism is the rise of the Progressive Era in the United States, which saw the..."

'''Progressivism''' is a political and social movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in response to the rapid industrialization and urbanization of the time. It is characterized by a belief in the ability of government and society to improve the lives of citizens through regulation, [[reform]], and [[social welfare]] programs.

One of the key examples of progressivism is the rise of the [[Progressive Era]] in the [[United States]], which saw the implementation of various reforms such as the establishment of the [[Federal Reserve]], the creation of the [[Federal Trade Commission]], and the passing of the [[Clayton Antitrust Act]].<ref>https://www.history.com/news/gilded-age-progressive-era-reforms</ref> These measures aimed to regulate and control the excesses of [[corporations|big business]], as well as to protect the rights and interests of [[workers]] and consumers.

Another example of progressivism is the rise of the [[welfare state]] in [[Europe]], which saw the implementation of various [[social welfare]] programs such as [[universal healthcare]], old age pensions, and [[unemployment]] benefits. These measures aimed to provide a safety net for citizens, as well as to reduce [[poverty]] and inequality.

The origins of progressivism can be traced back to the late 19th century, when [[industrialization]] and urbanization led to the rise of a new [[proletariat|working class]]. These groups were increasingly concerned about the negative effects of industrialization and urbanization on society, such as poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation. As a result, they began to advocate for government intervention and reform in order to address these issues.

In contrast to the old progressivism, modern progressivism has shifted its focus towards issues such as climate change, racial and gender equality, and economic inequality. This is due to the changing social and economic conditions of the 21st century, as well as the rise of new social movements such as [[Black Lives Matter]], [[#MeToo]], and the Climate Strike.

Kuomintang

2023-01-20T12:54:57Z

MudWizard:

{{stub}}
{{
Infobox political party
| name = Kuomintang
| native_name = 中國國民黨 Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng Chungkuo Kuomintang
| colors = Blue
| logo = Emblem of the Kuomintang.png
| lang1 = Other
| abbreviation = KMT
| leader1_title = Premier
| leader1_name = [[Sun Yat-sen]] (eternal)<ref>{{Web citation|language = zh-TW|url = http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=10|title = 中國國民黨大事記|website = 中國國民黨全球資訊網 [KMT Global Info Web]|access-date = 2009-07-26|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090802062216/http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=10|archive-date = 2009-08-02 }}</ref>
| leader2_title = Director-General
| leader2_name = [[Chiang Kai-shek]] (eternal)<ref>{{Web citation|language=zh-TW|url = http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=10|title=中國國民黨大事記|website = 中國國民黨全球資訊網|access-date=2009-07-26|url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090802062216/http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=10|archive-date=2009-08-02}}</ref>
| leader3_title = Chairman
| leader3_name = [[Eric Chu]]
| leader4_title = Secretary-General
| leader4_name = [[Justin Huang]]
| foundation = {{birth date and age|1919|10|10}} [[Shanghai French Concession]]
| merger = [[Revive China Society]] (1894)
[[Tongmenghui]] (1905)
| headquarters = No. 232–234, Sec. 2, Bade Rd., [[Zhongshan District, Taipei|Zhongshan District]], [[Taipei]] City 104, [[Taiwan]]<ref>{{Web citation|url = http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx |title = Kuomintang Official Website |publisher = Kuomintang |access-date = 13 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150703160339/http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx |archive-date = 3 July 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref>
| newspaper = ''[[Central Daily News]]''
| think_tank = [http://www.npf.org.tw/ National Policy Foundation]
| wing1_title = Education wing
| wing1 = [[Institute of Revolutionary Practice]]
| wing2_title = Military wing
| wing2 = [[National Revolutionary Army]] (1925–1947)
| wing3_title = Paramilitary wing
| wing3 = [[Blue Shirts Society]] (1932–1938)
| youth_wing = [[Kuomintang Youth League]] Three Principles of the People Youth League (1938–1947)
| political_orientation = * [[Chinese nationalism]]
* [[Three Principles of the People]]<ref name="KMT">*{{Web citation|url = http://www.kmt.org.tw/p/blog-page_3.html|title=政策綱領|access-date = 2016-06-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190513013915/http://www.kmt.org.tw/p/blog-page_3.html|archive-date = 2019-05-13}}</ref>
}}

The '''Kuomintang (KMT)''' is a [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]]-[[Nationalism|nationalist]] [[Reactionary|reactionary]] political party founded in 1912. It was formed in the context of the [[1911 Chinese revolution]] against the [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Qing dynasty]], and had its origins in Revive China Society, a Han nationalist organization. During the period of 1912 until the [[Chinese revolution]] in 1949, the Kuomintang led the government of mainland China, and since 1937 allied with the [[Communist Party of China]] against [[Japanese imperialism]].

After the revolution, the Kuomintang lost favor to the Communist Party of China, and the party and its supporters fled mainland China to [[Taiwan Province|Taiwan]].

==References==
<references />

Western Asia

2023-01-19T20:48:32Z

MudWizard:

'''Western Asia''', is a region located between Europe and Africa and is known for its rich cultural and historical heritage. The region is home to a diverse array of [[ethnic]] and [[religious]] groups, including [[Arabs]], [[Kurds]], [[Persians]], and [[Turkmens]].

Western Asia has also been a target of [[colonization]] by [[Imperial core|Western]] [[Imperialism|imperialists]] for centuries. The region has been a strategic and economic prize for imperial powers, with its vast oil reserves, strategic location, and historical significance.

Western Asia's colonization by Western imperialists can be understood in the context of imperialism and [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[exploitation]]. The imperial powers sought to control the resources and [[labor]] of the region in order to further their own economic and political interests.<ref>Lenin, V.I. (1902). Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. New York: International Publishers.</ref>

This [[exploitation]] has led to the subjugation of local peoples, the erosion of indigenous cultures and identities, and the imposition of Western political and economic systems. This is known as [[cultural hegemony]] where imperial nations impose their own culture and way of life over the colonies.<ref>Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers.</ref>

Additionally, the Western imperialists have also supported and propped up dictatorial regimes in the region in order to maintain control and access to resources. This is known as [[dependency]] where imperial nations exploit their colonies for their economic gain.<ref>Foster, J.B. (1997). Imperialism and the Law of Value. New York: Monthly Review</ref>

== References ==

CKS

2023-01-19T20:41:02Z

MudWizard: Redirected page to Chiang Kai-shek

#REDIRECT [[Chiang Kai-shek]]

Swiss Confederation

2023-01-19T20:40:16Z

MudWizard:

{{Infobox country
| name = Swiss Confederation
| native_name = Confédération suisse (French) Confederazione Svizzera (Italian) Confederaziun svizra (Romansh) Confoederatio helvetica (Latin)
| image_flag = Flag_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).png
| image_coat = 541px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).png
| capital = None (de jure) Bern (de facto)
| largest_city = Bellinzona (Area) Zürich (Population)
| mode_of_production = [[Capitalism]]
| official_languages = [[German]], [[French]], [[Italian]], and [[Romansh]].
| area_km2 = 41,285
| population_estimate = 8,703,405 people
| population_estimate_year = 2021
}}

The Swiss Confederation, also known as Switzerland, is a small country located in the heart of [[Europe]]. It is known for its neutrality, banking system, and picturesque landscapes.

