https://prole.wiki/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Itsraining 2026-10-24T18:34:35Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.11 https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=The_Internationale&diff=71314 2024-09-03T19:52:18Z

<p>Itsraining: /* Russian version */ Some more fixes for the english translation of russian edition</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Internationale.jpg|thumb|323x323px|Sheet music for the French version.]]<br /> &quot;'''The Internationale'''&quot; (French: ''L'Internationale'') is a leftist anthem that has been used by various leftist countries and movements around the world. The lyrics were written by an [[Anarchism|anarchist]] and the music was composed by a [[Marxism|Marxist]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Donny Gluckstein|year=2008|title=Decyphering The Internationale:<br /> the Eugène Pottier code|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/gluckstein/2008/xx/internationale.html|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}&lt;/ref&gt; so it is not associated with any specific ideology. The original French version has six verses and the chorus is sung twice between each verse and at the end. It has been translated into many other languages, although most do not have all six verses.<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> &quot;The Internationale&quot; was used as the anthem of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]] until its official anthem was written. It was also used by several other short-lived soviet states.<br /> <br /> == Lyrics ==<br /> <br /> ===English version===<br /> Source: &lt;ref&gt;{{News citation|journalist=GETchan|date=2017-11-06|title=The Internationale: GETchan Version [6 Year and 10k Sub Special!]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emJ2njF8tH0|newspaper=YouTube|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Arise, you prisoners of starvation,<br /> <br /> Arise, you damned throughout the earth! <br /> <br /> For reason thunders condemnation <br /> <br /> And there's a better world in birth! <br /> <br /> It is time to seize our liberation, <br /> <br /> Arise, arise, you slaves in thrall! <br /> <br /> The earth will change at its foundation, <br /> <br /> We who are nothing shall be all!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> This is our grand finale,<br /> <br /> Stand as one, each in place! <br /> <br /> The Internationale <br /> <br /> Unites the human race!<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> We want no condescending saviours,<br /> <br /> No god, no king, no lord to heed. <br /> <br /> The workers ask not for their favours; <br /> <br /> For we will save ourseleves from need! <br /> <br /> We will make the thief disgorge his plunder <br /> <br /> And free the shackled from their lot. <br /> <br /> The fires in our furnace thunder, <br /> <br /> We'll strike the iron while it's hot!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> The system cheats in every nation,<br /> <br /> While laws and taxes drain our life. <br /> <br /> The rich are free from obligation; <br /> <br /> But for the poor is endless strife. <br /> <br /> We have languished while they lounge in beauty, <br /> <br /> The law of equals rightly cites: <br /> <br /> &quot;No rights to those refusing duty, <br /> <br /> No claims of duty without rights!&quot;<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 4:'''<br /> <br /> All hideous in brutal glory,<br /> <br /> The kings of mine and rail and soil! <br /> <br /> But have you read in all their story, <br /> <br /> On how they plundered workers' toil? <br /> <br /> We will fight for the redistribution <br /> <br /> Of workers' labour, thieved by few. <br /> <br /> In working for their restitution, <br /> <br /> The people only take their due.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 5:'''<br /> <br /> We see through their disinformation:<br /> <br /> Attempts to lead us into war. <br /> <br /> But now the soldiers in formation <br /> <br /> Will break their ranks and fight no more. <br /> <br /> If the gruesome cannibals keep trying <br /> <br /> To sacrifice us to their pride, <br /> <br /> They soon shall hear the bullets flying, <br /> <br /> We'll shoot the generals on our side!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 6:'''<br /> <br /> Just we, the workers of the world-wide,<br /> <br /> The mighty party of labour, <br /> <br /> To own the planet have a true right, <br /> <br /> But for the parasites - never! <br /> <br /> For too long we've endured exploitation, <br /> <br /> Too long we've been the vulture's prey. <br /> <br /> Farewell to days of condemnation! <br /> <br /> The red dawn brings a bright new day!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===French version===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;<br /> !French<br /> !English literal translation<br /> |-<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Debout, les damnés de la terre!<br /> <br /> Debout, les forçats de la faim!<br /> <br /> La raison tonne en son cratère,<br /> <br /> C'est l'éruption de la fin.<br /> <br /> Du passé faisons table rase,<br /> <br /> Foule esclave, debout! Debout!<br /> <br /> Le monde va changer de base:<br /> <br /> Nous ne sommes rien, soyons tout!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> C'est la lutte finale<br /> <br /> Groupons-nous, et demain,<br /> <br /> L'Internationale,<br /> <br /> Sera le genre humain.<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> Il n'est pas de sauveurs suprêmes,<br /> <br /> Ni Dieu, ni César, ni tribun,<br /> <br /> Producteurs sauvons-nous nous-mêmes!<br /> <br /> Décrétons le salut commun!<br /> <br /> Pour que le voleur rende gorge,<br /> <br /> Pour tirer l'esprit du cachot,<br /> <br /> Soufflons nous-mêmes notre forge,<br /> <br /> Battons le fer quand il est chaud!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> L’État comprime et la loi triche,<br /> <br /> L’impôt saigne le malheureux;<br /> <br /> Nul devoir ne s’impose au riche,<br /> <br /> «Le droit du pauvre» est un mot creux.<br /> <br /> C’est assez languir en tutelle,<br /> <br /> L’égalité veut d’autres lois:<br /> <br /> «Pas de droits sans devoirs,» dit-elle,<br /> <br /> Égaux, pas de devoirs sans droits!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 4:'''<br /> <br /> Hideux dans leur apothéose,<br /> <br /> Les rois de la mine et du rail,<br /> <br /> Ont-ils jamais fait autre chose,<br /> <br /> Que dévaliser le travail?<br /> <br /> Dans les coffres-forts de la bande,<br /> <br /> Ce qu’il a créé s’est fondu.<br /> <br /> En décrétant qu’on le lui rende,<br /> <br /> Le peuple ne veut que son dû.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 5:'''<br /> <br /> Les Rois nous saoûlaient de fumées,<br /> <br /> Paix entre nous, guerre aux tyrans!<br /> <br /> Appliquons la grève aux armées,<br /> <br /> Crosse en l’air et rompons les rangs!<br /> <br /> S’ils s’obstinent, ces cannibales,<br /> <br /> À faire de nous des héros,<br /> <br /> Ils sauront bientôt que nos balles<br /> <br /> Sont pour nos propres généraux.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 6:'''<br /> <br /> Ouvriers, Paysans, nous sommes<br /> <br /> Le grand parti des travailleurs;<br /> <br /> La terre n'appartient qu'aux hommes,<br /> <br /> L'oisif ira loger ailleurs.<br /> <br /> Combien de nos chairs se repaissent!<br /> <br /> Mais si les corbeaux, les vautours,<br /> <br /> Un de ces matins disparaissent,<br /> <br /> Le soleil brillera toujours!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Stand up, the damned of the earth!<br /> <br /> Stand up, the convicts of hunger!<br /> <br /> The reason thunders in its crater,<br /> <br /> It is the eruption of the end.<br /> <br /> Let us wipe out the past,<br /> <br /> Slave crowd, get up! Get up!<br /> <br /> The world will change its base:<br /> <br /> We are nothing, let us be everything!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> This is the final struggle<br /> <br /> Let's get together, and tomorrow,<br /> <br /> The International,<br /> <br /> Will be the human race.<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> There are no supreme saviors,<br /> <br /> Neither God, nor Caesar, nor tribune,<br /> <br /> Producers, let us save ourselves!<br /> <br /> Let us decree the common salvation!<br /> <br /> So that the thief can be brought to justice,<br /> <br /> To pull the spirit out of the dungeon,<br /> <br /> Let us blow our own forge,<br /> <br /> Let's beat the iron when it's hot!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> The state suppresses and the law deceives,<br /> <br /> The tax bleeds the unfortunate;<br /> <br /> No duty is imposed on the rich,<br /> <br /> &quot;The rights of the poor&quot; is an empty sentence.<br /> <br /> Enough languishing in custody<br /> <br /> Equality wants other laws:<br /> <br /> &quot;No rights without duties,&quot; it says,<br /> <br /> Likewise, no duties without rights!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 4:'''<br /> <br /> Hideous in their self-glorification,<br /> <br /> The kings of the mine and the railroad,<br /> <br /> Have they ever done anything else,<br /> <br /> Than robbing the labor?<br /> <br /> In the vaults of the gang,<br /> <br /> What labor created has melted away.<br /> <br /> By decreeing that it be returned to them,<br /> <br /> The people only want what is theirs.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 5:'''<br /> <br /> The kings made us drunk with smoke,<br /> <br /> Peace between us, war to the tyrants!<br /> <br /> Let us apply the strike to the armies,<br /> <br /> Riflesticks in the air and let's break the ranks!<br /> <br /> If they persist, these cannibals,<br /> <br /> To make heroes of us,<br /> <br /> They will soon know that our bullets<br /> <br /> Are for our own generals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 6:'''<br /> <br /> Workers, peasants, we are<br /> <br /> The great party of the workers;<br /> <br /> The land belongs only to men,<br /> <br /> The idle ones will go and live elsewhere.<br /> <br /> How much of our flesh is eaten!<br /> <br /> But if the crows, the vultures,<br /> <br /> One of these mornings disappear,<br /> <br /> The sun will still shine!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Russian version===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;<br /> !Russian<br /> !English literal translation<br /> |-<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Вставай, проклятьем заклеймённый,<br /> <br /> Весь мир голодных и рабов!<br /> <br /> Кипит наш разум возмущённый<br /> <br /> И в смертный бой вести готов.<br /> <br /> Весь мир насилья мы разрушим<br /> <br /> До основанья, а затем<br /> <br /> Мы наш, мы новый мир построим,<br /> <br /> Кто был ничем, тот станет всем.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> Это есть наш последний<br /> <br /> И решительный бой;<br /> <br /> С Интернационалом<br /> <br /> Воспрянет род людской!<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> Никто не даст нам избавленья:<br /> <br /> Ни бог, ни царь и не герой!<br /> <br /> Добьёмся мы освобожденья<br /> <br /> Своею собственной рукой.<br /> <br /> Чтоб свергнуть гнёт рукой умелой,<br /> <br /> Отвоевать своё добро,<br /> <br /> Вздувайте горн и куйте смело,<br /> <br /> Пока железо горячо!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> Довольно кровь сосать, вампиры,<br /> <br /> Тюрьмой, налогом, нищетой!<br /> <br /> У вас вся власть, все блага мира,<br /> <br /> А наше право звук пустой !<br /> <br /> Мы жизнь построим по-иному<br /> <br /> И вот наш лозунг боевой:<br /> <br /> Вся власть народу трудовому!<br /> <br /> А дармоедов всех долой!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 4:'''<br /> <br /> Презренны вы в своём богатстве,<br /> <br /> Угля и стали короли!<br /> <br /> Вы ваши троны, тунеядцы,<br /> <br /> На наших спинах возвели.<br /> <br /> Заводы, фабрики, палаты<br /> <br /> Всё нашим создано трудом.<br /> <br /> Пора! Мы требуем возврата<br /> <br /> Того, что взято грабежом.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 5:'''<br /> <br /> Довольно королям в угоду<br /> <br /> Дурманить нас в чаду войны!<br /> <br /> Война тиранам! Мир Народу!<br /> <br /> Бастуйте, армии сыны!<br /> <br /> Когда ж тираны нас заставят<br /> <br /> В бою геройски пасть за них<br /> <br /> Убийцы, в вас тогда направим<br /> <br /> Мы жерла пушек боевых!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 6:'''<br /> <br /> Лишь мы, работники всемирной<br /> <br /> Великой армии труда,<br /> <br /> Владеть землёй имеем право,<br /> <br /> Но паразиты никогда!<br /> <br /> И если гром великий грянет<br /> <br /> Над сворой псов и палачей,<br /> <br /> Для нас всё так же солнце станет<br /> <br /> Сиять огнём своих лучей.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Arise, you who are branded with a curse,<br /> <br /> The whole world of the hungry and the slaves!<br /> <br /> Our mind is boiling with indignation<br /> <br /> And ready to fight to the death.<br /> <br /> We'll tear down the world of violence<br /> <br /> Down to the ground, and then<br /> <br /> We'll build ours, a new world,<br /> <br /> Who was nothing will become everything.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> This is our last<br /> <br /> And decisive battle;<br /> <br /> With the International<br /> <br /> The human race shall rise up!<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> No one will give us deliverance:<br /> <br /> No god, no king, no hero!<br /> <br /> We'll get our deliverance<br /> <br /> By our own hand.<br /> <br /> To overthrow oppression with our own skillful hand,<br /> <br /> To reclaim our own good,<br /> <br /> Blow the horn and forge bravely,<br /> <br /> While the iron is hot!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> No more sucking blood, vampires,<br /> <br /> Prison, tax, poverty!<br /> <br /> You have all the power, all the goods of the world,<br /> <br /> While our rights are an empty sound!<br /> <br /> We'll build our lives differently!<br /> <br /> And that's our battle slogan!<br /> <br /> All power to the working people!<br /> <br /> And all the freeloaders down!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 4:'''<br /> <br /> You are despicable in your wealth,<br /> <br /> Kings of coal and steel!<br /> <br /> Your thrones, you slackers,<br /> <br /> On our backs you have erected.<br /> <br /> Plants, factories, chambers<br /> <br /> All built by our toil!<br /> <br /> It's time! We demand the return<br /> <br /> Of that which was taken by robbery.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 5:'''<br /> <br /> No more kings to please<br /> <br /> To smoke us in the fume of war!<br /> <br /> War on tyrants! Peace to the people!<br /> <br /> Strike, sons of the army!<br /> <br /> When will the tyrants make us<br /> <br /> To fall heroically for them!<br /> <br /> Murderers, then we'll point at you<br /> <br /> The barrels of our battle cannons!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 6:'''<br /> <br /> Only we, the workers of the world's<br /> <br /> Great army of labor,<br /> <br /> We have the right to own the land,<br /> <br /> But the parasites never!<br /> <br /> And if the great thunder rumbles<br /> <br /> Over a horde of hounds and executioners,<br /> <br /> For us, the sun the same shall still<br /> <br /> Shine in the fire of its rays.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === German version ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;<br /> !German<br /> !English literal translation<br /> |-<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Wacht auf, Verdammte dieser Erde,<br /> <br /> die stets man noch zum Hungern zwingt!<br /> <br /> Das Recht wie Glut im Kraterherde<br /> <br /> nun mit Macht zum Durchbruch dringt!<br /> <br /> Reinen Tisch macht mit dem Bedränger!<br /> <br /> Heer der Sklaven, wache auf!<br /> <br /> Ein Nichts zu sein, tragt es nicht länger<br /> <br /> Alles zu werden, strömt zuhauf<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> Völker, hört die Signale!<br /> <br /> Auf zum letzten Gefecht!<br /> <br /> Die Internationale<br /> <br /> erkämpft das Menschenrecht!<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> Es rettet uns kein höh'res Wesen,<br /> <br /> kein Gott, kein Kaiser noch Tribun!<br /> <br /> Uns aus dem Elend zu erlösen<br /> <br /> können wir nur selber tun!<br /> <br /> Leeres Wort: des Armen Rechte!<br /> <br /> Leeres Wort: des Reichen Pflicht!<br /> <br /> Unmündig nennt man uns und Knechte,<br /> <br /> duldet die Schmach nun länger nicht!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> In Stadt und Land, ihr Arbeitsleute,<br /> <br /> wir sind die stärkste der Partei'n!<br /> <br /> Die Müßiggänger schiebt beiseite!<br /> <br /> Diese Welt muss unser sein!<br /> <br /> Unser Blut sei nicht mehr der Raben,<br /> <br /> Nicht der mächt'gen Geier Fraß!<br /> <br /> Erst wenn wir sie vertrieben haben<br /> <br /> dann scheint die Sonn' ohn' Unterlass!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Wake up, damned of this earth,<br /> <br /> who are constantly forced to starve!<br /> <br /> Justice, like embers in the crater's hearth<br /> <br /> now with might pushes to the breakthrough!<br /> <br /> Clear the table with the oppressor!<br /> <br /> Army of slaves, wake up!<br /> <br /> Being a nothing is no longer tolerable<br /> <br /> To become everything is rising up<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> Peoples, hear the signals!<br /> <br /> On to the final battle!<br /> <br /> The International<br /> <br /> fights for the human right!<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> No higher power will save us,<br /> <br /> No God, no emperor, no tribune<br /> <br /> To redeem us out of misery,<br /> <br /> only we ourselves can do!<br /> <br /> Empty words: &quot;the rights of the poor&quot;!<br /> <br /> Empty words: &quot;the duties of the rich&quot;!<br /> <br /> They call us wretches and only servants,<br /> <br /> Do not tolerate the humiliation any longer!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> In the city and the countryside, you working people,<br /> <br /> we are the strongest of the parties!<br /> <br /> The idlers push aside!<br /> <br /> This world must be ours!<br /> <br /> Our blood isn't for the ravens<br /> <br /> Or food for the powerful vultures!<br /> <br /> Only when we have driven them out<br /> <br /> the sun will shine without ceasing!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Chinese version ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;<br /> !Chinese<br /> !English literal version<br /> |-<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> 起来，饥寒交迫的奴隶，<br /> <br /> 起来，全世界受苦的人！<br /> <br /> 满腔的热血已经沸腾，<br /> <br /> 要为真理而斗争！<br /> <br /> 旧世界打个落花流水，<br /> <br /> 奴隶们起来起来！<br /> <br /> 不要说我们一无所有，<br /> <br /> 我们要做天下的主人！<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> 这是最后的斗争，<br /> <br /> 团结起来到明天，<br /> <br /> 英特纳雄耐尔<br /> <br /> 就一定要实现。<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> 从来就没有什么救世主，<br /> <br /> 也不靠神仙皇帝。<br /> <br /> 要创造人类的幸福，<br /> <br /> 全靠我们自己！<br /> <br /> 我们要夺回劳动果实，<br /> <br /> 让思想冲破牢笼。<br /> <br /> 快把那炉火烧得通红，<br /> <br /> 趁热打铁才能成功！<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> 是谁创造了人类世界？<br /> <br /> 是我们劳动群众。<br /> <br /> 一切归劳动者所有，<br /> <br /> 哪能容得寄生虫！<br /> <br /> 最可恨那些毒蛇猛兽，<br /> <br /> 吃尽了我们的血肉。<br /> <br /> 一旦把他们消灭干净，<br /> <br /> 鲜红的太阳照遍全球！<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Get up, hungry and cold slaves,<br /> <br /> Get up, people suffering all over the world!<br /> <br /> The blood is boiling,<br /> <br /> Fight for the truth!<br /> <br /> A world of falling flowers and flowing water,<br /> <br /> Slaves, get up!<br /> <br /> Don't say we have nothing,<br /> <br /> We want to be the masters of the world!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> This is the last struggle,<br /> <br /> Unite until tomorrow,<br /> <br /> The internationale<br /> <br /> It must be realized.<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> There has never been a savior,<br /> <br /> Nor the Immortal Emperor.<br /> <br /> To create human happiness,<br /> <br /> It's all up to us!<br /> <br /> We want to recapture the fruits of labor,<br /> <br /> Let the mind break through the cage.<br /> <br /> Burn that fire red,<br /> <br /> Strike while the iron is hot to succeed!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> Who created the human world?<br /> <br /> We are the working masses.<br /> <br /> Everything belongs to the laborer,<br /> <br /> There's no room for parasites!<br /> <br /> The most hateful snakes and beasts,<br /> <br /> Ate our flesh and blood.<br /> <br /> Once they're wiped out,<br /> <br /> The bright red sun shines all over the world!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Greek version ===<br /> Source: &lt;ref&gt;{{News citation|date=2008-06-08|title=Ο ύμνος που ξεσήκωσε τον κόσμο|url=https://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=4578831|newspaper=7 Μέρες Ριζοσπάστης|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2024-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;<br /> !Greek<br /> !English literal translation<br /> |-<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Εμπρός της Γης οι κολασμένοι<br /> <br /> της πείνας σκλάβοι εμπρός - εμπρός<br /> <br /> Το δίκιο από τον κρατήρα βγαίνει<br /> <br /> σα βροντή σαν κεραυνός.<br /> <br /> Φτάνουν πια της σκλαβιάς τα χρόνια<br /> <br /> Όλοι εμείς οι ταπεινοί της Γης<br /> <br /> που ζούσαμε στην καταφρόνια<br /> <br /> θα γίνουμε το παν εμείς.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> Στον αγώνα ενωμένοι<br /> <br /> κι ας μη λείψει κανείς<br /> <br /> Ω! Νά'τη, μας προσμένει<br /> <br /> στον κόσμο η Διεθνής.<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> Θεοί, αρχόντοι, βασιλιάδες<br /> <br /> με πλάνα λόγια μας γελούν<br /> <br /> Της Γης οι δούλοι κι οι ραγιάδες<br /> <br /> μοναχοί τους, θα σωθούν...<br /> <br /> Για να λείψουν τα δεσμά μας<br /> <br /> για να πάψει πια η σκλαβιά<br /> <br /> να νιώσουν πρέπει τη γροθιά μας<br /> <br /> και της ψυχής μας τη φωτιά.<br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Go forth, the damned of the Earth<br /> <br /> of hunger slaves, go forth, go forth<br /> <br /> Justice is emerging from the crater<br /> <br /> like a thunder, like a lightning bolt<br /> <br /> Enough with the years of slavery<br /> <br /> All of us, the humble of the Earth<br /> <br /> that used to live in contempt<br /> <br /> we shall become everything<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> In the struggle united<br /> <br /> and let no one miss out<br /> <br /> Oh! Here it is, expecting us<br /> <br /> the world's Internationale<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> The gods, the lords and the kings<br /> <br /> are deceiving us with lies<br /> <br /> Of the Earth the bound and the slaves<br /> <br /> they alone shall save themselves<br /> <br /> For our bonds to disappear<br /> <br /> for slavery to cease at last<br /> <br /> they must feel our fist<br /> <br /> and the fire of our soul<br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:Leftist music]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=The_Internationale&diff=71313 2024-09-03T19:46:26Z