During World War II, Switzerland had a complex relationship with the [[Nazi regime]]. While officially neutral, Switzerland had economic and political ties with Nazi Germany. The Swiss government maintained a policy of strict neutrality during the war, but it also profited from trade with the Axis powers and had a history of accepting stolen Jewish assets.<ref>Halbrook, S.P. (1998). Target Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II. Rockville: Sarpedon Publishers.</ref>

Switzerland's collaboration with the Nazi regime can be understood in the context of capitalist exploitation. The Swiss government and banks were willing to profit from trade with the Axis powers and accept stolen Jewish assets, in order to preserve their own economic interests.<ref>Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>

Additionally, the Swiss government's policies towards Jewish refugees were often discriminatory, with strict quotas and regulations that made it difficult for Jewish refugees to enter Switzerland.<ref>Blacklisted: The Secret War between Big Business and Union Activists" by Ross Fitzgerald (2020)</ref>

The Swiss government's policy of neutrality during the war can also be seen as a way to protect its own economic interests, rather than a moral stance against the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime. Which is an example of capitalist system's tendency to prioritize profit over moral considerations.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</ref>

Western Asia

2023-01-19T20:24:48Z

MudWizard: Created page with "'''Western Asia''', is a region located between Europe and Africa and is known for its rich cultural and historical heritage. The region is home to a diverse array of ethnic and religious groups, including Arabs, Kurds, Persians, and Turkmens. Western Asia has also been a target of colonization by Western imperialists for centuries. The region has been a strategic and economic prize for imperial powers, with its vast oil reserves, strateg..."

'''Western Asia''', is a region located between Europe and Africa and is known for its rich cultural and historical heritage. The region is home to a diverse array of [[ethnic]] and [[religious]] groups, including [[Arabs]], [[Kurds]], [[Persians]], and [[Turkmens]].

Western Asia has also been a target of [[colonization]] by [[Western imperialists]] for centuries. The region has been a strategic and economic prize for imperial powers, with its vast oil reserves, strategic location, and historical significance.

Western Asia's colonization by Western imperialists can be understood in the context of [[imperialism]] and capitalist [[exploitation]]. The imperial powers sought to control the resources and [[labor]] of the region in order to further their own economic and political interests.<ref>Lenin, V.I. (1902). Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. New York: International Publishers.</ref>

This [[exploitation]] has led to the subjugation of local peoples, the erosion of indigenous cultures and identities, and the imposition of Western political and economic systems. This is known as "[[cultural hegemony]]" where imperial nations impose their own culture and way of life over the colonies.<ref>Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers.</ref>

Additionally, the Western imperialists have also supported and propped up dictatorial regimes in the region in order to maintain control and access to resources. This is known also known as "dependency" where imperial nations exploit their colonies for their economic gain.<ref>Foster, J.B. (1997). Imperialism and the Law of Value. New York: Monthly Review</ref>

Swiss Confederation

2023-01-19T20:18:46Z

MudWizard:

{{Infobox country
| name = Swiss Confederation
| native_name = Confédération suisse (French) Confederazione Svizzera (Italian) Confederaziun svizra (Romansh) Confoederatio helvetica (Latin)
| image_flag = Flag_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).png
| image_coat = 541px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).png
| capital = None (de jure) Bern (de facto)
| largest_city = Bellinzona
| mode_of_production = [[Capitalism]]
| official_languages = [[German]], [[French]], [[Italian]], and [[Romansh]].
| area_km2 = 41,285
| population_estimate = 8,703,405 people
| population_estimate_year = 2021
}}

The Swiss Confederation, also known as Switzerland, is a small country located in the heart of [[Europe]]. It is known for its neutrality, banking system, and picturesque landscapes.

During World War II, Switzerland had a complex relationship with the [[Nazi regime]]. While officially neutral, Switzerland had economic and political ties with Nazi Germany. The Swiss government maintained a policy of strict neutrality during the war, but it also profited from trade with the Axis powers and had a history of accepting stolen Jewish assets.<ref>Halbrook, S.P. (1998). Target Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II. Rockville: Sarpedon Publishers.</ref>

Switzerland's collaboration with the Nazi regime can be understood in the context of capitalist exploitation. The Swiss government and banks were willing to profit from trade with the Axis powers and accept stolen Jewish assets, in order to preserve their own economic interests.<ref>Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>

Additionally, the Swiss government's policies towards Jewish refugees were often discriminatory, with strict quotas and regulations that made it difficult for Jewish refugees to enter Switzerland.<ref>Blacklisted: The Secret War between Big Business and Union Activists" by Ross Fitzgerald (2020)</ref>

The Swiss government's policy of neutrality during the war can also be seen as a way to protect its own economic interests, rather than a moral stance against the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime. Which is an example of capitalist system's tendency to prioritize profit over moral considerations.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</ref>

File:541px-Coat of Arms of Switzerland (Pantone).png

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File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).png

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Swiss Confederation

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MudWizard: Created page with "{{Infobox country | name = Swiss Confederation | native_name=Confédération suisse (French) Confederazione Svizzera (Italian) Confederaziun svizra (Romansh) Confoederatio helvetica (Latin) | image_flag=Flag of Switzerland.svg | image_coat=Coat of arms of Switzerland.svg | capital=None (de jure) Bern (de facto) | largest_city=Bellinzona | mode_of_production=Capitalism | official_languages=German, French, Italian, and Romansh. | area_km2=41..."

{{Infobox country
| name = Swiss Confederation
| native_name=Confédération suisse (French) Confederazione Svizzera (Italian) Confederaziun svizra (Romansh) Confoederatio helvetica (Latin)
| image_flag=Flag of Switzerland.svg
| image_coat=Coat of arms of Switzerland.svg
| capital=None (de jure) Bern (de facto)
| largest_city=Bellinzona
| mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]
| official_languages=[[German]], [[French]], [[Italian]], and [[Romansh]].
| area_km2=41,285
| population_estimate=8,703,405 people
| population_estimate_year=2021
}}

The Swiss Confederation, also known as Switzerland, is a small country located in the heart of [[Europe]]. It is known for its neutrality, banking system, and picturesque landscapes.

During World War II, Switzerland had a complex relationship with the [[Nazi regime]]. While officially neutral, Switzerland had economic and political ties with Nazi Germany. The Swiss government maintained a policy of strict neutrality during the war, but it also profited from trade with the Axis powers and had a history of accepting stolen Jewish assets.<ref>Halbrook, S.P. (1998). Target Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II. Rockville: Sarpedon Publishers.</ref>

Switzerland's collaboration with the Nazi regime can be understood in the context of capitalist exploitation. The Swiss government and banks were willing to profit from trade with the Axis powers and accept stolen Jewish assets, in order to preserve their own economic interests.<ref>Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>

Additionally, the Swiss government's policies towards Jewish refugees were often discriminatory, with strict quotas and regulations that made it difficult for Jewish refugees to enter Switzerland.<ref>Blacklisted: The Secret War between Big Business and Union Activists" by Ross Fitzgerald (2020)</ref>

The Swiss government's policy of neutrality during the war can also be seen as a way to protect its own economic interests, rather than a moral stance against the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime. Which is an example of capitalist system's tendency to prioritize profit over moral considerations.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</ref>

Holocaust

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The '''Holocaust''', also known as the '''Shoah''', refers to the systematic extermination of approximately six million [[Jews]], as well as millions of other individuals deemed undesirable by the [[Nazi regime]] during [[World War II]]. It was one of the most heinous acts of [[genocide]] in human history.