<p>Itsraining: Some small fixes to the english translation of the russian version</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Internationale.jpg|thumb|323x323px|Sheet music for the French version.]]<br /> &quot;'''The Internationale'''&quot; (French: ''L'Internationale'') is a leftist anthem that has been used by various leftist countries and movements around the world. The lyrics were written by an [[Anarchism|anarchist]] and the music was composed by a [[Marxism|Marxist]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Donny Gluckstein|year=2008|title=Decyphering The Internationale:<br /> the Eugène Pottier code|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/gluckstein/2008/xx/internationale.html|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}&lt;/ref&gt; so it is not associated with any specific ideology. The original French version has six verses and the chorus is sung twice between each verse and at the end. It has been translated into many other languages, although most do not have all six verses.<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> &quot;The Internationale&quot; was used as the anthem of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]] until its official anthem was written. It was also used by several other short-lived soviet states.<br /> <br /> == Lyrics ==<br /> <br /> ===English version===<br /> Source: &lt;ref&gt;{{News citation|journalist=GETchan|date=2017-11-06|title=The Internationale: GETchan Version [6 Year and 10k Sub Special!]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emJ2njF8tH0|newspaper=YouTube|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Arise, you prisoners of starvation,<br /> <br /> Arise, you damned throughout the earth! <br /> <br /> For reason thunders condemnation <br /> <br /> And there's a better world in birth! <br /> <br /> It is time to seize our liberation, <br /> <br /> Arise, arise, you slaves in thrall! <br /> <br /> The earth will change at its foundation, <br /> <br /> We who are nothing shall be all!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> This is our grand finale,<br /> <br /> Stand as one, each in place! <br /> <br /> The Internationale <br /> <br /> Unites the human race!<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> We want no condescending saviours,<br /> <br /> No god, no king, no lord to heed. <br /> <br /> The workers ask not for their favours; <br /> <br /> For we will save ourseleves from need! <br /> <br /> We will make the thief disgorge his plunder <br /> <br /> And free the shackled from their lot. <br /> <br /> The fires in our furnace thunder, <br /> <br /> We'll strike the iron while it's hot!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> The system cheats in every nation,<br /> <br /> While laws and taxes drain our life. <br /> <br /> The rich are free from obligation; <br /> <br /> But for the poor is endless strife. <br /> <br /> We have languished while they lounge in beauty, <br /> <br /> The law of equals rightly cites: <br /> <br /> &quot;No rights to those refusing duty, <br /> <br /> No claims of duty without rights!&quot;<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 4:'''<br /> <br /> All hideous in brutal glory,<br /> <br /> The kings of mine and rail and soil! <br /> <br /> But have you read in all their story, <br /> <br /> On how they plundered workers' toil? <br /> <br /> We will fight for the redistribution <br /> <br /> Of workers' labour, thieved by few. <br /> <br /> In working for their restitution, <br /> <br /> The people only take their due.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 5:'''<br /> <br /> We see through their disinformation:<br /> <br /> Attempts to lead us into war. <br /> <br /> But now the soldiers in formation <br /> <br /> Will break their ranks and fight no more. <br /> <br /> If the gruesome cannibals keep trying <br /> <br /> To sacrifice us to their pride, <br /> <br /> They soon shall hear the bullets flying, <br /> <br /> We'll shoot the generals on our side!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 6:'''<br /> <br /> Just we, the workers of the world-wide,<br /> <br /> The mighty party of labour, <br /> <br /> To own the planet have a true right, <br /> <br /> But for the parasites - never! <br /> <br /> For too long we've endured exploitation, <br /> <br /> Too long we've been the vulture's prey. <br /> <br /> Farewell to days of condemnation! <br /> <br /> The red dawn brings a bright new day!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===French version===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;<br /> !French<br /> !English literal translation<br /> |-<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Debout, les damnés de la terre!<br /> <br /> Debout, les forçats de la faim!<br /> <br /> La raison tonne en son cratère,<br /> <br /> C'est l'éruption de la fin.<br /> <br /> Du passé faisons table rase,<br /> <br /> Foule esclave, debout! Debout!<br /> <br /> Le monde va changer de base:<br /> <br /> Nous ne sommes rien, soyons tout!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> C'est la lutte finale<br /> <br /> Groupons-nous, et demain,<br /> <br /> L'Internationale,<br /> <br /> Sera le genre humain.<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> Il n'est pas de sauveurs suprêmes,<br /> <br /> Ni Dieu, ni César, ni tribun,<br /> <br /> Producteurs sauvons-nous nous-mêmes!<br /> <br /> Décrétons le salut commun!<br /> <br /> Pour que le voleur rende gorge,<br /> <br /> Pour tirer l'esprit du cachot,<br /> <br /> Soufflons nous-mêmes notre forge,<br /> <br /> Battons le fer quand il est chaud!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> L’État comprime et la loi triche,<br /> <br /> L’impôt saigne le malheureux;<br /> <br /> Nul devoir ne s’impose au riche,<br /> <br /> «Le droit du pauvre» est un mot creux.<br /> <br /> C’est assez languir en tutelle,<br /> <br /> L’égalité veut d’autres lois:<br /> <br /> «Pas de droits sans devoirs,» dit-elle,<br /> <br /> Égaux, pas de devoirs sans droits!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 4:'''<br /> <br /> Hideux dans leur apothéose,<br /> <br /> Les rois de la mine et du rail,<br /> <br /> Ont-ils jamais fait autre chose,<br /> <br /> Que dévaliser le travail?<br /> <br /> Dans les coffres-forts de la bande,<br /> <br /> Ce qu’il a créé s’est fondu.<br /> <br /> En décrétant qu’on le lui rende,<br /> <br /> Le peuple ne veut que son dû.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 5:'''<br /> <br /> Les Rois nous saoûlaient de fumées,<br /> <br /> Paix entre nous, guerre aux tyrans!<br /> <br /> Appliquons la grève aux armées,<br /> <br /> Crosse en l’air et rompons les rangs!<br /> <br /> S’ils s’obstinent, ces cannibales,<br /> <br /> À faire de nous des héros,<br /> <br /> Ils sauront bientôt que nos balles<br /> <br /> Sont pour nos propres généraux.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 6:'''<br /> <br /> Ouvriers, Paysans, nous sommes<br /> <br /> Le grand parti des travailleurs;<br /> <br /> La terre n'appartient qu'aux hommes,<br /> <br /> L'oisif ira loger ailleurs.<br /> <br /> Combien de nos chairs se repaissent!<br /> <br /> Mais si les corbeaux, les vautours,<br /> <br /> Un de ces matins disparaissent,<br /> <br /> Le soleil brillera toujours!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Stand up, the damned of the earth!<br /> <br /> Stand up, the convicts of hunger!<br /> <br /> The reason thunders in its crater,<br /> <br /> It is the eruption of the end.<br /> <br /> Let us wipe out the past,<br /> <br /> Slave crowd, get up! Get up!<br /> <br /> The world will change its base:<br /> <br /> We are nothing, let us be everything!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> This is the final struggle<br /> <br /> Let's get together, and tomorrow,<br /> <br /> The International,<br /> <br /> Will be the human race.<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> There are no supreme saviors,<br /> <br /> Neither God, nor Caesar, nor tribune,<br /> <br /> Producers, let us save ourselves!<br /> <br /> Let us decree the common salvation!<br /> <br /> So that the thief can be brought to justice,<br /> <br /> To pull the spirit out of the dungeon,<br /> <br /> Let us blow our own forge,<br /> <br /> Let's beat the iron when it's hot!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> The state suppresses and the law deceives,<br /> <br /> The tax bleeds the unfortunate;<br /> <br /> No duty is imposed on the rich,<br /> <br /> &quot;The rights of the poor&quot; is an empty sentence.<br /> <br /> Enough languishing in custody<br /> <br /> Equality wants other laws:<br /> <br /> &quot;No rights without duties,&quot; it says,<br /> <br /> Likewise, no duties without rights!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 4:'''<br /> <br /> Hideous in their self-glorification,<br /> <br /> The kings of the mine and the railroad,<br /> <br /> Have they ever done anything else,<br /> <br /> Than robbing the labor?<br /> <br /> In the vaults of the gang,<br /> <br /> What labor created has melted away.<br /> <br /> By decreeing that it be returned to them,<br /> <br /> The people only want what is theirs.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 5:'''<br /> <br /> The kings made us drunk with smoke,<br /> <br /> Peace between us, war to the tyrants!<br /> <br /> Let us apply the strike to the armies,<br /> <br /> Riflesticks in the air and let's break the ranks!<br /> <br /> If they persist, these cannibals,<br /> <br /> To make heroes of us,<br /> <br /> They will soon know that our bullets<br /> <br /> Are for our own generals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 6:'''<br /> <br /> Workers, peasants, we are<br /> <br /> The great party of the workers;<br /> <br /> The land belongs only to men,<br /> <br /> The idle ones will go and live elsewhere.<br /> <br /> How much of our flesh is eaten!<br /> <br /> But if the crows, the vultures,<br /> <br /> One of these mornings disappear,<br /> <br /> The sun will still shine!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Russian version===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;<br /> !Russian<br /> !English literal translation<br /> |-<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Вставай, проклятьем заклеймённый,<br /> <br /> Весь мир голодных и рабов!<br /> <br /> Кипит наш разум возмущённый<br /> <br /> И в смертный бой вести готов.<br /> <br /> Весь мир насилья мы разрушим<br /> <br /> До основанья, а затем<br /> <br /> Мы наш, мы новый мир построим,<br /> <br /> Кто был ничем, тот станет всем.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> Это есть наш последний<br /> <br /> И решительный бой;<br /> <br /> С Интернационалом<br /> <br /> Воспрянет род людской!<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> Никто не даст нам избавленья:<br /> <br /> Ни бог, ни царь и не герой!<br /> <br /> Добьёмся мы освобожденья<br /> <br /> Своею собственной рукой.<br /> <br /> Чтоб свергнуть гнёт рукой умелой,<br /> <br /> Отвоевать своё добро,<br /> <br /> Вздувайте горн и куйте смело,<br /> <br /> Пока железо горячо!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> Довольно кровь сосать, вампиры,<br /> <br /> Тюрьмой, налогом, нищетой!<br /> <br /> У вас вся власть, все блага мира,<br /> <br /> А наше право звук пустой !<br /> <br /> Мы жизнь построим по-иному<br /> <br /> И вот наш лозунг боевой:<br /> <br /> Вся власть народу трудовому!<br /> <br /> А дармоедов всех долой!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 4:'''<br /> <br /> Презренны вы в своём богатстве,<br /> <br /> Угля и стали короли!<br /> <br /> Вы ваши троны, тунеядцы,<br /> <br /> На наших спинах возвели.<br /> <br /> Заводы, фабрики, палаты<br /> <br /> Всё нашим создано трудом.<br /> <br /> Пора! Мы требуем возврата<br /> <br /> Того, что взято грабежом.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 5:'''<br /> <br /> Довольно королям в угоду<br /> <br /> Дурманить нас в чаду войны!<br /> <br /> Война тиранам! Мир Народу!<br /> <br /> Бастуйте, армии сыны!<br /> <br /> Когда ж тираны нас заставят<br /> <br /> В бою геройски пасть за них<br /> <br /> Убийцы, в вас тогда направим<br /> <br /> Мы жерла пушек боевых!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 6:'''<br /> <br /> Лишь мы, работники всемирной<br /> <br /> Великой армии труда,<br /> <br /> Владеть землёй имеем право,<br /> <br /> Но паразиты никогда!<br /> <br /> И если гром великий грянет<br /> <br /> Над сворой псов и палачей,<br /> <br /> Для нас всё так же солнце станет<br /> <br /> Сиять огнём своих лучей.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Arise, you who are branded with a curse,<br /> <br /> The whole world of the hungry and the slaves!<br /> <br /> Our mind is boiling with indignation<br /> <br /> And ready to fight to the death.<br /> <br /> We'll tear down the world of violence<br /> <br /> Down to the ground, and then<br /> <br /> We'll build ours, a new world,<br /> <br /> Who was nothing will become everything.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> This is our last<br /> <br /> And decisive battle;<br /> <br /> With the International<br /> <br /> The human race shall rise up!<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> No one will give us deliverance:<br /> <br /> No god, no king, no hero!<br /> <br /> We'll get our deliverance<br /> <br /> By our own hand.<br /> <br /> To overthrow oppression with our own skillful hand,<br /> <br /> To reclaim our own good,<br /> <br /> Blow the horn and forge bravely,<br /> <br /> While the iron is hot!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> No more sucking blood, vampires,<br /> <br /> Prison, tax, poverty!<br /> <br /> You have all the power, all the goods of the world,<br /> <br /> While our rights are an empty sound!<br /> <br /> We'll build our lives differently!<br /> <br /> And that's our battle slogan!<br /> <br /> All power to the working people!<br /> <br /> And all the freeloaders down!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 4:'''<br /> <br /> You are despicable in your wealth,<br /> <br /> Coal and steel are kings!<br /> <br /> Your thrones, you slackers,<br /> <br /> On our backs you have erected.<br /> <br /> Plants, factories, chambers<br /> <br /> All built by our toil!<br /> <br /> It's time! We demand the return<br /> <br /> That which was taken by robbery.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 5:'''<br /> <br /> No more kings to please<br /> <br /> To smoke us in the fume of war!<br /> <br /> War on tyrants! Peace to the people!<br /> <br /> Strike, sons of the army!<br /> <br /> When will the tyrants make us<br /> <br /> To fall heroically for them!<br /> <br /> Murderers, then we'll point the barrels of our cannons at you!<br /> <br /> The barrels of our cannons of battle!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 6:'''<br /> <br /> Only we, the workers of the world's<br /> <br /> of the great army of labor,<br /> <br /> We have the right to own the land,<br /> <br /> But the parasites never!<br /> <br /> And if the great thunder rumbles<br /> <br /> Over a horde of hounds and executioners,<br /> <br /> The sun shall still shine for us<br /> <br /> Shine in the fire of its rays.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === German version ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;<br /> !German<br /> !English literal translation<br /> |-<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Wacht auf, Verdammte dieser Erde,<br /> <br /> die stets man noch zum Hungern zwingt!<br /> <br /> Das Recht wie Glut im Kraterherde<br /> <br /> nun mit Macht zum Durchbruch dringt!<br /> <br /> Reinen Tisch macht mit dem Bedränger!<br /> <br /> Heer der Sklaven, wache auf!<br /> <br /> Ein Nichts zu sein, tragt es nicht länger<br /> <br /> Alles zu werden, strömt zuhauf<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> Völker, hört die Signale!<br /> <br /> Auf zum letzten Gefecht!<br /> <br /> Die Internationale<br /> <br /> erkämpft das Menschenrecht!<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> Es rettet uns kein höh'res Wesen,<br /> <br /> kein Gott, kein Kaiser noch Tribun!<br /> <br /> Uns aus dem Elend zu erlösen<br /> <br /> können wir nur selber tun!<br /> <br /> Leeres Wort: des Armen Rechte!<br /> <br /> Leeres Wort: des Reichen Pflicht!<br /> <br /> Unmündig nennt man uns und Knechte,<br /> <br /> duldet die Schmach nun länger nicht!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> In Stadt und Land, ihr Arbeitsleute,<br /> <br /> wir sind die stärkste der Partei'n!<br /> <br /> Die Müßiggänger schiebt beiseite!<br /> <br /> Diese Welt muss unser sein!<br /> <br /> Unser Blut sei nicht mehr der Raben,<br /> <br /> Nicht der mächt'gen Geier Fraß!<br /> <br /> Erst wenn wir sie vertrieben haben<br /> <br /> dann scheint die Sonn' ohn' Unterlass!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Wake up, damned of this earth,<br /> <br /> who are constantly forced to starve!<br /> <br /> Justice, like embers in the crater's hearth<br /> <br /> now with might pushes to the breakthrough!<br /> <br /> Clear the table with the oppressor!<br /> <br /> Army of slaves, wake up!<br /> <br /> Being a nothing is no longer tolerable<br /> <br /> To become everything is rising up<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> Peoples, hear the signals!<br /> <br /> On to the final battle!<br /> <br /> The International<br /> <br /> fights for the human right!<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> No higher power will save us,<br /> <br /> No God, no emperor, no tribune<br /> <br /> To redeem us out of misery,<br /> <br /> only we ourselves can do!<br /> <br /> Empty words: &quot;the rights of the poor&quot;!<br /> <br /> Empty words: &quot;the duties of the rich&quot;!<br /> <br /> They call us wretches and only servants,<br /> <br /> Do not tolerate the humiliation any longer!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> In the city and the countryside, you working people,<br /> <br /> we are the strongest of the parties!<br /> <br /> The idlers push aside!<br /> <br /> This world must be ours!<br /> <br /> Our blood isn't for the ravens<br /> <br /> Or food for the powerful vultures!<br /> <br /> Only when we have driven them out<br /> <br /> the sun will shine without ceasing!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Chinese version ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;<br /> !Chinese<br /> !English literal version<br /> |-<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> 起来，饥寒交迫的奴隶，<br /> <br /> 起来，全世界受苦的人！<br /> <br /> 满腔的热血已经沸腾，<br /> <br /> 要为真理而斗争！<br /> <br /> 旧世界打个落花流水，<br /> <br /> 奴隶们起来起来！<br /> <br /> 不要说我们一无所有，<br /> <br /> 我们要做天下的主人！<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> 这是最后的斗争，<br /> <br /> 团结起来到明天，<br /> <br /> 英特纳雄耐尔<br /> <br /> 就一定要实现。<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> 从来就没有什么救世主，<br /> <br /> 也不靠神仙皇帝。<br /> <br /> 要创造人类的幸福，<br /> <br /> 全靠我们自己！<br /> <br /> 我们要夺回劳动果实，<br /> <br /> 让思想冲破牢笼。<br /> <br /> 快把那炉火烧得通红，<br /> <br /> 趁热打铁才能成功！<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> 是谁创造了人类世界？<br /> <br /> 是我们劳动群众。<br /> <br /> 一切归劳动者所有，<br /> <br /> 哪能容得寄生虫！<br /> <br /> 最可恨那些毒蛇猛兽，<br /> <br /> 吃尽了我们的血肉。<br /> <br /> 一旦把他们消灭干净，<br /> <br /> 鲜红的太阳照遍全球！<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Get up, hungry and cold slaves,<br /> <br /> Get up, people suffering all over the world!<br /> <br /> The blood is boiling,<br /> <br /> Fight for the truth!<br /> <br /> A world of falling flowers and flowing water,<br /> <br /> Slaves, get up!<br /> <br /> Don't say we have nothing,<br /> <br /> We want to be the masters of the world!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> This is the last struggle,<br /> <br /> Unite until tomorrow,<br /> <br /> The internationale<br /> <br /> It must be realized.<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> There has never been a savior,<br /> <br /> Nor the Immortal Emperor.<br /> <br /> To create human happiness,<br /> <br /> It's all up to us!<br /> <br /> We want to recapture the fruits of labor,<br /> <br /> Let the mind break through the cage.<br /> <br /> Burn that fire red,<br /> <br /> Strike while the iron is hot to succeed!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 3:'''<br /> <br /> Who created the human world?<br /> <br /> We are the working masses.<br /> <br /> Everything belongs to the laborer,<br /> <br /> There's no room for parasites!<br /> <br /> The most hateful snakes and beasts,<br /> <br /> Ate our flesh and blood.<br /> <br /> Once they're wiped out,<br /> <br /> The bright red sun shines all over the world!<br /> <br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Greek version ===<br /> Source: &lt;ref&gt;{{News citation|date=2008-06-08|title=Ο ύμνος που ξεσήκωσε τον κόσμο|url=https://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=4578831|newspaper=7 Μέρες Ριζοσπάστης|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2024-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;<br /> !Greek<br /> !English literal translation<br /> |-<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Εμπρός της Γης οι κολασμένοι<br /> <br /> της πείνας σκλάβοι εμπρός - εμπρός<br /> <br /> Το δίκιο από τον κρατήρα βγαίνει<br /> <br /> σα βροντή σαν κεραυνός.<br /> <br /> Φτάνουν πια της σκλαβιάς τα χρόνια<br /> <br /> Όλοι εμείς οι ταπεινοί της Γης<br /> <br /> που ζούσαμε στην καταφρόνια<br /> <br /> θα γίνουμε το παν εμείς.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> Στον αγώνα ενωμένοι<br /> <br /> κι ας μη λείψει κανείς<br /> <br /> Ω! Νά'τη, μας προσμένει<br /> <br /> στον κόσμο η Διεθνής.<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> Θεοί, αρχόντοι, βασιλιάδες<br /> <br /> με πλάνα λόγια μας γελούν<br /> <br /> Της Γης οι δούλοι κι οι ραγιάδες<br /> <br /> μοναχοί τους, θα σωθούν...<br /> <br /> Για να λείψουν τα δεσμά μας<br /> <br /> για να πάψει πια η σκλαβιά<br /> <br /> να νιώσουν πρέπει τη γροθιά μας<br /> <br /> και της ψυχής μας τη φωτιά.<br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |'''Verse 1:'''<br /> Go forth, the damned of the Earth<br /> <br /> of hunger slaves, go forth, go forth<br /> <br /> Justice is emerging from the crater<br /> <br /> like a thunder, like a lightning bolt<br /> <br /> Enough with the years of slavery<br /> <br /> All of us, the humble of the Earth<br /> <br /> that used to live in contempt<br /> <br /> we shall become everything<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Chorus:'''<br /> <br /> In the struggle united<br /> <br /> and let no one miss out<br /> <br /> Oh! Here it is, expecting us<br /> <br /> the world's Internationale<br /> <br /> (2x)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Verse 2:'''<br /> <br /> The gods, the lords and the kings<br /> <br /> are deceiving us with lies<br /> <br /> Of the Earth the bound and the slaves<br /> <br /> they alone shall save themselves<br /> <br /> For our bonds to disappear<br /> <br /> for slavery to cease at last<br /> <br /> they must feel our fist<br /> <br /> and the fire of our soul<br /> <br /> '''[Chorus]'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:Leftist music]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Engels&diff=67455 2024-05-28T17:12:28Z