The Holocaust was the result of the [[fascist]] and [[racist]] ideologies of the Nazi regime, which came to power in [[Germany]] in 1933. The Nazis believed in the concept of [[Aryan]] racial purity and the idea that Jews were a inferior race. They implemented policies of persecution and discrimination against Jews and other minority groups, which ultimately led to their extermination in [[concentration camps and extermination camps across Europe]].

The Holocaust can also be understood in the context of [[imperialism]] and [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[exploitation]]. The [[National Socialist German Workers' Party|Nazis]]' aggressive [[Settler colonialism|expansionist policies]] and their exploitation of occupied territories for economic gain were key factors in the Holocaust. The [[Slavery|forced labor]] of [[concentration camp]] prisoners, the confiscation of Jewish property, and the looting of Jewish businesses all served to enrich the German economy and the Nazi regime. This is known as the theory of [[imperialism]] where capitalist countries exploit the resources and [[labor]] of the occupied territories for their own gain.<ref>Lenin, V.I. (1916). Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism. New York: International Publishers.</ref>

The Holocaust had a profound impact on the [[Jewish]] people, leading to the displacement and dispossession of millions of individuals and the destruction of entire communities. The trauma of the Holocaust continues to be felt by Jewish people and their descendants to this day.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Nazism]]
[[Category:Genocide]]

State of New York

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{{Distinguish|[[New York City]]}}

The State of New York is located in the northeastern region of the [[United States]] and is the fourth most populous state in the country. It is known for its diverse population, cultural landmarks, and economic power.

New York City, the state's largest city and the [[financial]] capital of the [[United States]], is home to [[Wall Street]] and the headquarters of many [[major corporations]]. As a result, New York has a significant influence on the national and global economy. However, this [[concentration of wealth and power]] in the hands of a few individuals and [[corporations]] is a prime example of the [[capitalist system]] at work.<ref>Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>

New York State also has a long history of [[labor struggles]] and [[unionization]], particularly in the [[manufacturing]] and [[service industries]]. The state was a major center of the [[labor movement]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and it continues to be a major center of [[organized labor]] today. This is a reflection of the class struggle between the working class and the capitalist class.<ref>Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Metropolitan Books.</ref>

New York State also has a diverse population, with significant numbers of [[African Americans]], [[Latino]], [[Asian Americans]], and [[immigrants]] from all over the world. Immigrants, particularly those who are undocumented or working in low-skilled jobs, are often paid less than their native-born counterparts. This is a reflection of the process of globalisation and the exploitation of people of color by capitalist economies.<ref>Wilkerson, I. (2020). Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. New York: Random House.</ref>

Despite its economic power, New York State also has significant [[poverty]] and [[inequality]]. This is particularly true in urban areas like [[New York City]], where the divide between the wealthy and the working class is stark. This is a reflection of the capitalist system's tendency to create and perpetuate poverty and inequality.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</ref>

State of New York

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MudWizard: Created page with "The State of New York is located in the northeastern region of the United States and is the fourth most populous state in the country. It is known for its diverse population, cultural landmarks, and economic power. New York City, the state's largest city and the financial capital of the United States, is home to Wall Street and the headquarters of many major corporations. As a result, New York has a significant influence on the national and global ec..."

The State of New York is located in the northeastern region of the [[United States]] and is the fourth most populous state in the country. It is known for its diverse population, cultural landmarks, and economic power.

New York City, the state's largest city and the [[financial]] capital of the [[United States]], is home to [[Wall Street]] and the headquarters of many [[major corporations]]. As a result, New York has a significant influence on the national and global economy. However, this [[concentration of wealth and power]] in the hands of a few individuals and [[corporations]] is a prime example of the [[capitalist system]] at work.<ref>Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>

New York State also has a long history of [[labor struggles]] and [[unionization]], particularly in the [[manufacturing]] and [[service industries]]. The state was a major center of the [[labor movement]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and it continues to be a major center of [[organized labor]] today. This is a reflection of the class struggle between the working class and the capitalist class.<ref>Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Metropolitan Books.</ref>

New York State also has a diverse population, with significant numbers of [[African Americans]], [[Latino]], [[Asian Americans]], and [[immigrants]] from all over the world. Immigrants, particularly those who are undocumented or working in low-skilled jobs, are often paid less than their native-born counterparts. This is a reflection of the process of globalisation and the exploitation of people of color by capitalist economies.<ref>Wilkerson, I. (2020). Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. New York: Random House.</ref>

Despite its economic power, New York State also has significant [[poverty]] and [[inequality]]. This is particularly true in urban areas like [[New York City]], where the divide between the wealthy and the working class is stark. This is a reflection of the capitalist system's tendency to create and perpetuate poverty and inequality.<ref>Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</ref>

Conservatism

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MudWizard: Created page with "Conservatism refers to a set of political ideologies and beliefs that prioritize tradition, individual liberty, and free markets. It often emphasizes the importance of limited government intervention in economic and social affairs, and it is often associated with capitalist and capitalist-oriented political agendas. Conservatives view society as naturally hierarchical, and they often defend the status quo, including traditional soci..."

Conservatism refers to a set of political ideologies and beliefs that prioritize [[tradition]], [[individualism|individual liberty]], and [[free markets]]. It often emphasizes the importance of limited [[government]] intervention in economic and social affairs, and it is often associated with [[capitalist]] and capitalist-oriented political agendas.

Conservatives view society as naturally [[hierarchical]], and they often defend the status quo, including traditional social structures and the existing distribution of [[wealth]] and power. This belief in the natural hierarchy of society is known as "[[Social Darwinism]]" where the strong should survive and the weak should be left behind.

Conservatives also tend to support [[free-market capitalism]] and [[laissez-faire]] economic policies, which prioritize [[individualism]] and [[competition]] over collective action and cooperation. This economic ideology is known as "[[neoliberalism]]" where the state should have minimal involvement in the economy, and individuals should be able to compete freely in the market.<ref>Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>

In recent years, the conservative movement has been associated with [[right-wing]] [[populism]]. This has been seen in various countries where conservative politicians have been associated with [[racism|anti-immigrant]], [[homophobia|anti-LGBTQ+]] and [[sexism|anti-women policies]], which are seen as an attempt to maintain the status quo of traditional social structures and the existing distribution of wealth and power.

Conservatives also often oppose [[progressive]] social and economic policies that would redistribute [[wealth]] and power to [[marginalized groups]], such as [[workers]] and [[people of color]]. This opposition to progressive policies is an attempt to maintain the existing power structures and protect the interests of the [[ruling class]].<ref>Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.</ref>

Free markets

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#REDIRECT [[Free market]]

Chiang Kai-shek

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{{stub}}

{{Infobox politician
| name = Chiang Kai-Shek
| native_name = {{nobold|蔣中正}} {{nobold|蔣介石}}
| image = Chiang Kai-shek（蔣中正）.jpg
| nationality = [[Chinese]]
| political_line = [[Nationalism|Chinese Nationalism]] [[Anti-communism]] [[One China]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1887|10|31}}
| birth_place = [[Xikou]], [[Zhejiang]], [[Qing Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1975|4|5|1887|10|31}}
| death_place = [[Taipei]], [[Republic of China]]
| political_party = [[Kuomintang]] (KMT)
}}
'''Chiang Kai-shek''' (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as '''Chiang Chung-cheng''' and '''Jiang Jieshi''', was a Chinese [[Kuomintang|Nationalist]] politician, [[bourgeoisie revolutionary]], and military leader who served as the [[President of the Republic of China|leader of the Republic of China]] (ROC) from 1928 to his death in 1975 – until 1949 in [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|mainland China]] and from then on in [[Taiwan]]. After his rule was confined to Taiwan following his defeat by [[Mao Zedong]] in the [[Chinese Civil War]], he continued to lead the [[ROC]] government until his death.