<p>Itsraining: We&#039;re in the 19th century, not 20th</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Friedrich Engels<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = File:Engels.jpg<br /> | image_size = 225px<br /> | image_upright =<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | caption = Comrade Engels in 1879<br /> | nationality = German<br /> | known = [[Marxism]]<br /> | field = [[Philosophy]], [[science]], [[political economy]], [[history]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1820|11|28}}<br /> | birth_place = Barmen, [[Kingdom of Prussia]], German Confederation<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1895|8|5|1820|11|28}}<br /> | death_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain and Ireland]]<br /> | death_cause =<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Friedrich Engels''' (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895), sometimes anglicized as '''Frederick Engels''', was a German [[Philosophy|philosopher]], historian, political scientist and revolutionary [[Socialism|socialist]]. Together with his friend and long time collaborator [[Karl Marx]], he developed the [[Materialism|materialist]] scientific explanation of history and economics, which later became known as [[Marxism]].<br /> <br /> Engels was Marx’s dearest friend and inseparable comrade in arms, co-developer of [[dialectical materialism]] and [[scientific socialism]] and co-author with Marx of the [[Library:Manifesto_of_the_communist_party|Communist Manifesto]]; one of the founders of the [[Communist League]] and the [[International Workingmen's Association|International Association of Workingmen]] or First International.<br /> <br /> ==Early Life==<br /> <br /> === Barmen ===<br /> On 28 November 1820 Engels was born in the city of Barmen in the [[Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918)|Kingdom of Prussia]], a town of less than 40,000 located in the Rhineland. Of nine children (four brothers, four sisters) he was the eldest son of Elise von Haar and [[Bourgeoisie|capitalist]], Friedrich Engels Sr, owner of a string of cotton mills. His childhood was privileged and his parents raised him in a supportive, loving but also [[Conservatism|conservative]] and devoutly Pietist [[Protestantism|Protestant]] environment. The only element of his parents values Engels inherited was that of philanthropy, he was the only one of his brothers to not willingly join the family business and adopt their narrow conservative viewpoint.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|page=14-18|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1828 Engels begun school and attended the elementary school in Barmen until the age of 14, a pious school at which his father sat on the board of governors. In 1834 he was transferred to the evangelical Gymnasium (grammar school) in the neighbouring town of Elberfeld so he could be prepared for his future role of taking on the family firm. The school was one of the best in Prussia and whilst attending Engels was provided lodgings by the provisional headmaster Hantschke. In school Engels began to diverge away from his father's ideology and he was particularly interested in the [[Science|sciences]] and works of the philosophers, whilst being very proficient in [[Language|languages]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|section=Early boyhood|page=20-22|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels planned to complete the Abitur and continue on to university to read political economy or something similar, but to his dismay just nine months before his final exams his father decided to pull him out of school so he could start business training. In September 1837 Engels is placed as a junior clerk in his father's business where he shadows his father and enjoys accompanying him on business trips to [[London]], [[Amsterdam]] and [[Rotterdam]]. Engels Sr had grandiose plans for the family business of Ermen &amp; Engels and wanted to groom Engels for leadership and have him learn not only general business skills, but study European textile production techniques and marketing. Engels' personal feelings of disinterest with business were disregarded by his father and he was forced to hide his fascination with poetry and his interest in the work of [[Ferdinand Freiligrath]] from him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|section=Early boyhood|page=22-24|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bremen ===<br /> In July 1838 Engels is sent to [[Bremen]] in Northern Germany to complete an apprenticeship at a trading house owned by Consul Heinrich Leupold. He finds a lot of the work boring and entertains himself by sending humours letters to his friends and siblings and by engaging in literary pursuits. In Bremen Engels is exposed to the poverty of the city and his views continue to slowly develop with him displaying strong republican sentiments, hatred of the [[Monarchism|monarchy]] and a desire to break free of his [[Religion|religious]] upbringing. In 1839 he publishes his first journalistic work under a pseudonym in the [[Telegraph für Deutschland|''Telegraph für Deutschland'']], where he critically reviews a work by philosopher [[Karl Gutzkow]], which allowed him to continue writing articles for them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|chapter-url=|section=Flying the nest|page=25-27|city=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels was already very aware of existing social relations and would write an article about the uncertain position of the German [[peasantry]] in the [[Morgenblatt für gebildete Leser|''Morgenblatt für gebildete Leser'']]''.'' In 1839 Engels was already asking for [[Revolution|revolutionary]] action and for the people to be involved in state power as well as doing away with [[censorship]], special rights for the [[aristocracy]] and for there to be full rights for [[Judaism|Jews]]. At the age of 20 Engels engaged fully with cultural pursuits and practiced sports, studied music with a particular fondness for [[Beethoven]] as well as learned a multitude of foreign languages, including English, French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|chapter-url=|section=Flying the nest|page=28-30|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Russian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> As mandatory military service approached although Engels could have dodged service through his father's influence Engels was adamant he was going to serve like everyone else and reported punctually to the Barmen conscription office where he was placed in the artillery. Whilst waiting to be called up Engels continued accompanying his father on foreign business trips in between working on his apprenticeship. Engels has plenty of time for writing and reading alongside his official work and in this time he publishes his first book: ''[[The Life, Character and Philosophy of Horace — a Dialogue]]''. At the end of March 1841 Engels finishes his apprenticeship and left Bremen but not before winning two duels in four weeks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|section=Flying the nest|page=31-34|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Military service ===<br /> At the end of September 1841 Engels travelled to [[State of Berlin|Berlin]] to report for his military service on 1 October where he was quartered in the barracks on the Kupfergraben, only a short walk from Berlin’s Friedrich Wilhelm’s University (today the Humboldt University) where Engels would spend much of his time. Engels disliked Berlin and although at first he resisted using the privileges allowed to him he eventually relented and moved into private accommodations using his father's money and took advantage of leave to continue his studies. Engels soon grew tired of the ceaseless marching around the Schlossplatz (ironically later renamed by the [[German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)|German Democratic Republic]] to ‘Marx-Engels Platz’), so much so that one of his highlights of the year was adopting a spaniel named Namenloser (Nameless) who he taught to growl when he said &quot;there’s an aristocrat!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Soldiering for the King|page=35-37|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite his dislike for life in the military he accepted it diligently and took the opportunity to pick up important military knowledge that he used to great effect in later life. However what he learned the most from was the university, attending classes whenever he could get away despite not being a registered student and he diligently acquired notes from other students for lectures he could not attend. Engels was particularly excited by the ideas of [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] for his theories on [[dialectics]], but Engels fell into the category of [[Young Hegelians]] who rejected the Hegels' [[idealism]] and belief in God, a position influenced by Engels' reading of [[Materialism|materialist]] philosopher [[Ludwig Feuerbach]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Soldiering for the King|page=37-43|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels' understanding of the philosophy was very advanced for someone of his age and his anonymous brochures rebutting the idealist [[Schelling]]'s criticism of Hegels won him much praise. His radical tendencies soon outstripped those of the Young Hegelians and he began writing for the [[Rheinische Zeitung|''Rheinische Zeitung'']] which was increasingly taking a socialist position over time. In October 1842 Engels completed his military service and returned to Barmen but on his way he travelled to [[Cologne]], the headquarters of the ''Rheinische Zeitung.'' There Engels meets [[Rave]], [[Moses Hess|Hess]] and [[Rutenberg]]'','' editors of the paper. Hess in particular is impressed by Engels and thanks partly to his influence Engels embraces [[communism]]. Back in Barmen his father has heard of Engels' radicalism and decided to send his son to [[Manchester]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|England]], to continue his business training. Engels departed for Manchester in November 1842 but on the way there he stopped in Cologne and offers to become the paper's English correspondent. Here is when Engels first meets Marx; the meeting was cold and Marx was unimpressed by Engels, wrongly believing him to still be a Young Hegelian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Soldiering for the King|page=42-47|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Young Socialist ==<br /> <br /> === Manchester ===<br /> Engels arrived in Manchester in December 1842 at the height of the [[Chartism|chartist]] movement and upon observing the conditions of the [[proletariat]] found that his preconceptions about England to have been incorrect leading him further along the path of [[anti-capitalism]]. As a general assistant learning about the English industrial and economic system Engels got to interact with the proletariat more than he ever has previously and was excited to learn about them and the [[class struggle]]; he was impatient for the revolution to happen as soon as possible. Engels had to overcome his youthful ignorance on many matters and to accomplish this he threw himself into learning fully, influenced by poets such as [[Shelley]], whilst trying to avoid his work as much as possible.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=The workshop of the world|page=53-61|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels first personal contacts with the Chartist movement were through [[George Harney]] and [[James Leach]] in 1843 who taught him much about England and its class struggle and he in return taught them about continental socialism. Engels' interactions with the chartist movement influenced many on the left as well as those that followed [[Robert Owen]] and helped them see the larger socialist movement outside of Britain by writing articles in the ''[[New Moral World]]'' and also in the ''[[Northern Star]]''. Engels was disappointed that so many of the so called socialist movements were marred by idealism and religiosity, although he did manage to learn from the ideas of Owen and [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] in spite of their idealism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=Workshop of the world|page=61-68|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Over his time in Manchester Engels moved towards the assertion that scientific communism is the solution and expanded on his knowledge of the proletariat's living and working conditions using the works of economists [[Adam Smith]], [[David Ricardo]], [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], and many more. To the disappointment of Engels Sr, Engels demonstrated little interest in learning how to make money and rather learned about the socio-political aspects of the factory system. To conduct his investigation of the conditions of the proletariat Engels relied upon the help of [[Mary Burns]], an intelligent [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] woman with whom he struck up a relationship with for the entirety of her life but never married because of their opposition to the institution of marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=The condition of the working class|page=69-71|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1843 Engels wrote the essay ''[[Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy]]'' which represented Engels' first attempt at basing socialism on political economy, demonstrating that Engels was already fluent enough in economics to critique the work of Smith, Ricardo and [[Thomas Malthus|Malthus]]. This essay published in 1844 in Marx's new publication, the [[Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher|''Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher'']], would trigger the start of correspondence between Marx and Engels that would later blossom into friendship. In August 1844 at the end of his training period Engels left Britain in possession of a wider range of ideas than when he arrived and with more clarity of the future, but on the way back to Barmen Engels decided to stop in [[Paris]] where Marx was presently staying.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=The condition of the working class|page=80-83|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Paris ===<br /> In the ten days Engels was able to stay in Paris he formed a close relationship with Marx which set the groundwork for a lifelong collaboration and friendship. In the days locked in serious debate they found they were in agreement on pretty much everything having formed the same conclusions through different methods, a contrast seen when Engels undertook debate with others whilst in Paris such as [[Mikhail Bakunin]]. The meeting of Engels and Marx in Paris also happened to coincide with the arrival of an article by [[Bruno Bauer]] criticizing their essays in Marx's publication. The pair immediately set to work on writing their response and the result was ''[[The holy family]]'' which criticized Bauer and his Hegelian idealism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=The condition of the working class|page=83-85|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels after writing the first draft of the response had to leave Paris to return to Barmen and was surprised to find Marx had expanded his pamphlet into a full book when he received his own copy. After a short stop in Cologne for three days to brief members of their circle on new developments Engels arrived home where after sisters wedding he was forced to resume work in the family business. From mid-November 1844, in between work, a short love affair, revolutionary pursuits and reading the works of [[Stirner]] among others, Engels worked on compiling his research into a manuscript until mid-March when he completed ''[[The conditions of the working class in England]].'' Following the book's completion, with tensions high at home and the Prussian government clamping down on communist agitation, Engels decided to take what money he had and go into voluntary exile joining Marx in [[Brussels]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=Back in Barmen|page=85-96|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Brussels ===<br /> Upon arrival Engels secured an immigration permit to allow him to stay in [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgium]] and lodgings nearby Marx's own before moving into a house next to Marx's in May 1845, nearby many of their other colleagues. They set to work immediately, with Engels using Brussels a base through which to travel to the rest of Europe for his revolutionary and theoretical work. In the summer of 1845 they travel back to Manchester where Engels re-established his links to the socialist movement there and introduces Marx to them as well as holding talks with the [[League of the Just]] and the [[Fraternal Democrats]]. In Manchester Engels also reunited with Mary Burns who travelled with them back to Brussels at the end of their trip. Mary stayed with them until August 1846 and after a hard year financially for the pair she returned to England whilst Engels travelled to Paris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Exile and the Communist Manifesto|section=|page=99-103|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The year in Brussels was used by Engels and Marx to write [[The German ideology|''The German ideology'']], a manuscript critiquing idealist philosophy and laying the groundwork for historical materialism, but they failed to publish it due to censorship laws. In early 1846 the [[Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee]] was set up by Marx, Engels and [[Philippe Gigot]] as a first attempt at an international and it is for this that Engels travelled to Paris in August. Between taking part in the carnal pleasures of the city, Engels did plenty of revolutionary work; forging links with the French workers' movements, and meeting with other revolutionaries such as [[Heinrich Heine]] whilst fighting against the [[Social democracy|social democratic]] deviations of [[Karl Grün]] and other similar counter-revolutionaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Exile and the Communist Manifesto|section=|page=103-107|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the beginning of 1847 the League of the Just ask Engels and Marx to join them and the pair agree on the condition that they can shape it into a more principled organisation and thus the [[League of Communists]] is born. With the absence of Marx in the first and second congresses Engels had to fight hard against the [[Utopian socialism|utopian socialists]] to achieve their goals but he managed it and their proposals were adopted. During this time Engels travelled back and forth between Brussels and Paris, helped by his fathers money who had begun funding him again the previous October after realising he still needed him, helping organise in both locations and became secretary of the [[Paris Regional Committee]]. At the end of October 1847 Engels began writing ''[[The principles of communism]]'' as a draft programme for the League's second congress, which once finished are presented and discussed with the League's Parisian cells before becoming the first draft for the Manifesto itself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Exile and the Communist Manifesto|section=The Manifesto of the Communist Party|page=108-111|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Later Life ==<br /> Marx and Engels returned to Germany to fight in the revolutions of 1848. He fled to London through [[Swiss Confederation|Switzerland]] after the revolution was defeated. He moved to Manchester, where he lived until 1870. After Marx's death in 1883, he prepared and published the second and third volumes of [[Capital, vol. I (1867)|Capital]]. He planned to release a fourth volume but died in 1895 before it was finished.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=[[Vladimir Lenin]]|year=1895|title=Frederick Engels|title-url=https://thecommunists.org/2020/09/18/news/theory/friedrich-engels-200-years-on-bicentenary-v-i-lenin-tribute/|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1895/misc/engels-bio.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Library works ==<br /> <br /> * (1844) [[Library:The holy family|The holy family]]<br /> * (1845) [[Library:The conditions of the working class in England|The conditions of the working class in England]] <br /> * (1846) [[Library:The German ideology|The German ideology]] <br /> * (1847) [[Library:The principles of communism|The principles of communism]] <br /> * (1848) [[Library:Manifesto of the Communist Party|Manifesto of the Communist Party]]<br /> * (1850) [[Library:The peasant war in Germany|The peasant war in Germany]] <br /> * (1861) [[Library:The civil war in the United States|The civil war in the United States]]<br /> * (1872) [[Library:On authority|On authority]]<br /> * (1876) [[Library:The part played by labour in the transition from ape to man|The part played by labour in the transition from ape to man]]<br /> * (1878) [[Library:Anti-Dühring|Anti-Dühring]]<br /> * (1880) [[Library:Socialism: utopian and scientific|Socialism: utopian and scientific]]<br /> * (1884) [[Library:The origin of the family, private property and the state|The origin of the family, private property and the state]]<br /> * (1886) [[Library:Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of classical German philosophy|Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of classical German philosophy]]<br /> * (1892) [[Library:The Mark|The Mark]]<br /> * (1894) [[Library:A contribution to the history of primitive Christianity|A contribution to the history of primitive Christianity]]<br /> * (1896) [[Library:Revolution and counter-revolution in Germany|Revolution and counter-revolution in Germany]] (Posthumous)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:Marxist theorists]]<br /> [[Category:Socialists]]<br /> [[Category:Communists]]<br /> [[Category:German communists]]<br /> [[Category:Young Hegelians]]<br /> [[Category:Philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:German philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:Political theorists]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Engels&diff=67453 2024-05-28T17:02:21Z

<p>Itsraining: Small corrections</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Friedrich Engels<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = File:Engels.jpg<br /> | image_size = 225px<br /> | image_upright =<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | caption = Comrade Engels in 1879<br /> | nationality = German<br /> | known = [[Marxism]]<br /> | field = [[Philosophy]], [[science]], [[political economy]], [[history]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1820|11|28}}<br /> | birth_place = Barmen, [[Kingdom of Prussia]], German Confederation<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1895|8|5|1820|11|28}}<br /> | death_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain and Ireland]]<br /> | death_cause =<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Friedrich Engels''' (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895), sometimes anglicized as '''Frederick Engels''', was a German [[Philosophy|philosopher]], historian, political scientist and revolutionary [[Socialism|socialist]]. Together with his friend and long time collaborator [[Karl Marx]], he developed the [[Materialism|materialist]] scientific explanation of history and economics, which later became known as [[Marxism]].<br /> <br /> Engels was Marx’s dearest friend and inseparable comrade in arms, co-developer of [[dialectical materialism]] and [[scientific socialism]] and co-author with Marx of the [[Library:Manifesto_of_the_communist_party|Communist Manifesto]]; one of the founders of the [[Communist League]] and the [[International Workingmen's Association|International Association of Workingmen]] or First International.<br /> <br /> ==Early Life==<br /> <br /> === Barmen ===<br /> On 28 November 1820 Engels was born in the city of Barmen in the [[Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918)|Kingdom of Prussia]], a town of less than 40,000 located in the Rhineland. Of nine children (four brothers, four sisters) he was the eldest son of Elise von Haar and [[Bourgeoisie|capitalist]], Friedrich Engels Sr, owner of a string of cotton mills. His childhood was privileged and his parents raised him in a supportive, loving but also [[Conservatism|conservative]] and devoutly Pietist [[Protestantism|Protestant]] environment. The only element of his parents values Engels inherited was that of philanthropy, he was the only one of his brothers to not willingly join the family business and adopt their narrow conservative viewpoint.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|page=14-18|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1828 Engels begun school and attended the elementary school in Barmen until the age of 14, a pious school at which his father sat on the board of governors. In 1834 he was transferred to the evangelical Gymnasium (grammar school) in the neighbouring town of Elberfeld so he could be prepared for his future role of taking on the family firm. The school was one of the best in Prussia and whilst attending Engels was provided lodgings by the provisional headmaster Hantschke. In school Engels began to diverge away from his father's ideology and he was particularly interested in the [[Science|sciences]] and works of the philosophers, whilst being very proficient in [[Language|languages]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|section=Early boyhood|page=20-22|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels planned to complete the Abitur and continue on to university to read political economy or something similar, but to his dismay just nine months before his final exams his father decided to pull him out of school so he could start business training. In September 1837 Engels is placed as a junior clerk in his father's business where he shadows his father and enjoys accompanying him on business trips to [[London]], [[Amsterdam]] and [[Rotterdam]]. Engels Sr had grandiose plans for the family business of Ermen &amp; Engels and wanted to groom Engels for leadership and have him learn not only general business skills, but study European textile production techniques and marketing. Engels' personal feelings of disinterest with business were disregarded by his father and he was forced to hide his fascination with poetry and his interest in the work of [[Ferdinand Freiligrath]] from him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|section=Early boyhood|page=22-24|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bremen ===<br /> In July 1838 Engels is sent to [[Bremen]] in Northern Germany to complete an apprenticeship at a trading house owned by Consul Heinrich Leupold. He finds a lot of the work boring and entertains himself by sending humours letters to his friends and siblings and by engaging in literary pursuits. In Bremen Engels is exposed to the poverty of the city and his views continue to slowly develop with him displaying strong republican sentiments, hatred of the [[Monarchism|monarchy]] and a desire to break free of his [[Religion|religious]] upbringing. In 1839 he publishes his first journalistic work under a pseudonym in the [[Telegraph für Deutschland|''Telegraph für Deutschland'']], where he critically reviews a work by philosopher [[Karl Gutzkow]], which allowed him to continue writing articles for them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|chapter-url=|section=Flying the nest|page=25-27|city=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels was already very aware of existing social relations and would write an article about the uncertain position of the German [[peasantry]] in the [[Morgenblatt für gebildete Leser|''Morgenblatt für gebildete Leser'']]''.'' In 1839 Engels was already asking for [[Revolution|revolutionary]] action and for the people to be involved in state power as well as doing away with [[censorship]], special rights for the [[aristocracy]] and for there to be full rights for [[Judaism|Jews]]. At the age of 20 Engels engaged fully with cultural pursuits and practiced sports, studied music with a particular fondness for [[Beethoven]] as well as learned a multitude of foreign languages, including English, French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|chapter-url=|section=Flying the nest|page=28-30|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Russian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> As mandatory military service approached although Engels could have dodged service through his father's influence Engels was adamant he was going to serve like everyone else and reported punctually to the Barmen conscription office where he was placed in the artillery. Whilst waiting to be called up Engels continued accompanying his father on foreign business trips in between working on his apprenticeship. Engels has plenty of time for writing and reading alongside his official work and in this time he publishes his first book: ''[[The Life, Character and Philosophy of Horace — a Dialogue]]''. At the end of March 1841 Engels finishes his apprenticeship and left Bremen but not before winning two duels in four weeks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|section=Flying the nest|page=31-34|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Military service ===<br /> At the end of September 1841 Engels travelled to [[State of Berlin|Berlin]] to report for his military service on 1 October where he was quartered in the barracks on the Kupfergraben, only a short walk from Berlin’s Friedrich Wilhelm’s University (today the Humboldt University) where Engels would spend much of his time. Engels disliked Berlin and although at first he resisted using the privileges allowed to him he eventually relented and moved into private accommodations using his father's money and took advantage of leave to continue his studies. Engels soon grew tired of the ceaseless marching around the Schlossplatz (ironically later renamed by the [[German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)|German Democratic Republic]] to ‘Marx-Engels Platz’), so much so that one of his highlights of the year was adopting a spaniel named Namenloser (Nameless) who he taught to growl when he said &quot;there’s an aristocrat!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Soldiering for the King|page=35-37|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite his dislike for life in the military he accepted it diligently and took the opportunity to pick up important military knowledge that he used to great effect in later life. However what he learned the most from was the university, attending classes whenever he could get away despite not being a registered student and he diligently acquired notes from other students for lectures he could not attend. Engels was particularly excited by the ideas of [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] for his theories on [[dialectics]], but Engels fell into the category of [[Young Hegelians]] who rejected the Hegels' [[idealism]] and belief in God, a position influenced by Engels' reading of [[Materialism|materialist]] philosopher [[Ludwig Feuerbach]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Soldiering for the King|page=37-43|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels' understanding of the philosophy was very advanced for someone of his age and his anonymous brochures rebutting the idealist [[Schelling]]'s criticism of Hegels won him much praise. His radical tendencies soon outstripped those of the Young Hegelians and he began writing for the [[Rheinische Zeitung|''Rheinische Zeitung'']] which was increasingly taking a socialist position over time. In October 1842 Engels completed his military service and returned to Barmen but on his way he travelled to [[Cologne]], the headquarters of the ''Rheinische Zeitung.'' There Engels meets [[Rave]], [[Moses Hess|Hess]] and [[Rutenberg]]'','' editors of the paper. Hess in particular is impressed by Engels and thanks partly to his influence Engels embraces [[communism]]. Back in Barmen his father has heard of Engels' radicalism and decided to send his son to [[Manchester]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|England]], to continue his business training. Engels departed for Manchester in November 1842 but on the way there he stopped in Cologne and offers to become the paper's English correspondent. Here is when Engels first meets Marx; the meeting was cold and Marx was unimpressed by Engels, wrongly believing him to still be a Young Hegelian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Soldiering for the King|page=42-47|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Young Socialist ==<br /> <br /> === Manchester ===<br /> Engels arrived in Manchester in December 1842 at the height of the [[Chartism|chartist]] movement and upon observing the conditions of the [[proletariat]] found that his preconceptions about England to have been incorrect leading him further along the path of [[anti-capitalism]]. As a general assistant learning about the English industrial and economic system Engels got to interact with the proletariat more than he ever has previously and was excited to learn about them and the [[class struggle]]; he was impatient for the revolution to happen as soon as possible. Engels had to overcome his youthful ignorance on many matters and to accomplish this he threw himself into learning fully, influenced by poets such as [[Shelley]], whilst trying to avoid his work as much as possible.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=The workshop of the world|page=53-61|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels first personal contacts with the Chartist movement were through [[George Harney]] and [[James Leach]] in 1843 who taught him much about England and its class struggle and he in return taught them about continental socialism. Engels' interactions with the chartist movement influenced many on the left as well as those that followed [[Robert Owen]] and helped them see the larger socialist movement outside of Britain by writing articles in the ''[[New Moral World]]'' and also in the ''[[Northern Star]]''. Engels was disappointed that so many of the so called socialist movements were marred by idealism and religiosity, although he did manage to learn from the ideas of Owen and [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] in spite of their idealism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=Workshop of the world|page=61-68|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Over his time in Manchester Engels moved towards the assertion that scientific communism is the solution and expanded on his knowledge of the proletariat's living and working conditions using the works of economists [[Adam Smith]], [[David Ricardo]], [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], and many more. To the disappointment of Engels Sr, Engels demonstrated little interest in learning how to make money and rather learned about the socio-political aspects of the factory system. To conduct his investigation of the conditions of the proletariat Engels relied upon the help of [[Mary Burns]], an intelligent [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] woman with whom he struck up a relationship with for the entirety of her life but never married because of their opposition to the institution of marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=The condition of the working class|page=69-71|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1843 Engels wrote the essay ''[[Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy]]'' which represented Engels' first attempt at basing socialism on political economy, demonstrating that Engels was already fluent enough in economics to critique the work of Smith, Ricardo and [[Thomas Malthus|Malthus]]. This essay published in 1844 in Marx's new publication, the [[Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher|''Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher'']], would trigger the start of correspondence between Marx and Engels that would later blossom into friendship. In August 1844 at the end of his training period Engels left Britain in possession of a wider range of ideas than when he arrived and with more clarity of the future, but on the way back to Barmen Engels decided to stop in [[Paris]] where Marx was presently staying.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=The condition of the working class|page=80-83|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Paris ===<br /> In the ten days Engels was able to stay in Paris he formed a close relationship with Marx which set the groundwork for a lifelong collaboration and friendship. In the days locked in serious debate they found they were in agreement on pretty much everything having formed the same conclusions through different methods, a contrast seen when Engels undertook debate with others whilst in Paris such as [[Mikhail Bakunin]]. The meeting of Engels and Marx in Paris also happened to coincide with the arrival of an article by [[Bruno Bauer]] criticizing their essays in Marx's publication. The pair immediately set to work on writing their response and the result was ''[[The holy family]]'' which criticized Bauer and his Hegelian idealism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=The condition of the working class|page=83-85|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels after writing the first draft of the response had to leave Paris to return to Barmen and was surprised to find Marx had expanded his pamphlet into a full book when he received his own copy. After a short stop in Cologne for three days to brief members of their circle on new developments Engels arrived home where after sisters wedding he was forced to resume work in the family business. From mid-November 1844, in between work, a short love affair, revolutionary pursuits and reading the works of [[Stirner]] among others, Engels worked on compiling his research into a manuscript until mid-March when he completed ''[[The conditions of the working class in England]].'' Following the book's completion, with tensions high at home and the Prussian government clamping down on communist agitation, Engels decided to take what money he had and go into voluntary exile joining Marx in [[Brussels]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=Back in Barmen|page=85-96|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Brussels ===<br /> Upon arrival Engels secured an immigration permit to allow him to stay in [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgium]] and lodgings nearby Marx's own before moving into a house next to Marx's in May 1845, nearby many of their other colleagues. They set to work immediately, with Engels using Brussels a base through which to travel to the rest of Europe for his revolutionary and theoretical work. In the summer of 1845 they travel back to Manchester where Engels re-established his links to the socialist movement there and introduces Marx to them as well as holding talks with the [[League of the Just]] and the [[Fraternal Democrats]]. In Manchester Engels also reunited with Mary Burns who travelled with them back to Brussels at the end of their trip. Mary stayed with them until August 1846 and after a hard year financially for the pair she returned to England whilst Engels travelled to Paris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Exile and the Communist Manifesto|section=|page=99-103|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The year in Brussels was used by Engels and Marx to write [[The German ideology|''The German ideology'']], a manuscript critiquing idealist philosophy and laying the groundwork for historical materialism, but they failed to publish it due to censorship laws. In early 1846 the [[Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee]] was set up by Marx, Engels and [[Philippe Gigot]] as a first attempt at an international and it is for this that Engels travelled to Paris in August. Between taking part in the carnal pleasures of the city, Engels did plenty of revolutionary work; forging links with the French workers' movements, and meeting with other revolutionaries such as [[Heinrich Heine]] whilst fighting against the [[Social democracy|social democratic]] deviations of [[Karl Grün]] and other similar counter-revolutionaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Exile and the Communist Manifesto|section=|page=103-107|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the beginning of 1947 the League of the Just ask Engels and Marx to join them and the pair agree on the condition that they can shape it into a more principled organisation and thus the [[League of Communists]] is born. With the absence of Marx in the first and second congresses Engels had to fight hard against the [[Utopian socialism|utopian socialists]] to achieve their goals but he managed it and their proposals were adopted. During this time Engels travelled back and forth between Brussels and Paris, helped by his fathers money who had begun funding him again the previous October after realising he still needed him, helping organise in both locations and became secretary of the [[Paris Regional Committee]]. At the end of October 1947 Engels began writing ''[[The principles of communism]]'' as a draft programme for the League's second congress, which once finished are presented and discussed with the League's Parisian cells before becoming the first draft for the Manifesto itself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Exile and the Communist Manifesto|section=The Manifesto of the Communist Party|page=108-111|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Later Life ==<br /> Marx and Engels returned to Germany to fight in the revolutions of 1848. He fled to London through [[Swiss Confederation|Switzerland]] after the revolution was defeated. He moved to Manchester, where he lived until 1870. After Marx's death in 1883, he prepared and published the second and third volumes of [[Capital, vol. I (1867)|Capital]]. He planned to release a fourth volume but died in 1895 before it was finished.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=[[Vladimir Lenin]]|year=1895|title=Frederick Engels|title-url=https://thecommunists.org/2020/09/18/news/theory/friedrich-engels-200-years-on-bicentenary-v-i-lenin-tribute/|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1895/misc/engels-bio.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Library works ==<br /> <br /> * (1844) [[Library:The holy family|The holy family]]<br /> * (1845) [[Library:The conditions of the working class in England|The conditions of the working class in England]] <br /> * (1846) [[Library:The German ideology|The German ideology]] <br /> * (1847) [[Library:The principles of communism|The principles of communism]] <br /> * (1848) [[Library:Manifesto of the Communist Party|Manifesto of the Communist Party]]<br /> * (1850) [[Library:The peasant war in Germany|The peasant war in Germany]] <br /> * (1861) [[Library:The civil war in the United States|The civil war in the United States]]<br /> * (1872) [[Library:On authority|On authority]]<br /> * (1876) [[Library:The part played by labour in the transition from ape to man|The part played by labour in the transition from ape to man]]<br /> * (1878) [[Library:Anti-Dühring|Anti-Dühring]]<br /> * (1880) [[Library:Socialism: utopian and scientific|Socialism: utopian and scientific]]<br /> * (1884) [[Library:The origin of the family, private property and the state|The origin of the family, private property and the state]]<br /> * (1886) [[Library:Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of classical German philosophy|Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of classical German philosophy]]<br /> * (1892) [[Library:The Mark|The Mark]]<br /> * (1894) [[Library:A contribution to the history of primitive Christianity|A contribution to the history of primitive Christianity]]<br /> * (1896) [[Library:Revolution and counter-revolution in Germany|Revolution and counter-revolution in Germany]] (Posthumous)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:Marxist theorists]]<br /> [[Category:Socialists]]<br /> [[Category:Communists]]<br /> [[Category:German communists]]<br /> [[Category:Young Hegelians]]<br /> [[Category:Philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:German philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:Political theorists]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Y1zhr1g92cmi3vvn&topic_postId=y3c16fhsgddhki77&topic_revId=y3c16fhsgddhki77&action=single-view 2024-04-21T15:20:14Z