Chiang Kai-shek

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{{Infobox politician
| name = Chiang Kai-Shek
| native_name = {{nobold|蔣中正}} {{nobold|蔣介石}}
| image = Chiang Kai-shek（蔣中正）.jpg
| nationality = [[Chinese]]
| political_line = [[Nationalism|Chinese Nationalism]] [[Anti-communism]] [[One China]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1887|10|31}}
| birth_place = [[Xikou]], [[Zhejiang]], [[Qing Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1975|4|5|1887|10|31}}
| death_place = [[Taipei]], [[Republic of China]]
| political_party = [[Kuomintang]] (KMT)
}}
'''Chiang Kai-shek''' (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as '''Chiang Chung-cheng''' and '''Jiang Jieshi''', was a Chinese [[Kuomintang|Nationalist]] politician, [[bourgeoisie revolutionary]], and military leader who served as the [[President of the Republic of China|leader of the Republic of China]] (ROC) from 1928 to his death in 1975 – until 1949 in [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|mainland China]] and from then on in [[Taiwan]]. After his rule was confined to Taiwan following his defeat by [[Mao Zedong]] in the [[Chinese Civil War]], he continued to lead the [[ROC]] government until his death.

File:Chiang Kai-shek（蔣中正）.jpg

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Chiang Kai-shek

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{{Infobox politician
| name = Chiang Kai-Shek
| native_name = {{nobold|蔣中正}} {{nobold|蔣介石}}
| image = BarackObama.jpg
| nationality = [[Chinese]]
| political_line = [[Nationalism|Chinese Nationalism]] [[Anti-communism]] [[One China]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1887|10|31}}
| birth_place = [[Xikou]], [[Zhejiang]], [[Qing Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1975|4|5|1887|10|31}}
| death_place = [[Taipei]], [[Republic of China]]
| political_party = [[Kuomintang]] (KMT)
}}
'''Chiang Kai-shek''' (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as '''Chiang Chung-cheng''' and '''Jiang Jieshi''', was a Chinese [[Kuomintang|Nationalist]] politician, [[bourgeoisie revolutionary]], and military leader who served as the [[President of the Republic of China|leader of the Republic of China]] (ROC) from 1928 to his death in 1975 – until 1949 in [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|mainland China]] and from then on in [[Taiwan]]. After his rule was confined to Taiwan following his defeat by [[Mao Zedong]] in the [[Chinese Civil War]], he continued to lead the [[ROC]] government until his death.

Nazi regime

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#REDIRECT [[German Reich (1933–1945)]]

Jews

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#REDIRECT [[Judaism]]

Holocaust

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The '''Holocaust''' refers to the systematic extermination of approximately six million [[Jews]], as well as millions of other individuals deemed undesirable by the [[Nazi regime]] during [[World War II]]. The Holocaust, also known as the '''Shoah''', was one of the most heinous acts of [[genocide]] in human history.

The Holocaust was the result of the [[fascist]] and [[racist]] ideologies of the [[Nazi regime]], which came to power in [[Germany]] in 1933. The Nazis believed in the concept of [[Aryan]] racial purity and the idea that Jews were a inferior race. They implemented policies of persecution and discrimination against Jews and other minority groups, which ultimately led to their extermination in [[concentration camps and extermination camps across Europe]].

The Holocaust can also be understood in the context of [[imperialism]] and [[capitalist exploitation]]. The [[Nazis]]' aggressive expansionist policies and their exploitation of occupied territories for economic gain were key factors in the Holocaust. The [[forced labor]] of [[concentration camp]] prisoners, the confiscation of Jewish property, and the looting of Jewish businesses all served to enrich the German economy and the Nazi regime. This is known as the theory of "[[Imperialism]]" where capitalist countries exploit the resources and [[labor]] of the occupied territories for their own gain.<ref>Lenin, V.I. (1916). Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism. New York: International Publishers.</ref>

The Holocaust had a profound impact on the [[Jewish]] people, leading to the displacement and dispossession of millions of individuals and the destruction of entire communities. The trauma of the Holocaust continues to be felt by Jewish people and their descendants to this day.

German language

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'''German''' (German: ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in [[Central Europe]]. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], [[Liechtenstein]], and the [[Italy|Italian]] province of [[South Tyrol]]. It is also a co-official language of [[Luxembourg]] and [[Belgium]], as well as a recognized national language in [[Namibia]].
Outside Germany, it is also spoken by German communities in [[France]] ([[Bas-Rhin]]), [[Czech Republic]] ([[North Bohemia]]), [[Poland]] ([[Upper Silesia]]), [[Slovakia]] ([[Bratislava Region]]), and [[Hungary]] ([[Sopron]]).

German is most similar to other languages within the West Germanic language branch, including [[Afrikaans]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]], the [[Frisian languages]], [[Low German]], [[Luxembourgish]], [[Scots language|Scots]], and [[Yiddish]]. It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic group]], such as [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]. German is the second most widely spoken [[Germanic languages|Germanic language]] after English, which is also a West Germanic language.

German is one of the major languages of the world. It is the most spoken native language within the [[European Union]]. German is also widely taught as a foreign language, especially in continental [[Europe]], where it is the third most taught foreign language (after English and French), and the United States. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used scientific language and among the most widely used languages on websites. The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in the world being published in German.

German is an inflected language, with four grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, neuter); and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs. The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share is partly derived from Latin and Greek, along with fewer words borrowed from French and Modern English.

German is a pluricentric language; the three standardized variants are [[Standard High German]], [[Austrian German]], and [[Swiss Standard German]]. It is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments.

Since 2004, meetings of German-speaking countries have been held annually with six participants: Germany, Austria, Belgium, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Switzerland.<ref name="land.lu">[http://www.land.lu/page/article/379/9379/DEU/index.html d’Lëtzebuerger Land - Beim Deutschen Bund in Eupen (02. September 2016)]</ref>

Populism

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'''Populism''' is a political ideology that emphasizes the needs and concerns of ordinary people, often in opposition to the perceived [[elitism]] of the political and economic elite. Populist movements have emerged in various forms throughout history, and have been associated with both [[left-wing]] and [[right-wing]] politics.

Populism can be understood as a response to the [[alienation]] and [[exploitation]] experienced by [[working class]] and [[marginalized people]] under [[capitalism|capitalist systems]]. The focus on the needs of the "common people" often highlights the ways in which capitalist economies and political systems prioritize the interests of the [[ruling class]] over those of the working class.<ref>Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. International Publishers.</ref>

Populist movements on the left, such as those associated with [[socialism]] and [[communism]], have historically sought to empower working class people through [[collective ownership]] and control of resources and [[means of production]].<ref>Marx, K. (1848). Communist Manifesto.</ref> Populist movements on the right, however, have often used rhetoric about the "common people" to promote [[xenophobic]], [[racist]], and [[authoritarian]] ideologies that ultimately serve to maintain the existing power structures.<ref>Boggs, C. (2000). The Two Revolutions: Gramsci and the Dilemmas of Western Marxism. South End Press.</ref>

In recent years, populist movements have gained momentum in many countries around the world, as increasing economic inequality and dissatisfaction with traditional political establishments have led to a growing sense of [[alienation]] among [[working class]] and marginalized people.<ref>Streeck, W. (2017). How Will Capitalism End? Essays on a Failing System. Verso Books.</ref> These movements have taken on various forms, from [[left-wing]] movements such as [[Syriza]] in [[Greece]] and [[Podemos]] in [[Spain]], to [[right-wing]] movements such as the [[Five Star Movement]] in [[Italy]] and the [[Alternative for Germany]] party.

However, while populist movements may tap into real grievances and frustrations experienced by working-class and marginalized people, they often fail to propose concrete solutions that would address the underlying issues of capitalist exploitation and oppression.<ref>Laclau, E. (2005). Populism: What's in a Name? In E. Laclau (Ed.), On Populist Reason (pp. 1-14). Verso Books.</ref> In some cases, they may even be co-opted by the very [[elite]] they claim to oppose, resulting in policies that ultimately serve to reinforce rather than challenge existing power structures.

Anti-colonialism

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'''Anti-colonialism''' refers to the political and social movement against the [[colonization]] and domination of one country or people by another. It emerged as a response to the exploitation and oppression of colonized peoples by [[imperial powers]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Anti-colonialism is rooted in the idea that colonized peoples have the right to [[self-determination]] and [[autonomy]]. This concept is based on the belief that all peoples have the right to control their own destiny and that colonialism is a violation of this right.

It critiques the economic exploitation of colonized peoples by imperial powers. Colonization often results in the extraction of resources and [[labor]] from the colonized territory, leading to the development of [[capitalist]] economies in the colonizing countries while leaving the colonized countries in a state of economic underdevelopment. This is known as the theory of "dependency" where the imperial nations exploit their colonies for their economic gain.<ref>Foster, J.B. (1997). Imperialism and the Law of Value. New York: Monthly Review Press.</ref>
Anti-colonialism also critiques the cultural and ideological domination of colonized peoples by imperial powers. Colonization often leads to the imposition of the colonizing country's [[culture]] and values on the colonized people, leading to the erosion of [[indigenous]] cultures and identities. This is known as the theory of "[[cultural hegemony]]" where the imperial nation imposes their own culture and way of life over the colonies.<ref>Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers.</ref>

Anti-colonialism has been a driving force behind many historical struggles for independence and [[national liberation]], including the [[Indian independence movement]], the [[Algerian War of Independence]], and the [[African National Congress's struggle against apartheid in South Africa]] and the [[Vietnam War]]. These movements have been led by a diverse range of actors, including political leaders, intellectuals, and grassroots activists.
Anti-colonialism continues to be a significant political and social force today, as many countries and peoples continue to struggle against [[neo-colonialism]] and [[imperialism]]. The exploitation and oppression of colonized peoples remains a major issue in the global economy, and the fight for self-determination and autonomy continues to be a central goal for many anti-colonial movements.

Populism

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MudWizard: Created this page.

'''Populism''' is a political ideology that emphasizes the needs and concerns of ordinary people, often in opposition to the perceived elitism of the political and economic elite. Populist movements have emerged in various forms throughout history, and have been associated with both left-wing and right-wing politics.

Populism can be understood as a response to the alienation and exploitation experienced by working-class and marginalized people under capitalist systems. The focus on the needs of the "common people" often highlights the ways in which capitalist economies and political systems prioritize the interests of the ruling class over those of the working class.<ref>Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. International Publishers.</ref>

Populist movements on the left, such as those associated with socialism and communism, have historically sought to empower working-class people through collective ownership and control of resources and means of production.<ref>Marx, K. (1848). Communist Manifesto.</ref> Populist movements on the right, however, have often used rhetoric about the "common people" to promote xenophobic, racist, and authoritarian ideologies that ultimately serve to maintain the existing power structures.<ref>Boggs, C. (2000). The Two Revolutions: Gramsci and the Dilemmas of Western Marxism. South End Press.</ref>

In recent years, populist movements have gained momentum in many countries around the world, as increasing economic inequality and dissatisfaction with traditional political establishments have led to a growing sense of alienation among working-class and marginalized people.<ref>Streeck, W. (2017). How Will Capitalism End? Essays on a Failing System. Verso Books.</ref> These movements have taken on various forms, from left-wing movements such as Syriza in Greece and Podemos in Spain, to right-wing movements such as the Five Star Movement in Italy and the Alternative for Germany party.

However, while populist movements may tap into real grievances and frustrations experienced by working-class and marginalized people, they often fail to propose concrete solutions that would address the underlying issues of capitalist exploitation and oppression.<ref>Laclau, E. (2005). Populism: What's in a Name? In E. Laclau (Ed.), On Populist Reason (pp. 1-14). Verso Books.</ref> In some cases, they may even be co-opted by the very elite they claim to oppose, resulting in policies that ultimately serve to reinforce rather than challenge existing power structures.

HRE

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#REDIRECT [[Holy Roman Empire (800–1806)]]

German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)

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{{
Infobox country
| name = German Democratic Republic
| government_type = Federal Marxist-Leninist socialist republic (1949–1952) Unitary Marxist-Leninist socialist republic (1952–1989) Unitary parliamentary republic (1989–1990)
| currency = East German mark
| date_event1 = 9 November 1989
| event1 = Fall of [[Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart|Anti-Fascist Protection Wall]]
| date_pre = 8 May 1945
| event_pre = Soviet liberation of Germany
| event_start = Constitution adopted
| event_end = Annexation by West Germany
| date_end = 3 October
| date_start = 7 October
| leader_name4 = [[Egon Krenz]]
| leader_title4 = 1989
| leader_name3 = [[Erich Honecker]]
| leader_title3 = 1971–1989
| leader_name2 = [[Walter Ulbricht]]
| native_name = Deutsche Demokratische Republik
| leader_title2 = 1950–1971
| leader_name1 = [[Wilhelm Pieck]] and [[Otto Grotewohl]]
| leader_title1 = 1946–1950
| population_census_year = 1990
| population_census = 16,111,000
| mode_of_production = Socialism
| area_km2 = 108,333
| official_languages = German
| image_coat = DDR emblem.png
| capital = East Berlin
| englishmotto = Workers of the world, unite!
| motto = Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt Euch!
| year_end = 1990
| year_start = 1949
| HDI = 0.953 (1989)
| drives_on = right
| GDP_PPP_year = 1989
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $42,004
| GDP_PPP = $525.29 billion
| cctld = .dd
| calling_code = +37
| legislature = [[Volkskammer]]
| national_anthem = "Auferstanden aus Ruinen" "Risen from Ruins"
| image_map = Map of GDR.png
| population_density_km2 = 149
| today = [[Germany]]
| image_flag = GDR flag.png
}}
The '''German Democratic Republic''' (German: ''Deutsche Demokratische Republik'', '''GDR''' or '''DDR'''), sometimes referred to as '''East Germany''', was a country that existed from 1949 to 1990. In Western media it was referred to as a [[communist state]], but it described itself as a [[Socialist state|socialist]] "workers' and peasants' state."<ref>'''Chapter 1, Article 1''' of the ''1968 Constitution of the German Democratic Republic (1974 amendments) [[http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/verfddr.html Text (in German)]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20220318151408/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/verfddr.html Archived]]''</ref>

The GDR was formed on 7 October 1949 with the adoption of its first constitution; elections for the Constitutional Assembly were held 5 months earlier, on 15 and 16 May 1949.