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Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Engels&diff=65716 2024-04-21T15:08:41Z

<p>Itsraining: Infobox: added some fields + use templates for birth and death dates</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Friedrich Engels<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = File:Engels.jpg<br /> | image_size = 225px<br /> | image_upright =<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | caption = Comrade Engels in 1879<br /> | nationality = German<br /> | known = [[Marxism]]<br /> | field = [[Philosophy]], [[science]], [[political economy]], [[history]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1820|11|28}}<br /> | birth_place = Barmen, [[Kingdom of Prussia]], German Confederation<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1895|8|5|1820|11|28}}<br /> | death_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain and Ireland]]<br /> | death_cause =<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Friedrich Engels''' (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895), sometimes anglicized as '''Frederick Engels''', was a German [[Philosophy|philosopher]], historian, political scientist and revolutionary [[Socialism|socialist]]. Together with his friend and long time collaborator [[Karl Marx]], he developed the [[Materialism|materialist]] scientific explanation of history and economics, which later became known as [[Marxism]].<br /> <br /> Engels was Marx’s dearest friend and inseparable comrade in arms, co-developer of [[dialectical materialism]] and [[scientific socialism]] and co-author with Marx of the [[Library:Manifesto_of_the_communist_party|Communist Manifesto]]; one of the founders of the [[Communist League]] and the [[International Workingmen's Association|International Association of Workingmen]] or First International.<br /> <br /> ==Early Life==<br /> <br /> === Barmen ===<br /> On 28 November 1820 Engels was born in the city of Barmen in the [[Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918)|Kingdom of Prussia]], a town of less than 40,000 located in the Rhineland. Of nine children (four brothers, four sisters) he was the eldest son of Elise von Haar and [[Bourgeoisie|capitalist]], Friedrich Engels Sr, owner of a string of cotton mills. His childhood was privileged and his parents raised him in a supportive, loving but also [[Conservatism|conservative]] and devoutly Pietist [[Protestantism|Protestant]] environment. The only element of his parents values Engels inherited was that of philanthropy, he was the only one of his brothers to not willingly join the family business and adopt their narrow conservative viewpoint.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|page=14-18|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1828 Engels begun school and attended the elementary school in Barmen until the age of 14, a pious school at which his father sat on the board of governors. In 1834 he was transferred to the evangelical Gymnasium (grammar school) in the neighbouring town of Elberfeld so he could be prepared for his future role of taking on the family firm. The school was one of the best in Prussia and whilst attending Engels was provided lodgings by the provisional headmaster Hantschke. In school Engels began to diverge away from his father's ideology and he was particularly interested in the [[Science|sciences]] and works of the philosophers, whilst being very proficient in [[Language|languages]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|section=Early boyhood|page=20-22|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels planned to complete the Abitur and continue on to university to read political economy or something similar, but to his dismay just nine months before his final exams his father decided to pull him out of school so he could start business training. In September 1837 Engels is placed as a junior clerk in his father's business where he shadows his father and enjoys accompanying him on business trips to [[London]], [[Amsterdam]] and [[Rotterdam]]. Engels Sr had grandiose plans for the family business of Ermen &amp; Engels and wanted to groom Engels for leadership and have him learn not only general business skills, but study European textile production techniques and marketing. Engels' personal feelings of disinterest with business were disregarded by his father and he was forced to hide his fascination with poetry and his interest in the work of [[Ferdinand Freiligrath]] from him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|section=Early boyhood|page=22-24|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bremen ===<br /> In July 1838 Engels is sent to [[Bremen]] in Northern Germany to complete an apprenticeship at a trading house owned by Consul Heinrich Leupold. He finds a lot of the work boring and entertains himself by sending humours letters to his friends and siblings and by engaging in literary pursuits. In Bremen Engels is exposed to the poverty of the city and his views continue to slowly develop with him displaying strong republican sentiments, hatred of the [[Monarchism|monarchy]] and a desire to break free of his [[Religion|religious]] upbringing. In 1839 he publishes his first journalistic work under a pseudonym in the [[Telegraph für Deutschland|''Telegraph für Deutschland'']], where he critically reviews a work by philosopher [[Karl Gutzkow]], which allowed him to continue writing articles for them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|chapter-url=|section=Flying the nest|page=25-27|city=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels was already very aware of existing social relations and would write an article about the uncertain position of the German [[peasantry]] in the [[Morgenblatt für gebildete Leser|''Morgenblatt für gebildete Leser'']]''.'' In 1839 Engels was already asking for [[Revolution|revolutionary]] action and for the people to be involved in state power as well as doing away with [[censorship]], special rights for the [[aristocracy]] and for there to be full rights for [[Judaism|Jews]]. At the age of 20 Engels engaged fully with cultural pursuits and practiced sports, studied music with a particular fondness for [[Beethoven]] as well as learned a multitude of foreign languages, including English, French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|chapter-url=|section=Flying the nest|page=28-30|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Russian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> As mandatory military service approached although Engels could have dodged service through his father's influence Engels was adamant he was going to serve like everyone else and reported punctually to the Barmen conscription office where he was placed in the artillery. Whilst waiting to be called up Engels continued accompanying his father on foreign business trips in between working on his apprenticeship. Engels has plenty of time for writing and reading alongside his official work and in this time he publishes his first book: ''[[The Life, Character and Philosophy of Horace — a Dialogue]]''. At the end of March 1841 Engels finishes his apprenticeship and left Bremen but not before winning two duels in four weeks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=A wild seed|section=Flying the nest|page=31-34|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Military service ===<br /> At the end of September 1841 Engels travelled to [[State of Berlin|Berlin]] to report for his military service on 1 October where he was quartered in the barracks on the Kupfergraben, only a short walk from Berlin’s Friedrich Wilhelm’s University (today the Humboldt University) where Engels would spend much of his time. Engels disliked Berlin and although at first he resisted using the privileges allowed to him he eventually relented and moved into private accommodations using his father's money and took advantage of leave to continue his studies. Engels soon grew tired of the ceaseless marching around the Schlossplatz (ironically later renamed by the [[German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)|German Democratic Republic]] to ‘Marx-Engels Platz’), so much so that one of his highlights of the year was adopting a spaniel named Namenloser (Nameless) who he taught to growl when he said &quot;there’s an aristocrat!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Soldiering for the King|page=35-37|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite his dislike for life in the military he accepted it diligently and took the opportunity to pick up important military knowledge that he used to great effect in later life. However what he learned the most from was the university, attending classes whenever he could get away despite not being a registered student and he diligently acquired notes from other students for lectures he could not attend. Engels was particularly excited by the ideas of [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] for his theories on [[dialectics]], but Engels fell into the category of [[Young Hegelians]] who rejected the Hegels' [[idealism]] and belief in God, a position influenced by Engels' reading of [[Materialism|materialist]] philosopher [[Ludwig Feuerbach]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Soldiering for the King|page=37-43|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels' understanding of the philosophy was very advanced for someone of his age and his anonymous brochures rebutting the idealist [[Schelling]]'s criticism of Hegels won him much praise. His radical tendencies soon outstripped those of the Young Hegelians and he began writing for the [[Rheinische Zeitung|''Rheinische Zeitung'']] which was increasingly taking a socialist position over time. In October 1842 Engels completed his military service and returned to Barmen but on his way he travelled to [[Cologne]], the headquarters of the ''Rheinische Zeitung.'' There Engels meets [[Rave]], [[Moses Hess|Hess]] and [[Rutenberg]]'','' editors of the paper. Hess in particular is impressed by Engels and thanks partly to his influence Engels embraces [[communism]]. Back in Barmen his father has heard of Engels' radicalism and decided to send his son to [[Manchester]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|England]], to continue his business training. Engels departed for Manchester in November 1842 but on the way there he stopped in Cologne and offers to become the paper's English correspondent. Here is when Engels first meets Marx; the meeting was cold and Marx was unimpressed by Engels, wrongly believing him to still be a Young Hegelian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Soldiering for the King|page=42-47|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Young Socialist ==<br /> <br /> === Manchester ===<br /> Engels arrived in Manchester in December 1842 at the height of the [[Chartism|chartist]] movement and upon observing the conditions of the [[proletariat]] found that his preconceptions about England to have been incorrect leading him further along the path of [[anti-capitalism]]. As a general assistant learning about the English industrial and economic system Engels got to interact with the proletariat more than he ever has previously and was excited to learn about them and the [[class struggle]]; he was impatient for the revolution to happen as soon as possible. Engels had to overcome his youthful ignorance on many matters and to accomplish this he threw himself into learning fully, influenced by poets such as [[Shelley]], whilst trying to avoid his work as much as possible.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=The workshop of the world|page=53-61|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels first personal contacts with the Chartist movement were through [[George Harney]] and [[James Leach]] in 1843 who taught him much about England and its class struggle and he in return taught them about continental socialism. Engels' interactions with the chartist movement influenced many on the left as well as those that followed [[Robert Owen]] and helped them see the larger socialist movement outside of Britain by writing articles in the ''[[New Moral World]]'' and also in the ''[[Northern Star]]''. Engels was disappointed that so many of the so called socialist movements were marred by idealism and religiosity, although he did manage to learn from the ideas of Owen and [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] in spite of their idealism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=Workshop of the world|page=61-68|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Over his time in Manchester Engels moved towards the assertion that scientific communism is the solution and expanded on his knowledge of the proletariat's living and working conditions using the works of economists [[Adam Smith]], [[David Ricardo]], [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], and many more. To the disappointment of Engels Sr, Engels demonstrated little interest in learning how to make money and rather learned about the socio-political aspects of the factory system. To conduct his investigation of the conditions of the proletariat Engels relied upon the help of [[Mary Burns]], an intelligent [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] woman with whom he struck up a relationship with for the entirety of her life but never married because of their opposition to the institution of marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=The condition of the working class|page=69-71|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1843 Engels wrote the essay ''[[Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy]]'' which represented Engels' first attempt at basing socialism on political economy, demonstrating that Engels was already fluent enough in economics to critique the work of Smith, Ricardo and [[Thomas Malthus|Malthus]]. This essay published in 1844 in Marx's new publication, the [[Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher|''Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher'']], would trigger the start of correspondence between Marx and Engels that would later blossom into friendship. In August 1844 at the end of his training period Engels left Britain in possession of a wider range of ideas than when he arrived and with more clarity of the future, but on the way back to Barmen Engels decided to stop in [[Paris]] where Marx was presently staying.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=The condition of the working class|page=80-83|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Paris ===<br /> In the ten days Engels was able to stay in Paris he formed a close relationship with Marx which set the groundwork for a lifelong collaboration and friendship. In the days locked in serious debate they found they were in agreement on pretty much everything having formed the same conclusions through different methods, a contrast seen when Engels undertook debate with others whilst in Paris such as [[Mikhail Bakunin]]. The meeting of Engels and Marx in Paris also happened to coincide with the arrival of an article by [[Bruno Bauer]] criticizing their essays in Marx's publication. The pair immediately set to work on writing their response and the result was ''[[The holy family]]'' which criticized Bauer and his Hegelian idealism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=The condition of the working class|page=83-85|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engels after writing the first draft of the response had to leave Paris to return to Barmen and was surprised to find Marx had expanded his pamphlet into a full book when he received his own copy. After a short stop in Cologne for three days to brief members of their circle on new developments Engels arrived home where after sisters wedding he was forced to resume work in the family business. From mid-November 1844, in between work, a short love affair, revolutionary pursuits and reading the works of [[Stirner]] among others, Engels worked on compiling his research into a manuscript until mid-March when he completed ''[[The conditions of the working class in England]].'' Following the book's completion, with tensions high at home and the Prussian government clamping down on communist agitation, Engels decided to take what money he had and go into voluntary exile joining Marx in [[Brussels]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Love in the satanic mills|section=Back in Barmen|page=85-96|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Brussels ===<br /> Upon arrival Engels secured an immigration permit to allow him to stay in [[Kingdom of Belgium|Belgium]] and lodgings nearby Marx's own before moving into a house next to Marx's in May 1845, nearby many of their other colleagues. They set to work immediately with Engels' used Brussels a base through which to travel to the rest of Europe for his revolutionary and theoretical work. In the summer of 1845 they travel back to Manchester where Engels re-established his links to the socialist movement there and introduces Marx to them as well as holding talks with the [[League of the Just]] and the [[Fraternal Democrats]]. In Manchester Engels also reunited with Mary Burns who travelled with them back to Brussels at the end of their trip. Mary stayed with them until August 1946 and after a hard year financially for the pair she returned to England whilst Engels travelled to Paris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Exile and the Communist Manifesto|section=|page=99-103|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The year in Brussels was used by Engels and Marx to write [[The German ideology|''The German ideology'']], a manuscript critiquing idealist philosophy and laying the groundwork for historical materialism, but they failed to publish it due to censorship laws. In early 1846 the [[Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee]] was set up by Marx, Engels and [[Philippe Gigot]] as a first attempt at an international and it is for this that Engels travelled to Paris in August. Between taking part in the carnal pleasures of the city, Engels did plenty of revolutionary work; forging links with the French workers' movements, and meeting with other revolutionaries such as [[Heinrich Heine]] whilst fighting against the [[Social democracy|social democratic]] deviations of [[Karl Grün]] and other similar counter-revolutionaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Exile and the Communist Manifesto|section=|page=103-107|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the beginning of 1947 the League of the Just ask Engels and Marx to join them and the pair agree on the condition that they can shape it into a more principled organisation and thus the [[League of Communists]] is born. With the absence of Marx in the first and second congresses Engels had to fight hard against the [[Utopian socialism|utopian socialists]] to achieve their goals but he managed it and their proposals were adopted. During this time Engels travelled back and forth between Brussels and Paris, helped by his fathers money who had begun funding him again the previous October after realising he still needed him, helping organise in both locations and became secretary of the [[Paris Regional Committee]]. At the end of October 1947 Engels began writing ''[[The principles of communism]]'' as a draft programme for the League's second congress, which once finished are presented and discussed with the League's Parisian cells before becoming the first draft for the Manifesto itself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=John Green|year=2008|title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life: A Biography of Friedrich Engels|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc|chapter=Exile and the Communist Manifesto|section=The Manifesto of the Communist Party|page=108-111|publisher=Artery Publications|isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3|lg=https://library.lol/main/4a0fd9bca4001d2b831d132679299abc}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Later Life ==<br /> Marx and Engels returned to Germany to fight in the revolutions of 1848. He fled to London through [[Swiss Confederation|Switzerland]] after the revolution was defeated. He moved to Manchester, where he lived until 1870. After Marx's death in 1883, he prepared and published the second and third volumes of [[Capital, vol. I (1867)|Capital]]. He planned to release a fourth volume but died in 1895 before it was finished.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=[[Vladimir Lenin]]|year=1895|title=Frederick Engels|title-url=https://thecommunists.org/2020/09/18/news/theory/friedrich-engels-200-years-on-bicentenary-v-i-lenin-tribute/|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1895/misc/engels-bio.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Library works ==<br /> <br /> * (1844) [[Library:The holy family|The holy family]]<br /> * (1845) [[Library:The conditions of the working class in England|The conditions of the working class in England]] <br /> * (1846) [[Library:The German ideology|The German ideology]] <br /> * (1847) [[Library:The principles of communism|The principles of communism]] <br /> * (1848) [[Library:Manifesto of the Communist Party|Manifesto of the Communist Party]]<br /> * (1850) [[Library:The peasant war in Germany|The peasant war in Germany]] <br /> * (1861) [[Library:The civil war in the United States|The civil war in the United States]]<br /> * (1872) [[Library:On authority|On authority]]<br /> * (1876) [[Library:The part played by labour in the transition from ape to man|The part played by labour in the transition from ape to man]]<br /> * (1878) [[Library:Anti-Dühring|Anti-Dühring]]<br /> * (1880) [[Library:Socialism: utopian and scientific|Socialism: utopian and scientific]]<br /> * (1884) [[Library:The origin of the family, private property and the state|The origin of the family, private property and the state]]<br /> * (1886) [[Library:Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of classical German philosophy|Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of classical German philosophy]]<br /> * (1892) [[Library:The Mark|The Mark]]<br /> * (1894) [[Library:A contribution to the history of primitive Christianity|A contribution to the history of primitive Christianity]]<br /> * (1896) [[Library:Revolution and counter-revolution in Germany|Revolution and counter-revolution in Germany]] (Posthumous)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:Marxist theorists]]<br /> [[Category:Socialists]]<br /> [[Category:Communists]]<br /> [[Category:German communists]]<br /> [[Category:Young Hegelians]]<br /> [[Category:Philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:German philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:Political theorists]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&diff=65715 2024-04-21T15:08:18Z