The GDR had free medical care and housing, and public transportation was very cheap. Despite spending less money per capita on police, the GDR's crime rate was under a tenth of that of West Germany.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=A Post-Mortem Comparison of Communist and Capitalist Societies Using the German Case as an Illustration|page=94–102|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|city=Fucecchio|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref>

The GDR was annexed by the [[Federal Republic of Germany]], also known as West Germany, on 3 October 1990.

== History ==
[[File:Divided Germany.png|thumb|The Soviet zone (red) is in the northeast.]]
The [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi]] [[Wehrmacht]] surrendered unconditionally on 8 May 1945 after the [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] liberated Berlin. Germany was divided into four occupation zones, with the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] zone in the northeast. Authorities in the Soviet zone confiscated the property of Nazis, convicted them, and prevented them from holding important positions. About 10,000 businesses were expropriated from [[Bourgeoisie|capitalists]] and became publicly owned. A land reform program began in 1945 to remove land from the [[Feudalism|feudal]] [[nobility]].

As early as June 1945, newly formed [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] and [[Democracy|democratic]] parties were already organizing in the Soviet occupation zone. The [[Communist Party of Germany]] (KPD) and [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) united to form the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]] in 1946. The German People's Council was founded in 1947 and established the German Democratic Republic on 7 October 1949.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=Risen from the Ruins: The Economic History of Socialism in the German Democratic Republic|date=2021-04-20|url=https://thetricontinental.org/studies-1-ddr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426161306/https://thetricontinental.org/studies-1-ddr/|archive-date=2022-04-26|retrieved=2022-08-12}}</ref>

== Economy ==
From 1951 to 1989, the GDR's GDP grew at an average rate of 4.5% per year, while West Germany's GDP only grew by 4.3%.<ref>{{Citation|author=Karl Mai|year=2009|title=GDR - FRG in an economic-statistical comparison 1950 to 1989 - On new results by Prof. Gerhard Heske|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613132353/http://www.memo.uni-bremen.de/docs/m3309.pdf|trans-title=DDR – BRD im ökonomisch-statistischen Vergleich 1950 bis 1989 - Zu neuen Ergebnissen von Prof. Gerhard Heske|trans-lang=German}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Average Wages of Workers
!Year
!Monthly wage (DDM)<ref>{{Citation|author=Stephen R. Burrant|year=1987|title=East Germany: A Country Study|title-url=https://archive.org/details/eastgermanycount00bura_0/page/154/mode/2up?view=theater&q=755|chapter=The Economy|section=The Consumer in the East German Economy|page=154|publisher=United States Federal Research Division}}</ref>
|-
|1950
|311
|-
|1960
|555
|-
|1970
|755
|-
|1985
|1,130
|}
The GDR had no unemployment. Although people were protected from being fired for not going to work or not working productively, only 0.1% of work time was lost due to unexcused absences.<ref name=":0" />

Small private companies with ten employees or less could exist in the GDR. Taxation rates for businesses were highly progressive and the most profitable businesses paid 90% of their profit in taxes.<ref name=":0" />

== Education ==
After the [[Second World War]], teachers who had connections to the [[National Socialist German Workers' Party|Nazi Party]] were fired and 40,000 new teachers were trained in a short time.<ref name=":2" />

=== Daycare and preschool ===
Very cheap daycare was available in the GDR and was open for up to 12 hours per day. 80% of children under three years old attended day care.<ref name=":0" /> In 1985, there were 13,148 preschools in the DDR attended by children from ages three to six. Attendance was not mandatory but 91% of eligible children participated.<ref name=":1" />

=== Primary and secondary education ===
Starting at the age of six, there were ten years of mandatory education. In grades seven through ten, 22% of instruction time was spent on science, 15% on math, and 34% on history, language, and literature. English and Russian were also taught as foreign languages.<ref name=":1" />

=== Higher education ===
After completing the compulsory ten years of education, students could go to a university or vocational school. There were 54 universities and colleges and 963 vocational schools in the country. College was cheap and had no tuition fee,<ref name=":0" /> and many textbooks were available for free.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Stephen R. Burrant|year=1987|title=East Germany: A Country Study|title-url=https://archive.org/details/eastgermanycount00bura_0/page/94/mode/2up?view=theater|chapter=The Society and Its Environment|section=The Educational System|publisher=United States Federal Research Division}}</ref> There was no student debt and students did not need jobs while in college.<ref name=":3">{{Web citation|author=Victor Grossman|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=My seventy years and the departed GDR|date=2022-08-24|url=https://mronline.org/2022/08/24/my-seventy-years-and-the-departed-gdr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825143732/https://mronline.org/2022/08/24/my-seventy-years-and-the-departed-gdr/|archive-date=2022-08-25|retrieved=2022-08-26}}</ref>

== Housing ==
Evictions were illegal in the GDR, and rent averaged less than 10% of total income.<ref name=":3" />

== Women's rights ==
80% of women in the GDR between the ages of 18 and 60 were employed. By 1985, half of the university students in the country were women, doubling from a quarter in 1960.<ref>{{Citation|author=Stephen R. Burrant|year=1987|title=East Germany: A Country Study|title-url=https://archive.org/details/eastgermanycount00bura_0/page/102/mode/2up?view=theater|chapter=The Society and Its Environment|section=Women and the Democratic Women's League of Germany|page=102|publisher=United States Federal Research Division}}</ref> By the mid-1980s, birth control pills were also available free of charge.<ref>{{Citation|author=Stephen R. Burrant|year=1987|title=East Germany: A Country Study|title-url=https://archive.org/details/eastgermanycount00bura_0/page/94/mode/2up?view=theater|chapter=The Society and Its Environment|section=Institutions and Organs of Society|page=95|publisher=United States Federal Research Division}}</ref>

Six months of paid maternity leave were given for the birth of the first child, a year for the second child, and 18 months for subsequent children.<ref name=":0" />

==References==

<references />
[[Category:Former socialist states]]
[[Category:Socialism in Germany]]

German language

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'''German''' (German: ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in [[Central Europe]]. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], [[Liechtenstein]], and the [[Italy|Italian]] province of [[South Tyrol]]. It is also a co-official language of [[Luxembourg]] and [[Belgium]], as well as a recognized national language in [[Namibia]].
Outside Germany, it is also spoken by German communities in [[France]] ([[Bas-Rhin]]), [[Czech Republic]] ([[North Bohemia]]), [[Poland]] ([[Upper Silesia]]), [[Slovakia]] ([[Bratislava Region]]), and [[Hungary]] ([[Sopron]]).

German is most similar to other languages within the West Germanic language branch, including [[Afrikaans]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]], the [[Frisian languages]], [[Low German]], [[Luxembourgish]], [[Scots language|Scots]], and [[Yiddish]]. It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic group]], such as [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]. German is the second most widely spoken [[Germanic languages|Germanic language]] after English, which is also a West Germanic language.

German is one of the major languages of the world. It is the most spoken native language within the [[European Union]]. German is also widely taught as a foreign language, especially in continental [[Europe]], where it is the third most taught foreign language (after English and French), and the United States. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used scientific language and among the most widely used languages on websites. The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in the world being published in German.

German is an inflected language, with four grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, neuter); and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs. The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share is partly derived from Latin and Greek, along with fewer words borrowed from French and Modern English.

German is a pluricentric language; the three standardized variants are German Standard German, Austrian German, and Swiss Standard German Standard High German. It is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments.

Since 2004, meetings of German-speaking countries have been held annually with six participants: Germany, Austria, Belgium, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Switzerland.<ref name="land.lu">[http://www.land.lu/page/article/379/9379/DEU/index.html d’Lëtzebuerger Land - Beim Deutschen Bund in Eupen (02. September 2016)]</ref>
[[File:Meetings of German-speaking countries, participants.png|thumb|Participants of Meetings of German-speaking countries]]

Kuomintang

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{{stub}}
{{
Infobox political party
| name = Kuomintang
| native_name = 中國國民黨 Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng Chungkuo Kuomintang
| colors = Blue
| logo = Emblem of the Kuomintang.png
| lang1 = Other
| abbreviation = KMT
| leader1_title = Premier
| leader1_name = [[Sun Yat-sen]] (eternal)<ref>{{Web citation|language = zh-TW|url = http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=10|title = 中國國民黨大事記|website = 中國國民黨全球資訊網 [KMT Global Info Web]|access-date = 2009-07-26|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090802062216/http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=10|archive-date = 2009-08-02 }}</ref>
| leader2_title = Director-General
| leader2_name = [[Chiang Kai-shek]] (eternal)<ref>{{Web citation|language=zh-TW|url = http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=10|title=中國國民黨大事記|website = 中國國民黨全球資訊網|access-date=2009-07-26|url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090802062216/http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=10|archive-date=2009-08-02}}</ref>
| leader3_title = Chairman
| leader3_name = [[Eric Chu]]
| leader4_title = Secretary-General
| leader4_name = [[Justin Huang]]
| foundation = {{birth date and age|1919|10|10}} [[Shanghai French Concession]]
| merger = [[Revive China Society]] (1894)
[[Tongmenghui]] (1905)
| headquarters = No. 232–234, Sec. 2, Bade Rd., [[Zhongshan District, Taipei|Zhongshan District]], [[Taipei]] City 104, [[Taiwan]]<ref>{{Web citation|url = http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx |title = Kuomintang Official Website |publisher = Kuomintang |access-date = 13 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150703160339/http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx |archive-date = 3 July 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref>
| newspaper = ''[[Central Daily News]]''
| think_tank = [http://www.npf.org.tw/ National Policy Foundation]
| wing1_title = Education wing
| wing1 = [[Institute of Revolutionary Practice]]
| wing2_title = Military wing
| wing2 = [[National Revolutionary Army]] (1925–1947)
| wing3_title = Paramilitary wing
| wing3 = [[Blue Shirts Society]] (1932–1938)
| youth_wing = [[Kuomintang Youth League]] Three Principles of the People Youth League (1938–1947)
| political_orientation = * [[Chinese nationalism]]
* [[Three Principles of the People]]<ref name="KMT">*{{Web citation|url = http://www.kmt.org.tw/p/blog-page_3.html|title=政策綱領|access-date = 2016-06-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190513013915/http://www.kmt.org.tw/p/blog-page_3.html|archive-date = 2019-05-13}}</ref>
}}

The '''Kuomintang''' is a [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]]-[[Nationalism|nationalist]] [[Reactionary|reactionary]] political party founded in 1912. It was formed in the context of the [[1911 Chinese revolution]] against the [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Qing dynasty]], and had its origins in Revive China Society, a Han nationalist organization. During the period of 1912 until the [[Chinese revolution]] in 1949, the Kuomintang led the government of mainland China, and since 1937 allied with the [[Communist Party of China]] against [[Japanese imperialism]].

After the revolution, the Kuomintang lost favor to the Communist Party of China, and the party and its supporters fled mainland China to [[Taiwan Province|Taiwan]].

==References==
<references />

File:Emblem of the Kuomintang.png

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GMD

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#REDIRECT [[Kuomintang]]

KMT

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#REDIRECT [[Kuomintang]]

German Reich

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The German Reich (German: ''Deutsches Reich'') refers to the political entity that existed in Germany from 1871 to 1945.
It is often used to refer specifically to the period of the [[Third Reich]], but it technically refers to the entire political entity that existed in Germany from 1871 to 1945.
==Countries==

* [[Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)]]
*[[German Empire (1871–1918)]], also known as Imperial Germany
*[[German Reich (1918–1933)]], also known as the Weimar Republic
* [[German Reich (1933–1945)]], also commonly known as Nazi Germany
[[Category:Disambiguation pages]]

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

2023-01-19T17:03:06Z

MudWizard: Formatted the infobox.

{{
Infobox country
| name = United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| native_name = Ruvaneth Unys Breten Veur hag Iwerdhon Gledh Reeriaght Unnaneysit y Vretyn Vooar as Nerin Hwoaie An Rìoghachd Aonaichte na Breatainn Mhòr agus Eirinn a Tuath Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon| image_flag = File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
| image_map = File:United Kingdom (orthographic projection).svg
| map_width = 220px
| image_coat = British coat of arms.svg| capital = London
| largest_city = London
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Bourgeois state|bourgeois state]]
| leader_title1 = Monarch
| leader_name1 = [[Charles Windsor]]
| leader_title2 = Prime Minister
| leader_name2 = [[Rishi Sunak]]
| sovereignty_type = Formation
| established_event1 = Annexation of Wales by the Kingdom of England
| established_date1 = 1536
| area_km2 = 242,495
| area_rank = 78th
| population_estimate = 67,886,004
| population_estimate_year = 2020
| labour_force = 34,708,550<ref>World Bank (2020). ''[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=GB Labour force total – United Kingdom]''.</ref>
| labour_force_participation = 78.1%<ref>World Bank (2019). ''[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.ACTI.ZS?locations=GB Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate) - United Kingdom]'' </ref>
| labour_occupation = agriculture: 1.3% industry: 15.2% services: 83.5%<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy">CIA World Factbook (2020). ''[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/#Economy United Kingdom – The world factbook (economy)]''</ref>
| unemployment = 4.8%<ref>Trading economics (2021). ''[https://tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/unemployment-rate United Kingdom unemployment rate]''</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2021
| GDP_nominal = $3.124 trillion<ref name="imf-2021">International Monetary Fund (2021). ''[https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report?c=112,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 World Economic Outlook database: April 2021]''</ref>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $46,344<ref name ="imf-2021"/>
| export_year = 2019
| export = $894.077 billion<ref>World Bank (2019). ''[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD?locations=GB Exports of goods and services (current US$) - United Kingdom]''</ref>
| export_commodities = cars, gas turbines, gold, crude petroleum, packaged medicines<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy"/>
| export_partners = [[United States of America|United States]] (15%), [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]] (10%), [[People's Republic of China|China]] (7%)<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy"/>
| import_year = 2019
| import = $924.69 billion<ref>World Bank (2019). ''[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.CD?locations=GB Imports of goods and services (current US$) - United Kingdom]''</ref>
| import_commodities = gold, cars, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy"/>
| import_partners = [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]] (13%), [[People's Republic of China|China]] (10%), [[Netherlands]] (7%)
| external_debt = $8.721 trillion<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy"/>
| external_debt_rank = 2nd
| Gini = 33.5%
| Gini_year = 2018
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.932
| HDI_year = 2019
| HDI_rank =
| currency = Pound sterling
| mode_of_production = [[Capitalism]]
| currency_code = GBP
}}
The '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''', often shortened to the '''United Kingdom''' or '''UK''', is an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] island country located in [[Europe]]. It comprises [[England]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]] and is also currently occupying six counties of [[Ireland]]. The UK was a founding member of [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] and [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]]. It has the fourth largest military budget in the world and the second most foreign military bases behind the [[United States of America]]. [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]], the British secret police, has connections to the [[National Security Agency|NSA]] and [[Five Eyes]].<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Australian Marxist Review]]|title=British Imperialism – A Threat to World Peace|date=2022-09-28|url=https://cpa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/AMR73_2022-09.pdf|retrieved=2022-11-27|author=Kenny Coyle}}</ref> The British Empire was a major [[Colonialism|colonial]] power and was responsible for over 160 million deaths in [[India]] alone.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=British empire killed 165 million Indians in 40 years: How colonialism inspired fascism|date=2022-12-12|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/12/britain-100-million-india-deaths-colonialism/|retrieved=2022-12-16}}</ref>