<p>Itsraining: Added bluelink</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;Marx&quot; redirects here. For other uses, see [[Marx (disambiguation)]].''&lt;/blockquote&gt;{{Infobox person<br /> | honorific_prefix =<br /> | name = Karl Marx<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = File:Marx.jpg<br /> | image_size = 225px<br /> | image_upright =<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | caption = Portrait of comrade Marx.<br /> | nationality = Prussian (1818–1845)&lt;/br&gt;Stateless (after 1845)<br /> | known = Developing a line of political thought known as [[Marxism]]<br /> | field = [[Philosophy]], [[Science|science]], [[Political economy|political economy]], [[History|history]]<br /> | birth_name = Karl Heinrich Marx<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1818|05|05}}<br /> | birth_place =Trier, [[Kingdom of Prussia]], German Confederation<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1883|03|14|1818|05|05}}<br /> | death_place = London, [[United Kingdom]]<br /> | death_cause =<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Karl Heinrich Marx''' (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a 19th century [[Germany|German]] philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary who, alongside his friend and long-time collaborator [[Friedrich Engels]], discovered the laws of development of human societies based on the [[Dialectical materialism|dialectical materialist]] method and in doing so creating [[Marxism]]. <br /> <br /> Marx is the most important thinker of the [[Communism|communist]] movement. He highlighted the [[Contradiction|contradictions]] and intrinsic [[exploitation]] in [[capitalism]], and helped develop [[Socialism|socialist]] economic models. His most famous works, the ''[[Library:Manifesto of the Communist Party|Communist Manifesto]],'' which he co-wrote with Engels in 1848, and ''[[Capital, vol. I (1867)|Capital]]'', the first volume of which was completed in 1867, have had enormous international influence.<br /> <br /> == Life ==<br /> <br /> === Early life ===<br /> Marx was born May 5, 1818 in the small rural town of Trier, in the south of Rhenish Prussia, in what is today Germany, closely bordering [[Kingdom of France (1814–1848)|France]]. At the time, Trier had about 11 thousand residents,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=39-40|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=In 1819, Trier had hardly more than 11,000 inhabitants; furthermore, about 3,500 soldiers were stationed in Trier (Monz 1973: 57). This was not an especially large population, even if one takes into consideration that back then most people lived in the countryside and cities had far fewer inhabitants than today. [...] The Trier in which Marx grew up was characteristically rural; it had only two main streets, the rest of the town consisting of side alleys and little streets.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}&lt;/ref&gt; and from 1794 to 1815, the city belonged to France, which changed after [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]]'s defeat and Prussian annexation of the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=39-40|quote=In 1794, Trier was occupied by French troops. Revolutionary France had not only beaten back the monarchist powers but had made considerable territorial conquests. [...] After Napoleon’s failed Russian campaign, French rule ended. In 1815, at the Congress of Vienna, Catholic Trier, along with the Rhineland, was awarded to Protestant Prussia.|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|volume=1: 1818–1841}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the third child of Heinrich and Henriette Marx, growing up with seven siblings. By 1847, at the age of 29, most of them would have died of tuberculosis, except his three sisters who eventually outlived him: Sophie (1816 – 1886), Emilie (1822 – 1888) and Louise (1821 – 1893).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=35|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Karl was not his parents’ first child; in 1815, their son Mauritz David and in 1816 daughter Sophie had been born. However, Mauritz David died in 1819. In the years following, further siblings were born: Hermann (1819), Henriette (1820), Louise (1821), Emilie (1822), Caroline (1824), and Eduard (1826), so that Karl grew up with seven siblings total. However, not all of them would go on to live long lives: Eduard, the youngest brother, was eleven when he died in 1837. Three other siblings were hardly older than 20 at the time of their death: Hermann died in the year 1842, Henriette in 1845, and Caroline in 1847. In all cases, the cause of death was given as “consumption” (tuberculosis), a widespread illness in the nineteenth century. The three remaining sisters lived considerably longer; they also survived their brother Karl. Sophie died in 1886, Emilie in 1888, and Louise in 1893.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The family of Karl Marx belonged to a prosperous [[petty bourgeoisie]] of Trier, and he had Jewish origins both from his mother and father, but his family converted to Protestant [[Christianity]] in 1824.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=35|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Parents Heinrich (1777–1838) and Henriette (1788–1863) had married in 1814. Both came from Jewish families that converted to Protestant Christianity. Karl Marx was baptized on August 26, 1824, along with his then six siblings. At this point, his father had already been baptized; the exact date, however, is not known. His mother was baptized a year later, on November 20, 1825. On the occasion of the baptism of her children, according to the entry in the church register, she wanted to wait with her own baptism out of consideration for her still-living parents, but she wanted her children to be baptized.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karl's father Heinrich was a well-to-do lawyer which had a good reputation among the upper strata of society in Trier, and had accumulated a certain level of wealth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=35-42|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Marx’s father was a well-regarded lawyer in Trier, and his income allowed his family a certain affluence. Both the house on Brückengasse (today Brückenstraße), which the family rented and in which Karl was born,16 as well as the somewhat smaller, but centrally located house on Simeonstraße that the family purchased in the autumn of 1819 and in which young Karl grew up, were among the better bourgeois homes of the city. (p.35)<br /> [...]<br /> The center of social life in Trier was the Literary Casino Society (Literarische Casinogesellschaft) founded in 1818. Its statutes determined its purpose to be “maintaining a reading society connected to an association location for the convivial enjoyment of educated people” (quoted in Kentenich 1915: 731). In the Casino building, completed in 1825, there was a reading room that also contained several foreign newspapers. Balls and concerts, and on special occasions banquets, were regularly held (see Schmidt 1955: 11ff.). The sophisticated bourgeois stratum and the officers of the garrison belonged to the Casino. Karl’s father, Heinrich Marx, was one of the founding members. Similar societies, often with the same name, also arose at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century in other German cities; they were important focal points for the emerging bourgeois culture. Critique of existing political conditions was also articulated here. (pp. 41-42)|volume=1: 1818–1841}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=67-68|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Professional success was also reflected in a certain level of affluence. In 1819, Heinrich Marx was able to buy a house on Simeonstraße. According to the tax information evaluated by Herres, Heinrich Marx was assessed in 1832 as having an income of 1,500 talers annually, thus belonging to the upper 30 percent of the Trier middle and upper class that had a yearly income of more than 200 talers. Since this middle and upper class only comprised around 20 percent of the population, the Marx family, in terms of income, belonged to the upper 6 percent of the total population. With this income, the family was also able to accumulate a certain level of wealth, owning multiple plots of land used for agriculture, among which were vineyards. For wealthy citizens of Trier, ownership of vineyards was a popular retirement provision. The Marx family also employed servants. In the year 1818, there was at least one maid; for the years 1830 and 1833, “two maids” are documented.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Karl Marx and his sister Sophie became acquainted with Edgar and [[Jenny von Westphalen]], who later became Marx's wife. This friendship began either through Karl and Edgar, who studied at the same school, or through a friendship between their fathers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=36|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Eleanor reports that among Marx‘s earliest playmates was his future wife, Jenny von Westphalen, and her younger brother Edgar. The latter attended the same school as Marx and also received confirmation along with him on March 23, 1834. How the children‘s friendship came about and when it began, however, remains unknown. We know that Marx‘s older sister Sophie was friends with Jenny, but whether it was the two girls or the two boys Karl and Edgar who first made friends, or whether the children‘s friendship was first initiated through the friendly relationship between their fathers, is not known.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}&lt;/ref&gt; The von Westphalen family was also a petty bourgeois family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=45|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Ludwig von Westphalen and Heinrich Marx had annual incomes of 1,800 and 1,500 taler, respectively.|volume=1: 1818–1841|image=Annual income of Trier households 1831–1832.png}}&lt;/ref&gt; The young Karl had a friendship with the baron Johann Ludwig von Westphalen, Jenny's father, and he became an influence on Marx through their intellectual exchange.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=36|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Eleanor also discloses that the young Karl was intellectually stimulated primarily by his father and his future father-in-law, Ludwig von Westphalen. It was from the latter that he “imbibed his first love for the “Romantic” School, and while his father read him Voltaire and Racine, Westphalen read him Homer and Shakespeare.” The fact that Marx dedicated his doctoral dissertation rather emotionally to Ludwig von Westphalen in 1841 demonstrates how important the latter was to him.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From 1830 to 1835, Marx studied on the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium, a public secondary education school which prepared students to university. There, he studied with several teachers, some of them critical of the political state of things including Johann Hugo Wyttenbach, the school director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=97|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=The towering presence of the Trier gymnasium was its director of many years, Johann Hugo Wyttenbach (1767–1848). He was also an archaeologist and founder of the Trier city library. In 1804, Wyttenbach was already director of the French secondary school; he remained director of the gymnasium until 1846. His thinking was strongly influenced by the Enlightenment; in his earlier years, he was an adherent of the French Jacobins. He maintained his liberal and humanistic ethos even under Prussian rule.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=98-99|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=When the young Karl started gymnasium in 1830, Wyttenbach was sixty-three years old. Most teachers were considerably younger, and as can be gleaned from the fragmentary information of the surviving records, at least a few of them had rather critical attitudes toward the reigning social and political conditions and were observed with distrust by the Prussian authorities.<br /> <br /> First and foremost to be named in this regard is Thomas Simon (1793– 1869), who taught French to Karl at the Tertia level. [...] He had “turned toward the concerns of the poor, neglected people,” since as a teacher he had seen daily that “it was not the possession of cold, filthy, minted money that makes a human being a human being, but rather character, disposition, understanding, and empathy for the weal and woe of one’s fellows” (quoted in Böse 1951: 11). In 1849, Simon was elected to the Prussian house of representatives, where he joined the left. His son, Ludwig Simon (1819–1872), also attended the gymnasium in Trier and took the Abitur exams a year after Karl. [Ludwig] was elected to the national assembly in 1848. As a result of his activities during the revolutionary years of 1848–49, the Prussian government brought multiple legal proceedings against him and convicted him in absentia to death, so that he had to emigrate to Switzerland.<br /> <br /> Heinrich Schwendler (1792–1847), who taught French to Marx at the Obersekunda and Prima levels, was suspected in 1833 by the Prussian government of being the author of an insurgent leaflet; he was accused of “poor character” and of “familiar relationships to all the fraudulent minds of the local city.” In 1834, a ministerial commission warned of the “pernicious orientation” of Simon and Schwendler, and in 1835, the provincial school council regarded his dismissal as desirable, but could not find a sufficient reason (Monz 1973: 171, 178).<br /> <br /> Johann Gerhard Schneeman (1796–1864) had studied classical philology, history, philosophy, and mathematics; he published numerous contributions on the archaeology of Trier. At the Tertia and Obersekunda levels, he taught Karl Latin and Greek. In 1834, Schneeman also participated in the singing of revolutionary songs at the Casino and was interrogated by the police as a result.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the time, [[liberalism]] was associated with revolutionary ideals and a romantic sentiment towards the [[French Revolution]], both of which was frowned upon by the Prussian government. The Trier Gymnasium only accepted male students at the time&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=122|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Marx was a student for six years. There are serious differences between student life then and as it exists today. Perhaps the most noticeable back then was that there were no female students or professors; universities were purely male institutions and would remain so for quite a while. Whereas in Switzerland women could enroll at the University of Zurich beginning in the 1860s, it wasn’t until the end of the nineteenth century that women were admitted as regular students to German universities.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}&lt;/ref&gt; and there Marx studied the Greek, Latin and French languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === University education ===<br /> [[File:Young Marx.png|thumb|175x175px|Marx in 1839]]<br /> After graduating with a good school performance on the Trier Gymnasium, Marx entered the university, spending two semesters in the University of Bonn from 1835 to 1836. Marx's father disapproved of his son's drinking and bohemian lifestyle and persuaded him to transfer to the University of Berlin, at the time a well-established and highly respected university. There, he studied Law, majoring in History and Philosophy and concluded his university course in 1841, submitting a doctoral thesis on the philosophy of Epicurus. At the time Marx was a Hegelian idealist in his views and belonged to the circle of “Left Hegelians”, along with [[Bruno Bauer]] and others.&lt;ref&gt;[[Lenin]] (1914). ''Karl Marx: A brief biographical sketch with an exposition of Marxism.'' [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/ marxists.org link]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Later years ===<br /> [[File:Marx 1861.png|thumb|191x191px|Marx in 1861]]<br /> In Marx's later years, he produced anthropological studies, despite difficulties in his personal life which prevented him from finishing much of his work.&lt;ref&gt;{{News citation|journalist=[[Carlos L. Garrido]]|title=The Last Years of Karl Marx|url=https://youtu.be/lIUv-gsBb4o|newspaper=[[Midwestern Marx]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{News citation|journalist=Carlos L. Garrido|title=Book Review: The Last Years of Karl Marx: An Intellectual Biography. By: Marcello Musto. Reviewed By: Carlos L. Garrido|url=https://www.midwesternmarx.com/articles/book-review-the-last-years-of-karl-marx-an-intellectual-biography-by-marcello-musto-reviewed-by-carlos-l-garrido|newspaper=[[Midwestern Marx]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1882, Marx traveled to [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria|Algeria]] and wrote that inequality and subordination are abominations to all true [[Islam|Muslims]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2017|title=Red Star over the Third World|chapter=Eastern Marxism|page=83|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecu7gb2ei65us6ip3r2ugcgkblneqcftbm456mb6bzvprkbqk55qm?filename=Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20Red%20Star%20Over%20the%20Third%20World-LeftWord%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=New Delhi|publisher=LeftWord Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Ideological sources ==<br /> The intellectual traditions that Marx drew on most were German philosophy, English political economy and French socialism.&lt;ref&gt;Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1913-03) [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1913/mar/x01.htm The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His main sources in German philosophy were:<br /> <br /> # [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]<br /> # [[Ludwig Feuerbach]]<br /> # [[Bruno Bauer]]<br /> # [[Max Stirner]]<br /> <br /> in English political economy:<br /> <br /> # [[Adam Smith]]<br /> # [[David Ricardo]]<br /> <br /> and in French socialism:<br /> <br /> # [[Henri de Saint-Simon]]<br /> # [[Charles Fourier]]<br /> # [[Robert Owen]]<br /> <br /> == Library works ==<br /> <br /> * (1835) [[Library:Reflections of a young man on the choice of a profession|Reflections of a young man on the choice of a profession]]<br /> * (1843) [[Library:Critique of Hegel's philosophy of right|Critique of Hegel's philosophy of right]]<br /> * (1843) [[Library:On the Jewish question|On the Jewish question]]<br /> * (1844) [[Library:Economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844|Economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844]]<br /> * (1844) [[Library:The holy family|The holy family]]<br /> * (1845) [[Library:Theses on Feuerbach|Theses on Feuerbach]]<br /> * (1845) [[Library:The German ideology|The German ideology]]<br /> * (1847) [[Library:The poverty of philosophy|The poverty of philosophy]]<br /> * (1847) [[Library:Wage labour and capital|Wage labour and capital]]<br /> * (1848) [[Library:Manifesto of the communist party|Manifesto of the communist party]]<br /> * (1850) [[Library:The class struggles in France 1848-1850|The class struggles in France 1848-1850]]<br /> * (1852) [[Library:The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte|The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte]]<br /> * (1857) [[Library:Grundrisse|Grundrisse]]<br /> * (1859) [[Library:A contribution to the critique of political economy|A contribution to the critique of political economy]]<br /> * (1861) [[Library:The civil war in the United States|The civil war in the United States]]<br /> * (1862) [[Library:Theories of surplus value|Theories of surplus value]]<br /> * (1865) [[Library:Value, price and profit|Value, price and profit]] <br /> * (1865) [[Library:Address of the International Working Men's Association to Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America|Address of the International Working Men's Association to Abraham Lincoln]]<br /> * (1867) [[Library:Capital, vol. I|Capital, vol. I]]<br /> * (1871) [[Library:The civil war in France|The civil war in France]]<br /> * (1875) [[Library:Critique of the Gotha Program|Critique of the Gotha Program]]<br /> * (1885) [[Library:Capital, vol. II|Capital, vol. II]] (posthumous)<br /> * (1894) [[Library:Capital, vol. III|Capital, vol. III]] (posthumous)<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> [[Timeline_of_Marx_and_Engels|Timeline of Marx and Engels ]]<br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:Communists]]<br /> [[Category:Economists]]<br /> [[Category:German communists]]<br /> [[Category:German philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:Marxism]]<br /> [[Category:Philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:Political theorists]]<br /> [[Category:Socialists]]<br /> [[Category:Young Hegelians]]</div>

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Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Hellenic_Republic&diff=65703 2024-04-21T10:49:32Z