== Colonialism ==
The [[British Empire]] colonized parts of [[North America]], [[Africa]], [[Asia]], and [[Oceania]] and controlled nearly 25% of the world's land area at its peak.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Larry Holzwarth|newspaper=History Collection|title=10 Atrocities Committed by the British Empire that They Would Like to Erase from History Books|date=2018-03-17|url=https://historycollection.com/10-atrocities-committed-by-the-british-empire-that-they-would-like-to-erase-from-history-books/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616103933/https://historycollection.com/10-atrocities-committed-by-the-british-empire-that-they-would-like-to-erase-from-history-books/|archive-date=2021-06-16|retrieved=2022-05-21}}</ref>

=== Africa ===
During the Boer Wars in [[Republic of South Africa|South Africa]], the British destroyed farms and dumped salt in wells. In the Second Boer War, between 1899 and 1902, they built over 100 concentration camps for Boers and Africans. 30,000 Boers died in these camps, mostly children, as well as 20,000 Africans who were not largely involved in the war.

During the [[Mau Mau Uprising]] of 1952 in [[Kenya]], nearly the entire civilian population of the Kikuyu was placed in work camps by the British. Some were dragged across the ground by military vehicles or mauled by guard dogs.<ref name=":0" />

=== Asia ===
Over five million Indians died in famines during the 1870s under the [[British Raj (1858–1947)|British Raj]]. During another famine in 1943, Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] blamed the Indians for the famine, saying "Famine or no famine, Indians will breed like rabbits."

In 1903, the [[British Indian Army]] invaded [[Tibet]] due to rumors that the [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Qing dynasty]] was going to allow [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russia]] to occupy Tibet. When they encountered 3,000 Tibetans blocking a road, they fired on them, killing over 700 people. Parts of Tibet were occupied by the British until 1908.

In Amritsar, [[Punjab]], in 1919, a large crowd gathered to celebrate the festival of Baisakhi. The British Indian Army blocked the exits and fired on the crowd, killing over a thousand and wounding 1,100 more.

During the [[Malayan Emergency]] of the 1950s, the British forcibly relocated Chinese people in [[Malaysia|Malaya]] into 450 "New Villages." No one was allowed in or out without the permission of the guards.<ref name=":0" />

==== Hong Kong ====
The British took control of the [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Chinese]] territory of [[Hong Kong]] in the 19th century following the [[Opium Wars]]. For 150 years, a British-appointed governor ruled the territory without being chosen by the people of Hong Kong. Hong Kong returned to [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] sovereignty on 1 July 1997 and is administered under [[One Country, Two Systems]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Ireland ===
In 1845, potato blight destroyed the potato harvest in Ireland, beginning a famine. The British appointed [[Charles Trevelyan]] to administer Ireland during the famine. Trevelyan adopted a [[Laissez-faire capitalism|laissez-faire]] attitude and wrote that the famine was an "effective mechanism for reducing surplus population" and "the judgement of God to teach the Irish a lesson." Exports of food from Ireland increased during the famine and over a million people starved to death.<ref name=":0" />

== Military ==
The UK has 145 military bases in 42 countries and territories, including five countries encircling [[People's Republic of China|China]]. The 15 British bases in [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]] are contributing the Saudi invasion of [[Republic of Yemen|Yemen]]. In 2021, the British government published a document saying it would expand its nuclear arsenal from 200 to 260 weapons, which is a violation of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]].<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Imperialist countries]]
[[Category:Global north]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:European countries]]

German Empire (1871–1918)

2023-01-19T16:45:23Z

MudWizard: Removed broken citations.

{{Infobox country
| name = German Empire
| native_name = Deutsches Reich
| image_flag = Flag of the German Empire.png
| capital = Berlin
| largest_city = Berlin
| mode_of_production = [[Capitalism]]
| life_span = 1871-1918
| image_map = German Empire.png
| map_width = 290
| official_languages = German
| area_km2 = 540,858
| population_census = 64,925,993
| population_census_year = 1910
| government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Constitutional monarchy|semi-constitutional monarchy]]<ref>Nipperdey, Thomas, "Deutsche Geschichte 1866-1918: Zweiter Band: Machtstaat vor der Demokratie" (1995), p. 98–108.</ref><ref>Röhl, John C. G. "Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Concise Life" (2014), p. 172–173.</ref>
* Under a [[military dictatorship]]<ref>Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). ''The Nemesis of Power The German Army in Politics 1918–1945''. London: Macmillan. pp. 13–14.</ref> (1916–1918)
| title_leader = [[German Emperor|Emperor]]
| leader1 = [[William I, German Emperor|Wilhelm I]]
| year_leader1 = 1871–1888
| leader2 = [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Friedrich III]]
| year_leader2 = 1888
| leader3 = [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]]
| year_leader3 = 1888–1918
| title_deputy = [[List of Chancellors of Germany#German Empire, Reichskanzler (1871–1918)|Chancellor]]
| deputy1 = [[Otto von Bismarck]]
| year_deputy1 = 1871–1890
| deputy2 = [[Leo von Caprivi]]
| year_deputy2 = 1890–1894
| deputy3 = [[Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst|Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst]]
| year_deputy3 = 1894–1900
| deputy4 = [[Bernhard von Bülow]]
| year_deputy4 = 1900–1909
| deputy5 = [[Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg]]
| year_deputy5 = 1909–1917
| deputy6 = [[Georg Michaelis]]
| year_deputy6 = 1917
| deputy7 = [[Georg von Hertling]]
| year_deputy7 = 1917–1918
| deputy8 = [[Prince Maximilian of Baden|Max von Baden]]
| year_deputy8 = 1918
}}

The '''German Empire''' (German: ''Deutsches Kaiserreich''), also referred to as '''Imperial Germany''', the '''Second Reich''', as well as simply '''Germany''' was a country in Central Europe that existed from the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1871 until the end of the [[First World War]]. In November 1918, the German monarchy was overthrown and the [[German Reich (1918–1933)|Weimar Republic]] was established.

== Colonialism ==
The German Empire colonized parts of [[Africa]] and [[Oceania]]. It committed genocide against the Herero and Nama peoples in what is now [[Republic of Namibia|Namibia]]. Germany lost control of its colonies after the First World War.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=Risen from the Ruins: The Economic History of Socialism in the German Democratic Republic|date=2021-04-20|url=https://thetricontinental.org/studies-1-ddr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426161306/https://thetricontinental.org/studies-1-ddr/|archive-date=2022-04-26|retrieved=2022-08-12}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:History of Germany]]