<p>Itsraining: Added missing Notes section</p> <hr /> <div>{{Message box/Incomplete}}{{Infobox country|native_name=Ελληνική Δημοκρατία|name=Hellenic Republic|largest_city=Athens|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary corporatocratic republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=Katerina Sakellaropoulou|leader_title2=Prime Minister|leader_name2=[[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]]|leader_title3=Parliament Speaker|leader_name3=Konstantinos Tasoulas|image_coat=Coat of arms of Greece.svg|capital=Athens|area_km2=131,957|population_census=10,432,481|population_census_year=2021|currency=Euro|image_map=Greece map.png|map_width=290|official_languages=Greek|image_flag=Flag of Greece.svg}}<br /> The '''Hellenic Republic''', also known as '''Greece''', is a country located in southeastern [[Europe]]. Its ancient civilization saw a huge revival during the Renaissance, where ancient Greek society began to be considered the origin of Western civilization. Greece is home to many philosophers that inspired both [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] and [[Karl Marx|Marx]]. Greece is a member of the [[European Union|EU]], the [[Council of Europe]], [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], and the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> === Bronze Age ===<br /> The Minoan civilization rose to power from 1950 to 1450 BCE on the island of Crete. It became a major power in the Mediterranean by using powerful sailboats, and its rulers lived in large stone palaces.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02222&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Class Societies|page=20|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ancient Greece ===<br /> Ancient Greece was divided into at least thousand city-states that frequently fought each other for land and resources.<br /> <br /> In the 6th century BCE, the Athens overthrew a 30-year-old dictatorship and installed an aristocratic government, which was then overthrown by a popular democratic revolution. [[Sparta]] attempted a [[Counterrevolution|counterrevolutionary]] invasion but was defeated, and Athenian democracy spread to many other Greek city-states, lasting almost 200 years. Philosophers such as [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], and [[Aristotle]] opposed democratic rule. In the early 5th century BCE, Greece defeated invasions from the [[Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE)|Persian Empire]], but a conservative alliance led by Sparta defeated Athens in the [[Peloponnesian War]] in 404 BCE.<br /> <br /> The city-states remained divided, with Thebes conquering Sparta in 371 BCE before [[Macedonia (808–168 BCE)|Macedon]] conquered all of Greece starting in 338 BCE.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=Ancient Empires|page=36–40|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Between 200 and 150 BCE, [[Roman Republic (509–27 BCE)|Rome]] conquered Greece and crushed any leaders who tried to forgive [[Debt|debts]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Athens ====<br /> Athens did not allow [[Slavery|slaves]], women, or foreigners to vote but did enfranchise poor [[Peasantry|farmers]] and artisans. Out of a total population of 200,000 people, only 30,000 could vote. The government consisted of ten leading officials (''strategoi'') who were elected every year, an elected council of 400 people (''boule''), and a popular assembly (''ekklesia'') of all free citizens. Courts of up to 2,500 people administered justice, and people who received 6,000 negative votes could be exiled from the city for ten years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Solon]] cancelled debts in the early fifth century BCE, and [[Pisistratus]] and his descendants democratized the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|date=2023-05-05|title=Origins of debt: Michael Hudson reveals how financial oligarchies in Greece &amp; Rome shaped our world|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/05/24/debt-michael-hudson-oligarchies-greece-rome/|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528041512/https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/05/24/debt-michael-hudson-oligarchies-greece-rome/|archive-date=2023-05-28|author=[[Ben Norton]], [[Michael Hudson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Sparta ====<br /> Sparta banned [[money]] in an attempt to avoid the existence of debt. Later, Rome attacked Sparta when kings [[Agis IV|Agis]] and [[Cleomenes III|Cleomenes]] tried to cancel their citizens' debt and create their own army instead of using mercenaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Second World War ===<br /> [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] invaded and occupied Greece during the [[Second World War]]. In 1941, the Communist Party of Greece formed the [[Greek People's Liberation Army]] (ELAS) and the [[National Liberation Front (Greece)|National Liberation Front]] (EAM) to fight against the [[Fascism|fascist]] occupiers. The EAM grew to over a million members and ranged from communists to the center-left. In November 1944, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] army entered Greece and began fighting against ELAS with the help of former Nazi collaborators. In January 1945, ELAS surrendered and the British took over Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2003|title=Killing Hope|chapter=Greece 1947 to early 1950s: From cradle of democracy to client state|page=33–37|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedfo2kzml5sodng4rtlybjdvertim3nybowazzlo6rztq6khixbv4?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Killing%20Hope_%20US%20Military%20and%20CIA%20Interventions%20Since%20World%20War%20II-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282003%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1842773682}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Civil War ===<br /> {{Main article|Greek Civil War}}<br /> Greek leftists began a rebellion in the fall of 1946 and the British left Greece in February 1947 to be replaced by the [[United States of America|USA]]. [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)|Albania]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)|Bulgaria]], and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|Yugoslavia]] assisted the Greek communists. By the end of 1947, the Greek government received all of its military supplies from the United States. The Greek revolutionary forces surrendered in October 1949.<br /> <br /> By the 1950s, Greece was an [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] US-backed police state and a member of NATO. Greece sent troops to fight against the [[Korean People's Army]] during the [[Fatherland Liberation War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Military junta (1967-1974) ===<br /> Liberal [[Georgios Papandreou]] won the February 1964 election, but King [[Constantine II|Constantine]] removed him from power in July 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2003|title=Killing Hope|chapter=Greece 1964-1974: &quot;Fuck your Parliament and your Constitution,&quot; said the President of the United States|page=215|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedfo2kzml5sodng4rtlybjdvertim3nybowazzlo6rztq6khixbv4?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Killing%20Hope_%20US%20Military%20and%20CIA%20Interventions%20Since%20World%20War%20II-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282003%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1842773682}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 1967, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] overthrew the Greek government and installed the Nazi-aligned CIA agent [[Georgios Papadopoulos]] as the military dictator of Greece. Papadopoulos banned all political parties and killed 8,000 people in the first month of his rule.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=1995|title=Killing Hope|chapter=|section=|page=219|quote=|pdf=|city=Monroe|publisher=|isbn=1567510523|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0/page/219/mode/2up|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}&lt;/ref&gt; He sent over 6,000 suspected communists to prisons or remote islands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{News citation|journalist=|date=1975-09-01|title=Answering to History|url=|newspaper=Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212222634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html|archive-date=|retrieved=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The CIA gave the junta 74,000 tons of military equipment to defend U.S. interests. After a failed coup in Cyprus which pursued to annex the island into Greece, the Junta collapsed.<br /> <br /> === Third Hellenic Republic (1974-present) ===<br /> <br /> ==== First and second government (1974-1981) ====<br /> During this time, the first Greek Prime Minister, Konstantinos Karamanlis, leading the [[New Democracy (political party in the Hellenic Republic)|New Democracy]] legalized the Communist Party of Greece, but left-wingers were still very marginalized. Aside from this and the establishment of a republican system, nothing else changed significantly.<br /> <br /> Greece entered the EU in early 1981.<br /> <br /> ==== First PASOK governments (1981-1989) ====<br /> As Greeks became increasingly disappointed with the government, they voted for the [[Social democracy|social-democratic]] [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement|PASOK]], led by [[Andreas Papandreou]]. During Papandreou's first two terms, many significant changes happened, even though Greece remained a [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois republic]]. Some enterprises were [[Nationalization|nationalized]] during this time and as such, the public sector was expanded. Communists that fought with KKE's side in the Greek Civil War were allowed to return in Greece and received special pensions. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wED8PRhve6aLndtvSoClrL88VQbDIJsbtp5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuWOCH0GRt-K2xNttmT5_Xib4r8XJBXogZSz4_0UkwyOn|title= ΦΕΚ 115Α/20-09-1982, Νόμος 1285&quot;Για την αναγνώριση της Εθνικής Αντίστασης του Ελληνικού Λαού εναντίον των στρατευμάτων κατοχής 1941-1944&quot;|language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wH6SCddhZcqgXdtvSoClrL8LCLHE8WeG_Z5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuaoZ1MEDTB99sift1pNJaQOCmwcNyY_dWR0qaCJM3ZsQ|title= ΦΕΚ A 105/1949, Α.Ν. 971(Αναγκαστικός Νόμος 971, 29 Απριλίου 1949, &quot;Περί απονομής ηθικών αμοιβών εις τας εθνικάς αντάρτικας ομάδας και Εθνικάς Οργανώσεις εσωτερικής αντιστάσεως&quot;|language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Universal healthcare|free and universal healthcare system]] was established during the 80s, whereas living conditions improved, as the purchase power of Greeks increased by 26% during the course of the decade. &lt;ref&gt;Sassoon, Donald (1997) ''Looking left: European socialism after the Cold War''. I.B. Taurus. {{ISBN|1860641792}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Trade union|Trade unions]] and work counclis also received rights, shops had fixed opening and closing times, and social security was established. Safety and education were also improved during this time. &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=4KW4ePkLPg8C&amp;dq=greece+1988+budget+unemployment&amp;pg=RA25-PP14 Foreign Labor Trends 1986]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=0sUYgpvYQtcC&amp;dq=Foreign+Labor+Trends+Report+Greece+1988&amp;pg=RA20-PP5 Foreign Labor Trends Report Greece 1988]&lt;/ref&gt; A more progressive taxation was introduced. Finally, parental leave was introduced, albeit in a limited scale.<br /> <br /> During this time, Papandreou tried to pull Greece out of NATO and the EU but failed, as the majority of the party supported to remain in both. However, he did challenge the US imperialist narrative and somewhat de-puppetize Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=John C. Loulis|newspaper=Foreign Affairs Magazine|title=Papandreou's Foreign Policy|date=1984-12-01|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029202002/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19841201faessay8413/john-c-loulis/papandreou-s-foreign-policy.html|archive-url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19841201faessay8413/john-c-loulis/papandreou-s-foreign-policy.html|archive-date=2008-10-29|retrieved=2014-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also condemned [[State of Israel|&quot;Israel&quot;]]'s policies in the occupied [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] territories. However, he supported a two-state solution and not an entirely free Palestine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Spyros Kaminaris|newspaper=Middle East Review of International Affairs|title=Greece and the Middle East|date=1999-06|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201100748/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1999/issue2/jv3n2a4.html|archive-url=http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1999/issue2/jv3n2a4.html|archive-date=2012-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== 1989-2004 ====<br /> In 1989, a scandal got revealed in Greece and Papandreou was accused of involvement. This led to an electoral decline of PASOK and after three subsequent elections, New Democracy (led by Konstantinos Mitsotakis) formed a cabinet. As the [[counterrevolutions of 1989]] and the [[overthrow of the Soviet Union]] took place during this time, Mitsotakis [[Privatization|privatized]] many enterprises. He also cut government spending, formally recognized Israel as a country and aligned Greece more with the US once again, as he negotiated about re-opening NATO bases. He also attempted to pass a [[reactionary]] bill concerning education, which caused widespread student protests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|title=ΦΕΚ A 156/1990|title-url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFWwnXHUzxPWXdtvSoClrL8oegNlWStPL95MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyIq-BTkXB0ftEAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIud2vs3dpVqYulrW5RWTsoeSfTZU2aJn-ImeQvVJgAXhw}}&lt;/ref&gt; The police assassinated a teacher during the protests.<br /> <br /> Andreas Papandreou got re-elected in 1993, but passed away in 1996 and got succeeded by the new president of PASOK, Costas Simitis. <br /> <br /> During Simitis, while infrastructure was upgraded (the so-called &quot;Modernization&quot;), Greece adopted the Euro as official currency and abolished the Drachma in 2001-02, causing a big rise in prices and crippling the purchase power of Greek citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFmadq2MKzY|channel=Nikolas Angelidis|title=Ρεπορτάζ Tempo Αλλαγή από δραχμή σε Ευρώ, 2001|date=2021-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1997, the International Olympic Committee selected Athens to organize the 2004 Summer Olympics.<br /> <br /> Under Simitis, the government was bribed by Siemens so that OTE (the then state-owned communications service) bought equipment by said company. An executive was sentenced to two-year jail on probation and fined 108,000 euros (around 170,000 U.S. dollars) for this. According to the court, &quot;Siemens divisions were using kickbacks to officials and purchasing executives in Greece, Italy and other nations to win major contracts.Slush funds hidden in the Siemens accounts were used as a conduit for paying &quot;consultancy&quot; fees to corrupt foreign officials. In reality, the recipients did not provide any consulting time to the front companies, but simply influenced buying decisions to favor Siemens.&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=[[People's Daily]]|title=Former Siemens executive sentenced for bribery scandal|date=2008-07-29|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90853/6461400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904124209/http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90853/6461400.html|archive-date=2020-09-04|retrieved=2024-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== 2004-2009 ====<br /> Kostas Karamanlis (the nephew of Konstantinos Karamanlis) won the 2004 elections. During his term, the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in Athens.<br /> <br /> In December 2008, a 15-year old student, Alexandros Grigoropoulos was killed by a policeman. Violent protests occurred in Athens which lasted until January 2009.<br /> <br /> ==== Acute Financial Crisis (2009-2015) ====<br /> <br /> ===== 2009 =====<br /> Karamanlis resigned in 2009, as the CIA allegedly plotted to assassinate him, as he planned the participation of Greece in the construction of South Stream, a [[Russian Federation|Russian]] gas pipeline connecting Burgas with Alexandroupoli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=CNN (although the sources for the claim are provided by Russian State Television)|title=Ντοκιμαντέρ για το σχέδιο δολοφονίας του Κώστα Καραμανλή έπαιξε η ρωσική τηλεόραση (vid)|url=https://www.cnn.gr/kosmos/story/102050/ntokimanter-gia-to-sxedio-dolofonias-toy-kosta-karamanli-epaixe-i-rosiki-tileorasi-vid}}&lt;/ref&gt; In order to lose the elections, he told people the actual economic state of Greece and proclaimed austerity measures, whereas PASOK leader George Papandreou (the son of Andreas Papandreou), proclaimed social expenditures that Greece could not actually afford. This led to a financial crisis.<br /> <br /> The social expenditures that Papandreou proclaimed caused a deficit in the Greek economy, which made Greece turn to the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] to get a loan. IMF required Greece to take harsh austerity measures.<br /> <br /> ===== 2010 =====<br /> The first austerity package got approved on 9 February 2010. It froze all wages of government employees, cut 10% of bonuses and overtime workers' and public employees wages and work-related travel subsidies. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&amp;id=130472 |title=Πάγωμα μισθών και περικοπές επιδομάτων ανακοίνωσε η κυβέρνηση |trans-title=Government announced cuts and a freeze in salaries |date=9 February 2010 |publisher=enet.gr |access-date=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another austerity package was approved just a month later, in March 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=issue.el.home&amp;date=04/03/2010&amp;id=137789 |title=Αξέχαστη (!) και δυσοίωνη η 3η Μαρτίου |trans-title=An unforgettable (!) and ominous 3 March |date=4 March 2010 |publisher=enet.gr |access-date=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2 May 2010, the first IMF/EU loan known as the First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece and commonly referred to as the &quot;first memorandum&quot; got signed, after a request on 23 April of the same year. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |title= Greece, Out of Ideas, Requests Global Aid |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/business/global/24drachma.html |work= The New York Times |access-date=11 August 2013|first1=Niki |last1= Kitsantonis |first2=Matthew |last2= Saltmarsh |date=23 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|title=EU, IMF agree $147 billion bailout for Greece|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-idUSTRE6400PJ20100502|work=Reuters|access-date=11 August 2013|date=2 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The European Commission, European Central Bank and the IMF formed the so-called Troika. These measures led to massive protests in Greece and the rise of the so-called anti-austerity movement. 2 days after the memorandum got signed, massive protests happened where 3 people died during the arson of a bank.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |date=2010-05-08 |title=The Greek spirit of resistance turns its guns on the IMF |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/09/greece-debt-crisis-euro-imf |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another austerity package was approved by the Parliament in 6 May 2010, privatizing 4,000 companies, cutting wages and pensions and increasing taxes. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Greek Bailout Talks Could Take Three Weeks|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-20/greek-bailout-talks-could-take-three-weeks-bond-payment-looms.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422033111/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-20/greek-bailout-talks-could-take-three-weeks-bond-payment-looms.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 22, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== 2011 =====<br /> In February 2011, massive protests occurred again in all major Greek cities. Protests re-began in May and happened continuously until December 2011. Many [[Bourgeois media|private TV channels]] did not cover the protests during their early days. During May-August 2011, an &quot;Indignant Citizens Movement&quot; emerged, inspired by the 15-M Spanish movement. In late May, a &quot;Real Democracy Now!&quot; movement emerged inspired by the Spanish one. The first vote of the People's Assembly in Greece got signed in 27 May 2011. The proceedings were:<br /> <br /> * Any corrupt politician should either be sent home or to jail.<br /> * When we, the people, start discussions without fear, fear grips them, inside the parliament building.<br /> * This is not just the politician's fault. It's all our faults, with our selfish attitudes.<br /> * Demonstrations should take place every evening at 6 pm and an assembly at 9 pm.<br /> * Their democracy guarantees neither Justice nor Equality.<br /> * The taxation system is not the same for the rich and the poor. Equal rights for everyone.<br /> <br /> A fourth austerity package got signed in June 2011, further cutting wages and pensions and doing more privatizations. Another one got signed in October 2011, reducing the tax-free threshold from 12,000€ to only 5,000€, as well as closing schools and cutting pensions, as well as other measures. In the protests during the same month, there were violent demonstrations and [[strikes]], inspired by the Statesian [[Occupy Wall Street]] movement. Communist Party of Greece members and hard-line protesters tried to invade the parliament, resulting in the death of one KKE member.<br /> <br /> In 28 October, a national holiday about Greece's refusal to be used as a base for [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]], the military parade officially got cancelled due to protests. The then-President of the Hellenic Republic, Karolos Papoulias, was forced to leave.<br /> <br /> Papandreou resigned on 11 November 2011, due to the protests that happened. A provisional government was formed, led by [[Lucas Papademos]].<br /> <br /> ===== 2012 =====<br /> In February 2012, another wave of protests started against the provisional government, since in the 13th day of the same month the parliament approved the sixth package of austerity measures. In fact, the passing of the austerity measures was a precondition for the next €130 billion lending package from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund to the Greek government, without which the country would have faced sovereign default by 20 March. The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, usually referred to as the &quot;second memorandum&quot; was signed in 1 March. In 20 March, the government finally announced they had defaulted and had rejected another package from Brussels Bailout and were starting to reform the system. On 5 April, people once again demonstrated against the government after a pensioner named Dimitris Christoulas committed suicide by shooting himself, refusing to share the fate of those people who have had to search for food in garbage.<br /> <br /> The two major labor unions of Greece warned that the harsh austerity measures would &quot;drive Greece to despair&quot;.<br /> <br /> In May 2012, elections happened, but no government was formed, so new elections happened in June. New Democracy (the first party, acquiring almost 30% of the votes), PASOK (having fallen at less than 12.3%) and Democratic Left (a social democratic party, which took 6.25% of the votes), formed the government. [[Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance|Syriza]] came second with almost 26.9% of the votes and was the main opposition party. However, the [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[Popular Association – Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]] party received more than 6.97% of the votes (from 0.29% in 2009) entering the Parliament for the first time. KKE was crippled at 4.5% and became the seventh (and last) party to enter the parliament, even though it received almost 4% more in the May 2012 elections.<br /> <br /> As such, [[Antonis Samaras]] became the new Prime Minister.<br /> <br /> A new austerity package was approved in October-November 2012.<br /> <br /> ===== 2013 =====<br /> On 28 April, a new austerity package was signed. The law created a new tax for immovable property that would be defined later. The teachers reacted to the bill by declaring strikes. However, the government prohibited the strikes, proceeding to implement Civil mobilization. The package was finalized on 17 July. The package laid off another 15,000 public employees, among them high school teachers, school guards and municipal policemen.<br /> <br /> On 11 June 2013, Simos Kedikoglou, the government's spokesman, at approximately 17:45 EEST announced the shutdown of the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT), which would make almost 3,000 employees reduntant. This closure was undemocratic.<br /> <br /> ERT was dissolved by a Common Ministerial Decision that was enacted by virtue of Article 14B of Law 3429/2005 (regarding the dissolution, merger and restructuring of public companies) as amended by an urgent government Legislative Ordinace (FEK 139/11.06.2013, Issue A').<br /> <br /> NET (the main channel) and ET1, which were based in Athens, interrupted programming. So did ET3, which is based in Thessaloniki. Thousands of people gathered in the Radio Hall, the building where ET1 and NET were based and practically ERT's main headquarters, and protested against the decision. This happened in Thessaloniki as well. Analog signal ceased at 22:54 EEST. The last (digital terrestrial television) ERT transmitters were closed at 23:17 EEST. However, 20 seconds later, 902TV, controlled by the KKE, retransmitted the signal and as such got shut down as well. Radio signals stopped at 23:22 EEST. Later on, the ERT World feed got shut down as well. On 12 June, all internet assets of ERT got erased from the Greek internet registry. Massive strikes happened the same day.<br /> <br /> However, with the help of EBU initially, ERT's employees, now integrated into the ERT Open initiative, continued to broadcast two of the three channels (NET and ET3) via Internet and satellite signals, and even reopened some analog transmitters. On 24 October, EBU ceased its aid to ERT and as such most signals ceased. ERT continued to broadcast via Internet only. On 7 November, police invaded the Radio Hall (prosecuting 4 people) and later that day, NET ceased broadcasting. Until its reopening on 11 June 2015, ET3 and some radio stations were the only services that never stopped broadcasting.<br /> <br /> Democratic Left exited the coalition because of this decision.<br /> <br /> In place of ERT, a new organization, NERIT, was expected to start broadcasting on 29 August. However, a transitional and terribly designed one, called Public Television was launched on 10 July instead and got replaced by NERIT on 4 May 2014.<br /> <br /> It should be noted that Public Television changed its name within just the first day (as it was called Hellenic Public Television) and changed logos 4 times during its first 2 months of operation. It started normal programming only on 21 August. Before then, the programming did not cover all 24 hours (akin to pre-1996 ERT).<br /> <br /> In fact, up until 7 November, Public Television broadcasted from a private studio and it also did not legally exist, as it did not have a VAT.<br /> <br /> ===== 2014 =====<br /> In 2014, a new austerity package was approved. The bill froze wages and pensions until 2018. It cut public sector expenses, such as the Ministry of Health. It provided that the primary surplus in 2014 would be 2.3% of GDP (€4.19 billion) 5.3% (€11.585 billion) in 2018.<br /> <br /> On 4 May, NERIT was launched.<br /> <br /> On 31 December, the Parliament was dissolved.<br /> <br /> ==== Syriza Government and recovery (2015-2019) ====<br /> <br /> ==== Mitsotakis regime (2019-present) ====<br /> <br /> ===== Economic Policies =====<br /> The New Democracy political party, in government since July 2019, has applied [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] and quasi-[[Fascism|fascist]] policies. It has made massive privatizations in tourism and natural resources&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;. Workers' rights have also been severely limited, with strikes being mostly prohibited and with employers having the right to fire employees without giving any notice prior or to give any reason. Collective agreements have been abolished as well.<br /> <br /> ===== Autocratization =====<br /> [[Censorship]] in media has been increased, with [https://rsf.org/en/index even pro-capitalist western organizations ranking Greece very low in press freedom] and with [https://www.v-dem.net/documents/30/V-dem_democracyreport2023_highres.pdf also pro-capitalist western organizations claiming Greece has a &quot;democratic backsliding&quot; and is becoming increasingly autocratic].<br /> <br /> [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]], the current Greek Prime Minister, has also put the National Information Service as well as the official Greek news agency under his complete control.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; New Democracy, with the support of the PASOK political party, amended a law (specifically 826/145 of the law 2472/1997), regarding wiretappings by the NIS, which practically removed citizens' right to be informed of their surveillance after it had been concluded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Ιn 2021 alone, 15,000 surveillance orders were issued.<br /> <br /> This led to a spying scandal ignited in July 2022, when opposition leader Nikos Androulakis, leader of PASOK, revealed he was being wiretapped by Greek authorities by the illegal [[Predator]] software.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Senior European Parliament Member Targeted as Spyware Abuse Spreads|date=2022-07-27|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/world/europe/eu-spyware-predator-pegasus.html|retrieved=2023-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The case reached media spotlight, however there have been active efforts from the government to not come to a conclusion. The revelations were followed by the -almost simultaneous- resignations of the head of the National Information Service, Panagiotis Kontoleon, and the General Secretary of the Prime Minister and his nephew, Grigoris Dimitriadis.<br /> <br /> Protests also need government approval.<br /> <br /> ===== 2023 Tempi Train Crash =====<br /> In the night of 28 February 2023, two trains collided with each other. The root cause of this tragic disaster was the lack of station masters (there was only one of them, near the crucial station of Larissa) and the lack of monitoring equipment for the trains. There has not been released any official document about the deaths, but the current information are 57 deaths and 53 missing, along with a lot more injuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Teddy Grant, Will Gretsky, Morgan Winsor, and Meredith Deliso|newspaper=ABC News|title=At least 57 dead, dozens more injured in Greek train derailment|date=2023-03-02|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/16-dead-85-injured-trains-collide-derail-greece/story?id=97538779|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301040059/https://abcnews.go.com/International/16-dead-85-injured-trains-collide-derail-greece/story?id=97538779|archive-date=2023-03-01|retrieved=2023-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== 2023 Natural Disasters =====<br /> In July, Greece was struck by a 15-day [[Climate change|heatwave]] which was the longest in their recorded history,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Tasos Kokkinidis|newspaper=Greek Reporter|title=Greece Heatwave: Record-breaking 46.4°C Recorded|date=2023-07-24|url=https://greekreporter.com/2023/07/24/greece-heatwave-record-breaking-46-4-recorded/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/knjSz|archive-date=2023-09-25|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; with some areas reaching highs of 46 °C.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Helena Smith|newspaper=The Guardian|title=‘Everyone is indoors’: life on pause on hottest day of Greek heatwave|date=2023-07-26|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/26/life-at-a-standstill-on-hottest-day-of-greek-heatwave-mystras|archive-url=https://archive.ph/TGlrb|archive-date=2023-07-26|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country was, in the summer, the victim of severe wildfires, particularly in the Dadia national park, in which over 70,000 hectares were incinerated, one of the worst in Europe up to this point.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Reuters|title=Greece wildfire 'worst on European soil in years', Copernicus says|date=2023-08-25|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/greece-wildfire-worst-european-soil-years-copernicus-says-2023-08-25/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/nhnxZ|archive-date=2023-08-25|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rhodes was particularly badly affected, with wildfires on [[Rhodes]] destroying towns and villages, resulting in the evacuation of nearly 20,000 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Anna Conkling|newspaper=Real News Network|title=Welcome to my burnt paradise’: Summer fires in Greece leave devastation in their wake|date=2023-09-19|url=https://therealnews.com/welcome-to-my-burnt-paradise-summer-fires-in-greece-leave-devastation-in-their-wake|archive-url=https://archive.ph/eY4mW|archive-date=2023-09-19|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Throughout Europe, the wildfires burned nearly 470,000 hectares of European land.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=European Commission|title=Wildfires in 2023: 41 % of the burnt area in the EU within Natura 2000 protected sites|date=2023-09-08|url=https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/wildfires-2023-41-burnt-area-eu-within-natura-2000-protected-sites-2023-09-08_en|archive-url=https://archive.ph/fxmmB|archive-date=2023-10-01|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; In early September, [[Thessaly]] was then flooded after 18 months of rainfall fell in 24 hours due to Storm Daniel,&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=World Metereological Organization|title=Storm Daniel leads to extreme rain and floods in Mediterranean, heavy loss of life in Libya|date=2023-09-12|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/storm-daniel-leads-extreme-rain-and-floods-mediterranean-heavy-loss-of-life-libya|archive-url=https://archive.ph/g36j7|archive-date=2023-09-20|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in late September, central Greece was once again struck by flooding due to Storm Elias.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=TeleSUR|title=Central Greece Battered by Storm Elias|date=2023-09-28|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Central-Greece-Battered-by-Storm-Elias-20230928-0006.html|archive-url=https://archive.ph/9edce|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A quarter of Greece's agricultural yields were wiped out and will be degraded for several years due to silt and mud.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Roberta Harrington|newspaper=Business News Europe|title=Greek agriculture devastated for five or more years|date=2023-09-25|url=https://www.intellinews.com/greek-agriculture-devastated-for-five-or-more-years-293963/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/4HEGL|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:&quot;Israel&quot; flag in the Hellenic Parliament building.png|thumb|The flag of the Zionist Entity in the Parliament building, Syntagma Square, Athens. |274x274px]]<br /> <br /> ===== Reaction to Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa =====<br /> Mitsotakis has supported [[&quot;Israel&quot;]] during the [[Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa]], implicitly calling Palestinians &quot;uncivilized people&quot;.<br /> <br /> == Politics ==<br /> The Hellenic Parliament is the legislative authority in Greece. The body of the parliament consists of representatives, which are elected every four years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Hellenic Parliament|title=The Institution|url=https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/Vouli-ton-Ellinon/O-Thesmos/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the current parliamentary body, which is a result of the June 2023 elections, the neoliberal centre-right party ''New Democracy'' has the majority of seats for second term in row, followed by Syriza, PASOK, the Communist Party and several right-wing parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Ministry of Interior|title=Nationwide Elections - June 2023|url=http://ekloges-prev.singularlogic.eu/2023/june/v/home/en/parties/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%;&quot;<br /> |+Final results of the last elections (June 2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;<br /> !Political party<br /> !Percent<br /> !Votes count<br /> !Parliament seats<br /> |-<br /> |'''''New Democracy (ND)'''''<br /> |'''''40.56'''''<br /> |'''''2,115,322'''''<br /> |'''''158'''''<br /> |-<br /> |Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance (SYRIZA)<br /> |17.83<br /> |930,013<br /> |47<br /> |-<br /> |Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK)<br /> |11.84<br /> |617,487<br /> |32<br /> |-<br /> |Communist Party of Greece (KKE)<br /> |7.69<br /> |401224<br /> |21<br /> |-<br /> |Spartans&lt;references group=&quot;Note&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;Right-wing political party&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |4.68<br /> |243,922<br /> |12<br /> |-<br /> |Hellenic Solution&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; group=&quot;Note&quot; /&gt;<br /> |4.44<br /> |231,491<br /> |12<br /> |-<br /> |Victory&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; group=&quot;Note&quot; /&gt;<br /> |3.70<br /> |193,124<br /> |10<br /> |-<br /> |Sail of Freedom&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;Left-wing nationalist party&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |3.17<br /> |165,523<br /> |8<br /> |-<br /> |Other (not in parliament)<br /> |6.07<br /> |317,101<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> |'''Blank votes'''<br /> |'''0.50'''<br /> |'''26,273'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Invalid votes'''<br /> |'''0.61'''<br /> |'''32,219'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Valid votes'''<br /> |'''98.89'''<br /> |'''5,215,207'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Turnout'''<br /> |'''53.74'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> === Neoliberal parties ===<br /> <br /> ==== New Democracy (ND) ====<br /> [[New Democracy (political party in the Hellenic Republic)|New Democracy]] (not to be confused with [[New Democracy|Mao's theory with the same name]]) is a neoliberal party in Greece currently led by Mitsotakis and is the currently governing one on its second term since the elections in July 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Sputnik Globe|title=Former Greek Prime Minister Mitsotakis' Party Wins Snap Elections|date=2023-06-25|url=https://sputnikglobe.com/20230625/former-greek-prime-minister-mitsotakis-party-wins-snap-elections-1111464393.html|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance (SYRIZA) ====<br /> [[SYRIZA]] is a de jure social-democratic but de facto neoliberal party (since September 2023).<br /> <br /> In September 2023, the party elected [[Stefanos Kasselakis]] as the leader of the [[Syriza|party]], to replace Alexis Tsipras. Kasselakis is a former shipping executive and [[Goldman Sachs]] trader, has worked for the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, and volunteered for [[Joe Biden]]'s 2008 presidential primary campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Thomas Scripps|newspaper=World Socialist Web Site|title=Syriza elects Goldman Sachs banker Stefanos Kasselakis as party leader|date=2023-09-27|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/09/27/frzy-s27.html|archive-url=https://archive.ph/W9tVT|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Social-democratic parties ===<br /> <br /> ==== Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) ====<br /> [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement|PASOK]] is a social-democratic party, currently led by [[Nikos Androulakis]].<br /> <br /> === Communist parties ===<br /> Communist parties in Greece include the [[Communist Party of Greece]], the [[Communist Organization of Greece]], the [[Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–55]], the [[Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece]] and the [[Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist)]].<br /> <br /> ==== Communist Party of Greece (KKE) ====<br /> The [[Communist Party of Greece]], abbreviated as KKE, is a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] (but also [[Dogmatism|dogmatic]]) communist party in Greece. It is led by [[Dimitris Koutsoumpas]].<br /> <br /> ==== Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece ====<br /> The [[Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece]], abbreviated as M-L KKE, is a Marxist-Leninist and [[Maoism|Maoist]] party formed after the death of [[Mao Zedong]] in 1976 triggered an internal conflict inside the Greek Organisation of Marxists-Leninists (OMLE), which resulted in a two-faction split.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Μ-Λ ΚΚΕ|title=Η ιστορία του μ-λ κινήματος εργαλείο για μικροκομματικές σκοπιμότητες Συκοφαντικές επιθέσεις στελεχών του ΚΚΕ (μ-λ) βγαλμένες από τα «παλιά»|date=2022-08-11|url=https://www.m-lkke.gr/featured/%CE%B7-%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85-%CE%BC-%CE%BB-%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF-%CE%B3%CE%B9/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ΚΚΕ(μ-λ)|title=Για το μ-λ κίνημα και την πάλη ενάντια στο ρεβιζιονισμό|date=2022-06-24|url=https://www.kkeml.gr/%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%BC-%CE%BB-%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD-%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7-%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF-%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; M-L KKE supports the [[Three Worlds Theory]]. It publishes the newspaper &quot;Laikos Dromos&quot; (The Popular Path).&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=M-L KKE|title=Decisions of April 2022 nationwide conference|date=2023-12-10|url=https://www.m-lkke.gr/international-texts/decisions-of-april-2022-nationwide-conference/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist) ====<br /> The [[Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist)]], abbreviated as KKE (m-l), is a Marxist-Leninist and Maoist party. It was the second and largest faction that came out of the OMLE split. In contrast with M-L KKE, KKE (m-l) explicitly rejects the Three Worlds Theory.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; It publishes the newspaper &quot;Proletariaki Simaia&quot; (The Proletarian Flag).&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ΚΚΕ(μ-λ)|title=Διαδρομή|url=https://kkeml.gr/%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Anti-Capitalist Left Cooperation for the Overthrow (ANTARSYA) ====<br /> [[ANTARSYA]] is a coalition of Greek [[Communist party|communist]] and [[Anti-capitalism|anti-capitalist]] political parties, organisations and individuals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ΑΝΤΑΡΣΥΑ|title=Απόφαση της 1ης Πανελλαδικής Συνδιάσκεψης της ΑΝΤΑΡΣΥΑ για τις οργανωτικές αρχές|date=2011-10-30|url=https://antarsya.gr/node/98|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2024 it includes the following parties:&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ΑΝΤΑΡΣΥΑ|title=Ποιοι είμαστε|url=https://antarsya.gr/node/8|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * '''Communist Liberation youth (nKA)''' - Marxism&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Νεολαία Κομμουνιστική Απελευθέρωση|title=Τι είναι η νΚΑ|url=https://nka.gr/ti-einai-i-nka/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Federation of Ecologists and Alternative Groups (OE)''' ­- [[Eco-socialism]]<br /> * '''New Left Current for the Communist Liberation (NAR)''' ­- Marxism&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ΝΑΡ|title=Ποιοί είμαστε|date=2017-12|url=https://narnet.gr/content/%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%AF-%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece - Spartacus (O.K.D.E. - Spartakos)''' - Trotskyism<br /> * '''Revolutionary Communist Movement of Greece (EKKE)''' ­- [[Maoism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Επαναστατικό Κομμουνιστικό Κίνημα Ελλάδας|title=Θέσεις|url=https://ekke.net.gr/theseis|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Socialist Workers' Party (SEK) ­'''- Trotskyism&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ΣΕΚonline|title=Παλεύουμε για|url=https://sekonline.gr/article.php?id=46|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Communist Organisation of Greece (KOE) ====<br /> The Communist Organisation of Greece was a Marxist-Leninist and Maoist political party. Since 2017, it is a political organisation which supports its own revisionist version of Marxism that it calls &quot;creatively located Marxism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ΚΟΕ|title=Μαρξισμός και Αριστερά στον 21ο αιώνα|date=2017-03-02|url=https://koel.gr/marxismos-kai-aristera-ston-21o-aiona/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Κομμουνιστική Οργάνωση Ελλάδας|title=Θέσεις για το 4ο συνέδριο της ΚΟΕ|date=2023-03-28|url=https://koel.gr/theseis-gia-to-4o-synedrio-tis-koe/#shmeio7|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece (OKDE) ====<br /> The [[Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece (OKDE)]] ­is a Trotskyist political party. It was one of the founding parties of ANTARSYA, but left the coalition soon after it was founded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt; A faction split off in 1985 to create the Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece - Spartacus (O.K.D.E. - Spartakos), a group that is today part of ANTARSYA.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:Countries]]<br /> [[Category:Global north]]<br /> [[Category:Imperialist countries]]<br /> [[Category:European countries]]<br /> [[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]]<br /> [[Category:Pages needing references]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> &lt;references group=&quot;Note&quot;/&gt;</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Y1zhr1g92cmi3vvn&topic_postId=y3bk0yu1l63u71nn&topic_revId=y3bk0yu1l63u71nn&action=single-view 2024-04-21T10:12:15Z

<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/User:Itsraining" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Itsraining"><bdi>Itsraining</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Itsraining" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Itsraining">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Itsraining" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Itsraining">contribs</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Y1zhr1g92cmi3vvn&amp;topic_showPostId=y3bk0yu1l63u71nn#flow-post-y3bk0yu1l63u71nn">commented</a> on "Greek instance: some minor points" (<em>Hello, I have been trying to post a message to your talk page on the Greek instance but have been getting this error: [5bb85fd81cb34024b3...</em>)</span>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Transformism&diff=65485 2024-04-15T11:36:34Z

<p>Itsraining: Added Stub template for now</p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}'''Transformism''' (from the Italian word '''Trasformismo''') is a historical term used to describe the formation of a hegemonic liberal government with the participation of converted members of both left-wing and right-wing parties in the years ater the Italian unification (1880s).&lt;ref name=&quot;gramsci&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Selections from Prison Notebooks|author=Antonio Gramsci|publisher=The Electric Book Company|year=2001|chapter=On Italian History|page=213-214|isbn=1843271192}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> [[Antonio Gramsci|Gramsci]] discerns two phases of Italian transformism:<br /> * '''Molecular transformism''' (1860-1900), whereby political figures from the democratic opposition parties converted individually to the conservative-moderate political framework, accepting its hegemony and aversion to the participation of the masses in state life.&lt;ref name=&quot;gramsci&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Group transformism''' (1900 - circa 1922), whereby entire groups of leftists convert to the moderate camp.&lt;ref name=&quot;gramsci&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === References ===<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=ProleWiki&diff=65365 2024-04-14T11:34:31Z

<p>Itsraining: Update retrieval time of reference after stats have been updated</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;blockquote&gt;''This article is about the history and notable events that happened on ProleWiki. For a description of the wiki, see the [[ProleWiki:About|About page]].''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Infobox website<br /> | name = <br /> | logo = File:Prolewiki logo 2022.png<br /> | logo_size = 200px<br /> | logo_alt =<br /> | logo_caption = The logo of ProleWiki, a globe featuring a star and wheat emblem, historically communist symbols<br /> | screenshot = File:ProleWiki Screenshot 2022-10-09.png<br /> | screenshot_size = 200px<br /> | screenshot_alt =<br /> | screenshot_caption = Main page of English ProleWiki<br /> | type = Online encyclopedia<br /> | language_count = 9<br /> | language =<br /> | founding_name =<br /> | founding_date = 30 September, 2020<br /> | founding_website =<br /> | founded = <br /> | founder = [[Comrade:Forte|Comrade Forte]]<br /> | key_people = [[Comrade:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]], [[Comrade:MxAsh|MxAsh]] <br /> | num_users = 23 [[Special:ActiveUsers|active users]]&lt;br&gt;{{NUMBEROFUSERS}} registered users<br /> | url = prolewiki.org<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''ProleWiki''' is a free, collaborative [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] encyclopedia founded in September 2020 aiming to build an [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] [[Proletariat|proletarian]] online collection of pages and essays with information on history, current events, [[Communist party|communist parties]] worldwide, and countries, as well as hosting a [[ProleWiki:Library|library]] of texts important to the international proletarian movement. <br /> <br /> ProleWiki was first proposed as an idea on [[Lemmygrad]]. As of April 2024, ProleWiki is available in nine languages and has over 3,000 articles and almost 7 million page views.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ProleWiki|title=Statistics|url=https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Special:Statistics|retrieved=2024-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> One goal established for the project at the time of its founding was to make ProleWiki as self-sufficient as early as possible. An influx of new users in late 2022 led to democratic reforms, allowing editors to vote on account requests. Thus the administration is gradually moving closer to a mentor or guidance role, here to guide the editorship towards the goals set out by ProleWiki and measure adherence to the principles, as well as providing help and resources for setting up these editor projects.<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> The name chosen for ProleWiki was based on the term &quot;proletariat&quot;, whose root ''&quot;prole&quot;'' it's found in common with very different Western languages: ''proletariat, proletariado, prolétariat, proletariato, proletariaat,'' etc''.'' This linguistic phenomenon reflects the [[Proletarian internationalism|internationalist]] aim of the encyclopedia.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> === Founding ===<br /> [[File:Prolewiki logo.png|thumb|203x203px|Old logo of ProleWiki used until February 2022]]<br /> ProleWiki was created on 30 September 2020 by current ProleWiki administrator [[Comrade:Forte|Forte]]. The project began under his sole administration for some time, receiving casual help from several contributors on technical aspects, the most important of which was [[Comrade:MxAsh|MxAsh]]. MxAsh helped with organizing the database, maintaining the server, establishing regular backups and generally helped out with the tech stack.<br /> <br /> On 1 November 2020, ex-user [[Comrade:Jucheguevara|Jucheguevara]] joined ProleWiki and became an administrator that same month until September 2022. Later that month, ProleWiki received a mass influx of account creations and spam accounts,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;offset=&amp;limit=500&amp;type=newusers&amp;user=&amp;page=&amp;wpdate=&amp;tagfilter=&amp;subtype= ProleWiki logs on user creation]&lt;/ref&gt; prompting the administration to implement an account request system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Camarada Forte|newspaper=Lemmygrad|title=Enjoy ProleWiki's first spam attack|date=2020-11-16|url=https://lemmygrad.ml/post/9176|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 16 November 2020, current ProleWiki administrator [[Comrade:CriticalResist|CriticalResist]] joined the project.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Jucheguevara and CriticalResist became administrators on 30 November 2020 and 5 February 2021 respectively, along with several other members of ProleWiki (as an invitation was extended to all editors at the time), in an effort to diminish the centralization of tasks into a single person.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://en.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;offset=&amp;limit=500&amp;type=rights&amp;user=&amp;page=&amp;wpdate=&amp;tagfilter=&amp;subtype= ProleWiki logs on user rights]&lt;/ref&gt; The effort eventually proved ineffective as the administration group suffered with absenteeism, and most of the early administrators would have their functions revoked a few months later.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The administrators who remained committed and active on ProleWiki at that time were Jucheguevara, Forte and CriticalResist.<br /> <br /> On 29 December 2021, ProleWiki editor [[Comrade:Ledlecreeper27|Ledlecreeper27]] joined the project.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He brought the project to new heights through his extremely quality contributions spanning several subjects. As of January 2024, he remains the most prolific editor on ProleWiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[[Special:ContributionScores|ProleWiki contribution scores]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Purge of patriotic socialists ===<br /> [[File:Jucheguevara Infrared message.png|thumb|382x382px|Messages sent by Jucheguevara to Infrared supporters attempting to infiltrate ProleWiki with MAGA communists]]<br /> In September 2022, Jucheguevara worked with the [[Infrared]] community in an attempt to infiltrate ProleWiki with [[MAGACommunism|MAGA communists]] and [[Patriotic socialism|patriotic socialists]]. He was banned on 27 September 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=@felipeforte|newspaper=[[Lemmygrad]]|title=Jucheguevara has been removed from administrative positions|date=2022-09-27|url=https://lemmygrad.ml/post/391777}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the purge of two other patriotic socialists, which formed the only presence on ProleWiki, he and followers of Infrared started [[InfraWiki]] on 13 October to promote [[settler colonialism]] and [[social conservatism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=InfraWiki|title=InfraWiki|date=2022-11-21|url=https://infrawiki.us/index.php/InfraWiki|retrieved=2022-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 22 October, ProleWiki added opposition to chauvinism and patriotic socialism to its [[ProleWiki:Principles|principles]], thereby cementing a position of no compromise on such ideologies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ProleWiki|title=Principles of ProleWiki|date=2022-10-22|url=https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/ProleWiki:Principles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122165427/https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/ProleWiki:Principles|archive-date=2022-11-22|retrieved=2023-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ultra-left subversion attempt ===<br /> In June 2022, [[Comrade:Wisconcom|Wisconcom]], a self-described [[Hoxhaism|Hoxhaist]], joined ProleWiki. He was a competent editor and overall improved many articles on ProleWiki, reaching 4th in all time edits in late 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; In ProleWiki's [[Discord]] server, Wisconcom had personal and ideological conflicts with other editors, but was allowed to stay due to his prolific editing. For the most part he respected the line of ProleWiki, even though he did not agree with it.<br /> <br /> In August 2022, Wisconcom began to oppose ProleWiki's [[ProleWiki:Principles|principles]] in the talk page of the ''[[Socialist market economy]]'' article.&lt;ref&gt;[[Topic:X1agp9ljig0tt2cj|Topic on ''Socialist market economy'' talk page]]&lt;/ref&gt; When the discussion was shared in [[Lemmygrad]], Wisconcom argued with others and sometimes insulted them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Camarada Forte|newspaper=Lemmygrad|title=Discussion about socialist market economy. Does socialism have commodity production? Is China a capitalist country because it has commodity production?|date=2022-08-16|url=https://lemmygrad.ml/post/353032}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of his behaviour, he was eventually banned from Lemmygrad but later created another account to evade his ban.<br /> <br /> After creating the c/Hoxhaism community on Lemmygrad, which he dedicated to anti-[[People's Republic of China|China]] propaganda, Lemmygrad administrators called for a collective debate on the issue in the People's Court of Lemmygrad (a space that the administrators use to poll and audit the community and gather opinions), and it was decided that Wisconcom and his community would be banned for ban-evasion and [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] propaganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Black Tulip|newspaper=Lemmygrad|title=The Admins want your opinion on the Hoxhaism community. [RESOLVED]|date=2022-08-26|url=https://lemmygrad.ml/post/362912}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though Wisconcom was banned from Lemmygrad, he was allowed to continue his work on ProleWiki. What started as honest engagements with ProleWiki editors would gradually devolve to name-calling, bad faith arguments, and generally being disruptive on Wisconcom's part. Wisconcom later edited articles to oppose the consensus of the editors without the consultation of said editors and also engaged in a dishonest manner with others, even resorting to lying and editing or deleting his messages after sending them to make it look like he said something different.<br /> <br /> Wisconcom retired on 17 October 2022 after a final struggle session. Three days later, he came back demanding that he be given higher authority over ProleWiki &quot;to ensure that no unfair rejections of [[Anti-revisionism|anti-revisionists]] takes place&quot; (referring to ProleWiki's account request system).&lt;ref&gt;[[Topic:X5dlyp67d28sfwgz|Topic on the talk page of ProleWiki administrator Forte]]&lt;/ref&gt; After arguing with Forte and condemning ProleWiki and Lemmygrad, he was banned on 21 October.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ProleWiki|title=Blocked users|url=https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Special:BlockList?wpTarget=&amp;wpOptions%5B%5D=addressblocks&amp;wpOptions%5B%5D=rangeblocks&amp;blockType=&amp;limit=50&amp;wpFormIdentifier=blocklist|retrieved=2022-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Immediately after his ban, he attempted to infiltrate ProleWiki through several means and even managed to deface some ProleWiki articles in the German-language instance (in which he called China a [[Fascism|fascist]] state&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;Er behauptet zwar, ein sozialistischer Staat zu sein, steht aber in Wirklichkeit unter der Herrschaft einer kapitalistischen und sozialfaschistischen Oligarchie.&quot;'' (It [China] claims to be a socialist state, but in reality is under the leadership of a capitalist and social fascist oligarchy.)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;China wird von der sogenannten 'Kommunistischen' Partei Chinas regiert, einer sozialfaschistischen und revisionistischen Partei.&quot;'' (China is ruled by the so-called 'Communist' Party of China, a social fascist and revisionist party.)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Die Staatsideologie ist der 'Sozialismus chinesischer Prägung' [...]. Diese Ideologie wird durch ihr neofaschistisches korporatistisches Wirtschaftsmodell [...] definiert.&quot; (The state ideology is 'Socialism with Chinese characteristics'. This ideology is defined by its neo-fascist corporatist economic model.)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;China basiert auf einer 'dritten positionistischen' (faschistischen Korporatismus) staatskapitalistischen Wirtschaft.&quot; (China is based on a 'third positionist' (fascist corporatism) state capitalist economy.)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Informationen aus der Volksrepublik China angesichts ihrer faschistischen Politik der Autarkie und ihrer quasi-dystopischen Überlebenssysteme [...] knapp sind.&quot; ([In reference to trade unions] Information about the People's Republic of China is scarce given its fascist politics of autarchy and its quasi-dystopian systems of survival.)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;1989 protestierte eine große Anzahl von Studentenprotestierenden, [...], gegen die kapitalistisch-faschistische und revisionistische Diktatur von Deng Xiaoping&quot;'' (In 1989, a large number of student protestors protested against the capitalist-fascist and revisionist dictator Deng Xiaoping.)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;Die sozialfaschistische dengistische Regierung unterdrückte die prosozialistischen Proteste [...] bald mit brutaler Gewalt.&quot;'' (The social-fascist Dengist government quickly suppresses pro-socialist protests with brutal force.)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;Nach 1989 wurde in China eine definitive faschistische Diktatur geschaffen.&quot;'' (After 1989, a definite fascist dictatorship was established.)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> Wisconcom (2022).: ''Volksrepublik China''. (in German). ProleWiki. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230103091002/https://de.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Volksrepublik_China&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4759 Archived] from [https://de.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Volksrepublik_China&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4759 the original] on 2023-01-03. Retrieved 2022-10-29.&lt;/ref&gt;, suggests that it is committing a genocide in its westernmost regions,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;Es begeht derzeit zahlreiche Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit und soll in seinem östlichen Land sogar Völkermord begehen.&quot;'' (It [China] is committing numerous crimes against humanity at this time and is even said to be committing genocide in its eastern territory.)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;Bild, das die chinesische revisionistische Unterdrückung und den Völkermord in Tibet darstellt.&quot;'' (Image depicting the revisionist Chinese repression and the genocide in Tibet.)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> Wisconcom (2022).: ''Volksrepublik China''. (in German). ProleWiki. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230103091002/https://de.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Volksrepublik_China&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4759 Archived] from [https://de.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Volksrepublik_China&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4759 the original] on 2023-01-03. Retrieved 2022-10-29.&lt;/ref&gt; and likens the Chinese economy to that of [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;...die einzige erlaubte 'Gewerkschaft' ist eine einzige staatliche Institution namens 'Gesamtchinesischer Gewerkschaftsbund' [...], ähnlich der 'Gewerkschaft' in Nazideutschland.&quot;'' (The only 'trade union' allowed is a state-owned institution called the 'All-China Federation of Trade Unions', similar to the 'trade union' in Nazi Germany.)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> Wisconcom (2022).: ''Volksrepublik China''. (in German). ProleWiki. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230103091002/https://de.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Volksrepublik_China&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4759 Archived] from [https://de.prolewiki.org/index.php?title=Volksrepublik_China&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4759 the original] on 2023-01-03. Retrieved 2022-10-29.&lt;/ref&gt;). He has denounced ProleWiki as promoting &quot;Dengist [[Revisionism|revisionist]] ideology.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Wisconcom|newspaper=Substack|title=On ProleWiki|date=2022-11-13|url=https://wisconcom.substack.com/p/on-prolewiki}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Attempted infiltration ====<br /> Wisconcom used his account on [[RationalWiki]] to spread anti-China propaganda and denounce ProleWiki for being &quot;[[tankie]]&quot;, &quot;pro-[[Communist Party of China|CCP]] [sic]&quot;, and &quot;whitewashing Chinese [[imperialism]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Wisconcom|newspaper=RationalWiki|title=Revision of the page &quot;Wiki&quot; as of 02:08, 3 November 2022|date=2022-11-03|url=https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wiki&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2497774|archive-url=https://archive.ph/9gP3m|archive-date=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; This event was shared on Lemmygrad,&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=@felipeforte|newspaper=Lemmygrad|title=Wisconcom has made edits on RationalWiki claiming we are &quot;pro-CCP&quot; propaganda|date=2022-11-13|url=https://lemmygrad.ml/post/434221|retrieved=2022-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; leading him to create another fake account claiming he didn't make the edits.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|date=2022-11-03|title=Revision of the page &quot;RationalWiki:Requests to change username&quot; as of 20:20, 13 November 2022|url=https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wiki&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2497774|newspaper=RationalWiki|author=Wisconcom|quote=I request to have my username changed to &quot;Fiscornus&quot;, [my] present username just doesn't feel right for me.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=@Leninimusundthings (Wisconcom)|newspaper=Lemmygrad|title=Comment on &quot;Wisconcom has made edits on RationalWiki claiming we are &quot;pro-CCP&quot; propaganda&quot;|date=2022-11-13|url=https://lemmygrad.ml/post/434221/comment/320477|retrieved=2022-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|date=2022-11-20|title=Revision of the page &quot;RationalWiki:Requests to change username&quot; as of 03:44, 20 November 2022|url=https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wiki&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2497774|newspaper=RationalWiki|author=Wisconcom|quote=I temporally changed my username due to security reasons, however, those reasons no longer exist. I request my username be changed back to Wisconcom, sorry for the confusion.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Wisconcom's message to the ProleWiki administration on Reddit.png|thumb|466x466px|A screen capture of ''Wisconcom''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s message to the mods of the ProleWiki subreddit, under the alias ''ComradeWenger'', saying &quot;You have forced me to go THERMONUCLEAR!&quot; as he announces the &quot;Committee to Reconstitute ProleWiki&quot;]]<br /> This status quo went on for several months: Wisconcom would attempt to make accounts on Lemmygrad or ProleWiki, get found out and banned, and try again after a few days. On 26 January 2022, he changed tactics: he first contacted the moderators of the r/ProleWiki subreddit (at the time, the same administrators of ProleWiki) and left them a message under a known alias of his, ComradeWenger, saying ProleWiki had &quot;left him no choice&quot; and that he would &quot;go [[Nuclear weapon|THERMONUCLEAR]]!&quot; (see picture on the right). Secondly, he founded a &quot;committee&quot; on Discord seeking to infiltrate ProleWiki and overthrow its administration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Wisconcom|title=Announcement on the creation of the Committee to Reconstitute ProleWiki|date=2023-01-26|url=https://wisconcom.substack.com/p/announcement-on-the-creation-of-the/comments|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127232637/https://wisconcom.substack.com/p/announcement-on-the-creation-of-the/comments|archive-date=2023-01-27|retrieved=2023-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This prompted the administration of ProleWiki to create an internal security group composed of trusted editors, whose tasks are to audit prospective and established members, monitor ProleWiki's reputation online, help solve conflicts between editors, and generally offer opinions and information on matters of security to the project. This group was formalised on 15 February 2023.<br /> <br /> Since May 2023, Wisconcom has mostly deleted his online presence and stopped bothering ProleWiki and Lemmygrad. It is unknown what prompted this change of mind.<br /> <br /> === Democratic reforms ===<br /> [[File:ProleWiki book club.png|thumb|Screenshot of the users who participated in the first ProleWiki book club]]<br /> Regular backups of the website were quickly established, and a plan to distribute them freely on the Internet (so that ProleWiki could be rehosted in case it went down) was studied but put on hold due to the effort required to enact that plan, which was not deemed urgent.<br /> <br /> In the fall of 2022, the administration started a work group program, which was aimed at delegating some tasks (outside of editing articles) to the editorship. An Agitprop group was created, which editors could join to help create content for social media. Since June 2023, all [[ProleWiki:Trusted Editor Permissions|Trusted editors]] are opted into the agitprop group. This work group structure lets editors branch out to areas of interest to them and not limit themselves strictly to editing the wiki. Editors are able to propose almost any plan they wish to be involved with that would be beneficial for ProleWiki, and the administrators help them with everything they need to set up these self-governing groups.<br /> <br /> Around the same time, editors became more involved in approving account requests. When someone requests an account on Prolewiki, their vetting answers are systematically passed on to the editorship in the Discord server who can vote with a simple yes or no. The administration provides context if necessary, and abides by the results of the vote. This was made possible by the growing interest in ProleWiki that happened in 2022, as the Discord server was mostly inactive until some users joined in September and breathed new life into it.<br /> <br /> In January 2023, ProleWiki made great strides in its goal of establishing proper [[democratic centralism]] in the project so that it would not depend on a single person for survival. Co-administrator CriticalResist was given access to the entirety of the ProleWiki accounts and started learning how to debug MediaWiki software on a VPS. This meant that in case either of the two administrators was unable to participate on the project in the future, the other could always keep ProleWiki alive.<br /> <br /> Around the same time, editor [[Comrade:RedCustodian|RedCustodian]] created a book club that was managed entirely by himself,&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=@felipeforte|newspaper=Lemmygrad|title=Follow-up post about ProleWiki’s book club|date=2023-02-13|url=https://lemmygrad.ml/post/511125|retrieved=2023-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; with members of the book club voting on what to read and when.<br /> <br /> === Fundraiser ===<br /> In February 2023, ProleWiki began its first ever fundraiser to expand its storage space from 40 to 80 gigabytes. The goal of the fundraiser was $528 USD, enough to cover the hosting costs of this new server for two years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=@CriticalResist8|newspaper=Lemmygrad|title=Comrade, ProleWiki has big plans and needs your donation!|date=2023-02-18|url=https://lemmygrad.ml/post/514336|retrieved=2023-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; The administration has been completely transparent about where the money is going;&lt;ref&gt;CriticalResist, Forte (2023-02-21).: [[ProleWiki:Donate|''ProleWiki:Donate'']]. ProleWiki. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230221224322/https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/ProleWiki:Donate Archived] from the original on 2023-02-21. Retrieved on 2023-02-21.&lt;/ref&gt; it has also decided that, should any excess be raised, the contributors would be allowed to vote on what the surplus is spent on.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The first goal (one year of hosting) was reached in under 24 hours after comrade [[Comrade:Deogeo|Deogeo]] made a $200 USD donation. Then, with help from Lemmygrad and [[Hexbear]] users, ProleWiki raised their stated goal of $528 USD in just 5 days.<br /> <br /> === Further development ===<br /> In July 2023, ProleWiki adopted a new library with images of its authors. The [[ProleWiki:Library/Archive|old library]] is still available on an archived page.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=@CriticalResist8|newspaper=Lemmygrad|title=ProleWiki is proud to announce our all-new super cool library! (link inside)|date=2023-07-08|url=https://lemmygrad.ml/post/898378|retrieved=2023-07-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2024, it allowed users to create library accounts and only be able to edit the library if they lack the knowledge to be approved for a full account.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=[[Comrade:Forte|Camarada Forte]]|newspaper=[[Lemmygrad]]|title=Join ProleWiki as a library editor!|date=2024-01-16|url=https://lemmygrad.ml/post/3348560}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2024, ProleWiki started a [[Matrix]] server.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=[[Comrade:Forte|Camarada Forte]]|newspaper=[[Lemmygrad]]|title=ProleWiki now has a Matrix server! Thanks to everyone who helped us set it up|date=2024-02-25|url=https://lemmygrad.ml/post/3763970|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Baidu Baike]]<br /> * [[EcuRed]]<br /> * [[Leftypedia]]<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> <br /> * [https://cryptpad.fr/pad/#/2/pad/view/kVBBnfiIqsEHEafbYAsOfWBuCptIU8545msIZxIC5QE/embed/ The Wiscon Files]<br /> <br /> == Social media ==<br /> * [https://discord.com/invite/ZQTBNRU9v5 Discord]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/groups/747910359442297 Facebook]<br /> * [https://lemmygrad.ml/c/prolewiki Lemmygrad]<br /> * [https://matrix.to/#/%23prolewiki:matrix.org Matrix]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/prolewiki/ Reddit]<br /> * [https://www.tiktok.com/@prolewiki TikTok]<br /> * [https://twitter.com/prolewiki Twitter]<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/@prolewiki/featured YouTube]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Wikis]]<br /> [[Category:Online encyclopedias]]<br /> [[Category:Socialist media outlets]]<br /> [[Category:Online left]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Transformism&diff=65364 2024-04-14T11:33:10Z

<p>Itsraining: Add blue link to Antonio Gramsci</p> <hr /> <div>'''Transformism''' (from the Italian word '''Trasformismo''') is a historical term used to describe the formation of a hegemonic liberal government with the participation of converted members of both left-wing and right-wing parties in the years ater the Italian unification (1880s).&lt;ref name=&quot;gramsci&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Selections from Prison Notebooks|author=Antonio Gramsci|publisher=The Electric Book Company|year=2001|chapter=On Italian History|page=213-214|isbn=1843271192}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> [[Antonio Gramsci|Gramsci]] discerns two phases of Italian transformism:<br /> * '''Molecular transformism''' (1860-1900), whereby political figures from the democratic opposition parties converted individually to the conservative-moderate political framework, accepting its hegemony and aversion to the participation of the masses in state life.&lt;ref name=&quot;gramsci&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Group transformism''' (1900 - circa 1922), whereby entire groups of leftists convert to the moderate camp.&lt;ref name=&quot;gramsci&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === References ===<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Trasformismo&diff=65363 2024-04-14T11:32:31Z

<p>Itsraining: Create redirect from original Italian term to English term</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Transformism]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Transformism&diff=65362 2024-04-14T11:31:56Z

<p>Itsraining: Create stub article for Transformism</p> <hr /> <div>'''Transformism''' (from the Italian word '''Trasformismo''') is a historical term used to describe the formation of a hegemonic liberal government with the participation of converted members of both left-wing and right-wing parties in the years ater the Italian unification (1880s).&lt;ref name=&quot;gramsci&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Selections from Prison Notebooks|author=Antonio Gramsci|publisher=The Electric Book Company|year=2001|chapter=On Italian History|page=213-214|isbn=1843271192}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> Gramsci discerns two phases of Italian transformism:<br /> * '''Molecular transformism''' (1860-1900), whereby political figures from the democratic opposition parties converted individually to the conservative-moderate political framework, accepting its hegemony and aversion to the participation of the masses in state life.&lt;ref name=&quot;gramsci&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Group transformism''' (1900 - circa 1922), whereby entire groups of leftists convert to the moderate camp.&lt;ref name=&quot;gramsci&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === References ===<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Y286dcc0vo3s54ir&topic_postId=y2afo78hvc5dq23n&topic_revId=y2afo78hvc5dq23n&action=single-view 2024-04-04T18:16:09Z

<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/User:Itsraining" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Itsraining"><bdi>Itsraining</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Itsraining" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Itsraining">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Itsraining" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Itsraining">contribs</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Y286dcc0vo3s54ir&amp;topic_showPostId=y2afo78hvc5dq23n#flow-post-y2afo78hvc5dq23n">commented</a> on "You have been elevated to a trusted editor." (<em>That&#039;s great :) I&#039;ve got the notification all right but thank you for telling me. I will continue translations in coming days when I have...</em>)</span>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Y1zhr1g92cmi3vvn&topic_postId=y1zhr1g92gkkbztv&topic_revId=y1zhsz7xr3rg06qr&action=single-view 2024-03-30T20:23:43Z

<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/User:Itsraining" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Itsraining"><bdi>Itsraining</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Itsraining" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Itsraining">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Itsraining" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Itsraining">contribs</a>)</span> edited a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Y1zhr1g92cmi3vvn&amp;topic_showPostId=y1zhr1g92gkkbztv#flow-post-y1zhr1g92gkkbztv">post</a> on "Greek instance: some minor points"</span>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Y1zhr1g92cmi3vvn&topic_postId=y1zhr1g92gkkbztv&topic_revId=y1zhr1g92gkkbztv&action=single-view 2024-03-30T20:22:45Z

<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/User:Itsraining" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Itsraining"><bdi>Itsraining</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Itsraining" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Itsraining">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Itsraining" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Itsraining">contribs</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Y1zhr1g92cmi3vvn&amp;topic_showPostId=y1zhr1g92gkkbztv#flow-post-y1zhr1g92gkkbztv">commented</a> on "Greek instance: some minor points" (<em>Hi Syntrofos! I&#039;m contacting you here because I can&#039;t do so via the talk page on the Greek instance (perhaps due to being a new editor)....</em>)</span>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Y13gxg6g3odq4x0j&topic_postId=y1jzw6h6rs0z43kz&topic_revId=y1jzw6h6rs0z43kz&action=single-view 2024-03-23T21:25:39Z

<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/User:Itsraining" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Itsraining"><bdi>Itsraining</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Itsraining" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Itsraining">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Itsraining" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Itsraining">contribs</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Y13gxg6g3odq4x0j&amp;topic_showPostId=y1jzw6h6rs0z43kz#flow-post-y1jzw6h6rs0z43kz">commented</a> on "Greek instance is starting" (<em>Yes, of course. The only problem is I still can&#039;t create pages so unless someone creates them first I can&#039;t be of much help :/</em>)</span>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Truman_Doctrine&diff=64325 2024-03-17T21:48:39Z

<p>Itsraining: /* History */ Remove quotes in quote= parameter</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:US wars 1950-1978.png|thumb|U.S. wars, combat actions, and military bases between 1950 and 1978]]<br /> The '''Truman Doctrine''' is an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] foreign policy position of the [[United States of America|United States]] created by President [[Harry S. Truman]]. It allows unlimited interventionism to maintain the dictatorship of [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[Market|markets]] from [[socialism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:02233232&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=From Stalin to Khrushchev|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=242}}&lt;/ref&gt; This doctrine was used to stop communists from achieving socialism in [[Hellenic Republic|Greece]] and [[Republic of Türkiye|Türkiye]] after the [[Second World War]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> After the Second World War, officials in the United States expressed anxiety over the so-called &quot;communist threat&quot; fearing that the Soviet Union would come to dominate Greece and Türkiye, essentially establishing socialist states. In 1946, the State Department issued a recommendation for readiness to intervene into the affairs of Greece not only diplomatically, but also by providing financial support and sending military equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Athanasios Lykogiannis|year=2002|title=Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis, 1944-1947: from liberation to the Truman Doctrine|title-url=https://archive.org/details/britaingreekecon00lyko|chapter=The American Aftermath|page=211|quote=Within weeks, such cautious optimism was replaced by a growing sense of anxiety, originating not so much from any reassessment of the economic situation but instead from increasing fears arising from regional and international developments. Growing perceptions of the communist threat both within and outside Greece proved crucial in reshaping American attitudes. With wider issues at stake, reservations about becoming associated with the British rapidly became irrelevant.<br /> <br /> At the end of September Byrnes privately expressed his anxiety about recent world developments, particularly the attitude of the Soviet Union. He emphasized the necessity of offering American support to Turkey and Greece. [...] Within weeks, the State Department cited a long list of anti-Greek activities undertaken by Moscow and its satellites to demonstrate that Greece and Turkey constituted the “sole obstacle to Soviet domination of the Eastern Mediterranean.” It recommended that Washington should announce its readiness to “take suitable measures” to safeguard the “territorial and political integrity of Greece,” including diplomatic and moral support, and practical assistance in the form of credits and military equipment.|city=Columbia|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=0826214223}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Meanwhile in Greece the People's Democratic Army (ΔΣΕ) was already waging a war trying to liberate the country from British and bourgeois influence.<br /> <br /> In early 1947 the United States diplomats considered a [[revolution]] to be highly probable. Reacting to signals from diplomatic U.S. personnel stationed in Athens, the Truman Doctrine was articulated in February, aiming to &quot;contain&quot; the expansion of communism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Athanasios Lykogiannis|year=2002|title=Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis, 1944-1947: from liberation to the Truman Doctrine|title-url=https://archive.org/details/britaingreekecon00lyko|chapter=The American Aftermath|page=212-213|quote=By early 1947 the tone of dispatches from U.S. personnel in Athens had become positively alarmist. MacVeagh pointed out that the combination of external pressure and internal unrest was likely to lead to revolution and “Soviet control,” while Mark Ethridge, the U.S. representative on the UN Commission of Investigation, compared Greece to a “ripe plum” likely to fall into Soviet hands within weeks.<br /> <br /> [...] Given the sense of urgency already pervading Washington, the receipt of the British note on February 21 had an immediate effect. Within weeks the Truman Doctrine had been articulated, and the way was open for the policy of all-out containment of Soviet communism and the accompanying ideological crusade.|city=Columbia|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=0826214223}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Monroe Doctrine]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [[Category:Imperialism]]<br /> [[Category:Stubs]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Truman_Doctrine&diff=64324 2024-03-17T21:47:48Z

<p>Itsraining: /* History */ Fix pages</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:US wars 1950-1978.png|thumb|U.S. wars, combat actions, and military bases between 1950 and 1978]]<br /> The '''Truman Doctrine''' is an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] foreign policy position of the [[United States of America|United States]] created by President [[Harry S. Truman]]. It allows unlimited interventionism to maintain the dictatorship of [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[Market|markets]] from [[socialism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:02233232&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=From Stalin to Khrushchev|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=242}}&lt;/ref&gt; This doctrine was used to stop communists from achieving socialism in [[Hellenic Republic|Greece]] and [[Republic of Türkiye|Türkiye]] after the [[Second World War]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> After the Second World War, officials in the United States expressed anxiety over the so-called &quot;communist threat&quot; fearing that the Soviet Union would come to dominate Greece and Türkiye, essentially establishing socialist states. In 1946, the State Department issued a recommendation for readiness to intervene into the affairs of Greece not only diplomatically, but also by providing financial support and sending military equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Athanasios Lykogiannis|year=2002|title=Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis, 1944-1947: from liberation to the Truman Doctrine|title-url=https://archive.org/details/britaingreekecon00lyko|chapter=The American Aftermath|page=211|quote=&quot;Within weeks, such cautious optimism was replaced by a growing sense of anxiety, originating not so much from any reassessment of the economic situation but instead from increasing fears arising from regional and international developments. Growing perceptions of the communist threat both within and outside Greece proved crucial in reshaping American attitudes. With wider issues at stake, reservations about becoming associated with the British rapidly became irrelevant.<br /> <br /> At the end of September Byrnes privately expressed his anxiety about recent world developments, particularly the attitude of the Soviet Union. He emphasized the necessity of offering American support to Turkey and Greece. [...] Within weeks, the State Department cited a long list of anti-Greek activities undertaken by Moscow and its satellites to demonstrate that Greece and Turkey constituted the “sole obstacle to Soviet domination of the Eastern Mediterranean.” It recommended that Washington should announce its readiness to “take suitable measures” to safeguard the “territorial and political integrity of Greece,” including diplomatic and moral support, and practical assistance in the form of credits and military equipment.&quot;|city=Columbia|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=0826214223}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Meanwhile in Greece the People's Democratic Army (ΔΣΕ) was already waging a war trying to liberate the country from British and bourgeois influence.<br /> <br /> In early 1947 the United States diplomats considered a [[revolution]] to be highly probable. Reacting to signals from diplomatic U.S. personnel stationed in Athens, the Truman Doctrine was articulated in February, aiming to &quot;contain&quot; the expansion of communism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Athanasios Lykogiannis|year=2002|title=Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis, 1944-1947: from liberation to the Truman Doctrine|title-url=https://archive.org/details/britaingreekecon00lyko|chapter=The American Aftermath|page=212-213|quote=&quot;By early 1947 the tone of dispatches from U.S. personnel in Athens had become positively alarmist. MacVeagh pointed out that the combination of external pressure and internal unrest was likely to lead to revolution and “Soviet control,” while Mark Ethridge, the U.S. representative on the UN Commission of Investigation, compared Greece to a “ripe plum” likely to fall into Soviet hands within weeks.<br /> <br /> [...] Given the sense of urgency already pervading Washington, the receipt of the British note on February 21 had an immediate effect. Within weeks the Truman Doctrine had been articulated, and the way was open for the policy of all-out containment of Soviet communism and the accompanying ideological crusade.&quot;|city=Columbia|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=0826214223}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Monroe Doctrine]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [[Category:Imperialism]]<br /> [[Category:Stubs]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Truman_Doctrine&diff=64323 2024-03-17T21:46:29Z

<p>Itsraining: Added some history context from a source available on the Internet Archive. (While a bourgeois point of view pervades it, some facts can still be carefully extracted from it.)</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:US wars 1950-1978.png|thumb|U.S. wars, combat actions, and military bases between 1950 and 1978]]<br /> The '''Truman Doctrine''' is an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] foreign policy position of the [[United States of America|United States]] created by President [[Harry S. Truman]]. It allows unlimited interventionism to maintain the dictatorship of [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[Market|markets]] from [[socialism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:02233232&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=From Stalin to Khrushchev|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=242}}&lt;/ref&gt; This doctrine was used to stop communists from achieving socialism in [[Hellenic Republic|Greece]] and [[Republic of Türkiye|Türkiye]] after the [[Second World War]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> After the Second World War, officials in the United States expressed anxiety over the so-called &quot;communist threat&quot; fearing that the Soviet Union would come to dominate Greece and Türkiye, essentially establishing socialist states. In 1946, the State Department issued a recommendation for readiness to intervene into the affairs of Greece not only diplomatically, but also by providing financial support and sending military equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Athanasios Lykogiannis|year=2002|title=Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis, 1944-1947: from liberation to the Truman Doctrine|title-url=https://archive.org/details/britaingreekecon00lyko|chapter=The American Aftermath|page=210|quote=&quot;Within weeks, such cautious optimism was replaced by a growing sense of anxiety, originating not so much from any reassessment of the economic situation but instead from increasing fears arising from regional and international developments. Growing perceptions of the communist threat both within and outside Greece proved crucial in reshaping American attitudes. With wider issues at stake, reservations about becoming associated with the British rapidly became irrelevant.<br /> <br /> At the end of September Byrnes privately expressed his anxiety about recent world developments, particularly the attitude of the Soviet Union. He emphasized the necessity of offering American support to Turkey and Greece. [...] Within weeks, the State Department cited a long list of anti-Greek activities undertaken by Moscow and its satellites to demonstrate that Greece and Turkey constituted the “sole obstacle to Soviet domination of the Eastern Mediterranean.” It recommended that Washington should announce its readiness to “take suitable measures” to safeguard the “territorial and political integrity of Greece,” including diplomatic and moral support, and practical assistance in the form of credits and military equipment.&quot;|city=Columbia|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=0826214223}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Meanwhile in Greece the People's Democratic Army (ΔΣΕ) was already waging a war trying to liberate the country from British and bourgeois influence.<br /> <br /> In early 1947 the United States diplomats considered a [[revolution]] to be highly probable. Reacting to signals from diplomatic U.S. personnel stationed in Athens, the Truman Doctrine was articulated in February, aiming to &quot;contain&quot; the expansion of communism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Athanasios Lykogiannis|year=2002|title=Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis, 1944-1947: from liberation to the Truman Doctrine|title-url=https://archive.org/details/britaingreekecon00lyko|chapter=The American Aftermath|page=210|quote=&quot;By early 1947 the tone of dispatches from U.S. personnel in Athens had become positively alarmist. MacVeagh pointed out that the combination of external pressure and internal unrest was likely to lead to revolution and “Soviet control,” while Mark Ethridge, the U.S. representative on the UN Commission of Investigation, compared Greece to a “ripe plum” likely to fall into Soviet hands within weeks.<br /> <br /> [...] Given the sense of urgency already pervading Washington, the receipt of the British note on February 21 had an immediate effect. Within weeks the Truman Doctrine had been articulated, and the way was open for the policy of all-out containment of Soviet communism and the accompanying ideological crusade.&quot;|city=Columbia|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=0826214223}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Monroe Doctrine]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [[Category:Imperialism]]<br /> [[Category:Stubs]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Y13gxg6g3odq4x0j&topic_postId=y16l7h5jx8jr0qoz&topic_revId=y16l7h5jx8jr0qoz&action=single-view 2024-03-17T20:58:21Z

<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/User:Itsraining" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Itsraining"><bdi>Itsraining</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Itsraining" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Itsraining">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Itsraining" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Itsraining">contribs</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Y13gxg6g3odq4x0j&amp;topic_showPostId=y16l7h5jx8jr0qoz#flow-post-y16l7h5jx8jr0qoz">commented</a> on "Greek instance is starting" (<em>Sorry for the delay. I see that you have translated the principles already. I have only made some minor corrections there. What is the pl...</em>)</span>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=ProleWiki:Principles/Signed&diff=64319 2024-03-17T20:57:37Z

<p>Itsraining: Signed the Principles</p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC__&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;''To view all signatures and leave yours, click [[ProleWiki:Principles/Signed|here]].''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> &lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;<br /> <br /> == Signing ==<br /> === Visual editor ===<br /> In visual editor, make a new line after the last signature, then click on &quot;Insert&quot; in the upper menu bar, then expand the list by clicking &quot;More&quot; and you'll see the option to leave your signature.<br /> <br /> === Source editor ===<br /> Make a new line after the last signature, then simply type out &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and preview your edit to confirm you are leaving a signature.<br /> <br /> == Sign below ==<br /> — ''Comrade [[User:FelipeForte|Felipe Forte]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:FelipeForte|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 21:01, 5 December 2020 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[User:Andassol|Andassol]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Andassol|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 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14:10, 26 May 2021 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade'' ''[[Comrade:Ferret|Ferret]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comrade talk:Ferret|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 09:05, 31 May 2021 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade'' ''[[Comrade:DioneBigode|DioneBigode]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comrade talk:DioneBigode|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 19:00, 17 August 2021 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:The Waffle Comrade|The Waffle Comrade]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:The Waffle Comrade|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 20:25, 11 September 2021 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Pabeggetour|Pabeggetour]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Pabeggetour|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 19:26, 13 September 2021 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Messier 45|Pleiades]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Messier 45|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 19:27, 28 December 2021 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Ledlecreeper27|Ledlecreeper27]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Ledlecreeper27|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 18:01, 30 December 2021 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Aspensmonster|Aspensmonster]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Aspensmonster|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 22:54, 10 June 2022 (CEST)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:PrivacyIsImportantComrades|PrivacyIsImportantComrades]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:PrivacyIsImportantComrades|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 02:57, 13 June 2022 (CEST)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Nyoomie|Nyoomie]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Nyoomie|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 20:48, 16 June 2022 (CEST)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Wisconcom|Wisconcom]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Wisconcom|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 21:11, 16 June 2022 (CEST)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:PrimersophiaXVII|PrimersophiaXVII]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:PrimersophiaXVII|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 18:58, 17 June 2022 (CEST)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Deogeo|Deogeo]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Deogeo|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 05:29, 20 June 2022 (CEST)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Serpēns Sovieticus|Serpēns Sovieticus]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Serpēns Sovieticus|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 21:26, 24 June 2022 (CEST)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Savoy|Savoy]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Savoy|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 01:04, 22 September 2022 (CEST)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Aspiring Marxist|Aspiring Marxist]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Aspiring Marxist|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 10:11, 17 October 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Literallywho Ingodsname|Literallywho Ingodsname]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Literallywho Ingodsname|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 20:55, 29 October 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:GopnikAward|GopnikAward]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:GopnikAward|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 21:09, 29 October 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Frippa34|Frippa34]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Frippa34|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 21:21, 20 November 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Sparkingcircuit|Sparkingcircuit]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Sparkingcircuit|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 00:03, 21 November 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Areyoulessthan|Areyoulessthan]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Areyoulessthan|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 10:57, 22 November 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:SovietPasiune|SovietPasiune]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:SovietPasiune|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 18:44, 9 December 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Unpraxist|Unpraxist]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Unpraxist|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 05:51, 19 January 2023 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:AliceMargatroid|AliceMargatroid]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:AliceMargatroid|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 04:12, 12 February 2023 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Ragdish|Ragdish]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Ragdish|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 04:12, 12 February 2023 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:CrimsonCommie|CrimsonCommie]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:CrimsonCommie|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 03:21, 24 May 2023 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:AwesomeSheep48|AwesomeSheep48]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:AwesomeSheep48|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 17:45, 2 June 2023 (UTC)<br /> <br /> —''Comrade [[Comrade:Rangerjs1|Rangerjs1]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Rangerjs1|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 21:45, 4 September 2023 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Majenrobe|Majenrobe]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Majenrobe|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 03:18, 8 November 2023 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:ComradeSyntrofos|ComradeSyntrofos]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:ComradeSyntrofos|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 05:35, 8 November 2023 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:CommissarMar|CommissarMar]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:CommissarMar|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 01:12, 6 December 2023 (UTC)<br /> <br /> — ''Comrade [[Comrade:Itsraining|Rain]]'' &lt;sup&gt;([[Comradeship:Itsraining|talk]])&lt;/sup&gt; 20:57, 17 March 2024 (UTC)</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&diff=64159 2024-03-13T15:02:02Z

<p>Itsraining: Changed Google Books link from German to English version (hl parameter)</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person|name=Antonio Gramsci|image=Gramsci.png|birth_date=22 January 1891|birth_place=Ales, Sardinia, [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]|death_date=27 April 1937|death_place=Rome, Italy|nationality=Italian|image_size=150|known=Theory of [[cultural hegemony]]&lt;br&gt;Writing the [[Prison Notebooks]]}}<br /> '''Antonio Gramsci''' was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[Marxist]], one of the founders and leaders of the [[Italian Communist Party]]. In 1926, he was imprisoned by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascist Italy|fascist]] regime; he spent the remaining years of his life in prison, eventually dying in 1937 of a mix of several health complications.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Antonio Gramsci|year=1971|title=Selections from the Prison Notebooks|chapter=Introduction|page=xvii–xcvi|city=New York City|publisher=International Publishers|isbn=071780397X|title-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4vFJ-3jh6sC&amp;dq=isbn:071780397X&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi0otjLgsj1AhXckWoFHYfEBVcQ6AF6BAgCEAI}}&lt;/ref&gt; In prison, he wrote a famous series of assorted notes and Marxist analyses known as the [[Prison Notebooks]].<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> Antonio Gramsci joined the [[Italian Socialist Party]] in 1913. In 1919, he founded a socialist newspaper called ''L'Ordine Nuovo''. <br /> In 1921, Gramsci and several other Marxists split from the Socialist Party and founded the [[Italian Communist Party]] (PCd'I) in Livorno. Like many similar splits at the time in Europe, it involved revolutionary Marxists, Gramsci among them, splitting from a [[reformism|reformist]] party and forming a [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Comintern]]-affiliated organization. Gramsci, as a leading figure in the PCd'I, participated in several Comintern meetings in the 1920s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{News citation|author=Nicholas Stender|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]|title=Antonio Gramsci: A communist revolutionary, organizer, and theorist|date=2021-01-01|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/antonio-gramsci/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122170247/https://www.liberationschool.org/antonio-gramsci/|archive-date=2022-01-22|retrieved=2022-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> After [[Amadeo Bordiga]], founding leader of the PCd'I, was arrested in 1923, Gramsci in 1924 became the general secretary of the PCd'I in 1924. That same year, he was elected as a deputy in the Italian parliament.<br /> <br /> == Ideological contributions ==<br /> Gramsci believed that trade unions tended towards [[reformism]]. Instead, he preferred factory councils that were similar to the [[Soviet (governmental body)|Soviets]] in [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russia]], which formed [[Dual Power|dual power]] against the bourgeois state. Gramsci also advocated for workers to educate each other on the job and train cadres to popularize [[scientific socialism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Cultural hegemony ===<br /> Perhaps the most well-known of Gramsci's contributions, the concept of cultural hegemony expanded the traditional Marxist understanding of class struggle from the [[Political economy|political-economic]] domain to the cultural and ideological ones. Gramsci argued that the [[ruling class]] maintains power not merely through force or economic control, but also through cultural and ideological means. In Gramsci's view, the ruling class propagates its own values, norms, and ideologies in society, causing these to be accepted as common sense or natural by subordinate classes. In contrast, a revolutionary class can contest cultural hegemony by disseminating its own (e.g. proletarian) ideology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Antonio Gramsci|year=1929--1935|title=Prison Notebooks|chapter=Notebook 1, §44-§48: This section has important early formulations of the concept of hegemony in relation to the state and civil society.&lt;br&gt;<br /> Notebook 5, §78-§80: Here Gramsci reflects on state power, civil society, and the complex interplay of consent and coercion in maintaining cultural hegemony.&lt;br&gt;<br /> Notebook 13, §17: Here Gramsci discusses the balance of force and consent in the process of maintaining state power.|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/prison_notebooks/index.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gramsci considers this an essential part of the struggle for communism.<br /> <br /> === Role of intellectuals ===<br /> In addition to his work on cultural hegemony, Gramsci also made significant contributions to the Marxist understanding of the role of [[intellectuals]] within society. He argued that every social class generates its own intellectuals, who play a key role in establishing and maintaining that class's cultural hegemony.&lt;ref&gt;Notebook 10, §44: This passage delves into the role of intellectuals in the creation and propagation of hegemony.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gramsci distinguished between &quot;traditional&quot; intellectuals, who see themselves as autonomous and independent from the dominant social class, and &quot;organic&quot; intellectuals, who are directly tied to the class for which they articulate ideas and strategies. Gramsci argued that these organic intellectuals play a critical role in enabling the ruling class to exercise cultural hegemony.<br /> <br /> Gramsci believed revolutionary intellectuals should collect and refine the ideas of the masses and then encourage them to put them into practice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2017|title=Red Star over the Third World|chapter=The Lungs of Russia|page=50|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecu7gb2ei65us6ip3r2ugcgkblneqcftbm456mb6bzvprkbqk55qm?filename=Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20Red%20Star%20Over%20the%20Third%20World-LeftWord%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=New Delhi|publisher=LeftWord Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [[Category:Communists]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Hellenic_Republic&diff=63415 2024-02-27T14:12:17Z

<p>Itsraining: Re-added Politics section, now with references (ty criticalresist8 and forte for feedback!)</p> <hr /> <div>{{Message box/Incomplete}}{{Infobox country|native_name=Ελληνική Δημοκρατία|name=Hellenic Republic|largest_city=Athens|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary corporatocratic republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=Katerina Sakellaropoulou|leader_title2=Prime Minister|leader_name2=[[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]]|leader_title3=Parliament Speaker|leader_name3=Konstantinos Tasoulas|image_coat=Coat of arms of Greece.svg|capital=Athens|area_km2=131,957|population_census=10,432,481|population_census_year=2021|currency=Euro|image_map=Greece map.png|map_width=290|official_languages=Greek|image_flag=Flag of Greece.svg}}<br /> The '''Hellenic Republic''', also known as '''Greece''', is a country located in southeastern [[Europe]]. Its ancient civilization saw a huge revival during the Renaissance, where ancient Greek society began to be considered the origin of Western civilization. Greece is home to many philosophers that inspired both [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] and [[Karl Marx|Marx]]. Greece is a member of the [[European Union|EU]], the [[Council of Europe]], [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], and the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> === Bronze Age ===<br /> The Minoan civilization rose to power from 1950 to 1450 BCE on the island of Crete. It became a major power in the Mediterranean by using powerful sailboats, and its rulers lived in large stone palaces.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02222&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Class Societies|page=20|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ancient Greece ===<br /> Ancient Greece was divided into at least thousand city-states that frequently fought each other for land and resources.<br /> <br /> In the 6th century BCE, the Athens overthrew a 30-year-old dictatorship and installed an aristocratic government, which was then overthrown by a popular democratic revolution. [[Sparta]] attempted a [[Counterrevolution|counterrevolutionary]] invasion but was defeated, and Athenian democracy spread to many other Greek city-states, lasting almost 200 years. Philosophers such as [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], and [[Aristotle]] opposed democratic rule. In the early 5th century BCE, Greece defeated invasions from the [[Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE)|Persian Empire]], but a conservative alliance led by Sparta defeated Athens in the [[Peloponnesian War]] in 404 BCE.<br /> <br /> The city-states remained divided, with Thebes conquering Sparta in 371 BCE before [[Macedonia (808–168 BCE)|Macedon]] conquered all of Greece starting in 338 BCE.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=Ancient Empires|page=36–40|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Between 200 and 150 BCE, [[Roman Republic (509–27 BCE)|Rome]] conquered Greece and crushed any leaders who tried to forgive [[Debt|debts]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Athens ====<br /> Athens did not allow [[Slavery|slaves]], women, or foreigners to vote but did enfranchise poor [[Peasantry|farmers]] and artisans. Out of a total population of 200,000 people, only 30,000 could vote. The government consisted of ten leading officials (''strategoi'') who were elected every year, an elected council of 400 people (''boule''), and a popular assembly (''ekklesia'') of all free citizens. Courts of up to 2,500 people administered justice, and people who received 6,000 negative votes could be exiled from the city for ten years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Solon]] cancelled debts in the early fifth century BCE, and [[Pisistratus]] and his descendants democratized the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|date=2023-05-05|title=Origins of debt: Michael Hudson reveals how financial oligarchies in Greece &amp; Rome shaped our world|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/05/24/debt-michael-hudson-oligarchies-greece-rome/|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528041512/https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/05/24/debt-michael-hudson-oligarchies-greece-rome/|archive-date=2023-05-28|author=[[Ben Norton]], [[Michael Hudson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Sparta ====<br /> Sparta banned [[money]] in an attempt to avoid the existence of debt. Later, Rome attacked Sparta when kings [[Agis IV|Agis]] and [[Cleomenes III|Cleomenes]] tried to cancel their citizens' debt and create their own army instead of using mercenaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Second World War ===<br /> [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] invaded and occupied Greece during the [[Second World War]]. In 1941, the Communist Party of Greece formed the [[Greek People's Liberation Army]] (ELAS) and the [[National Liberation Front (Greece)|National Liberation Front]] (EAM) to fight against the [[Fascism|fascist]] occupiers. The EAM grew to over a million members and ranged from communists to the center-left. In November 1944, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] army entered Greece and began fighting against ELAS with the help of former Nazi collaborators. In January 1945, ELAS surrendered and the British took over Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2003|title=Killing Hope|chapter=Greece 1947 to early 1950s: From cradle of democracy to client state|page=33–37|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedfo2kzml5sodng4rtlybjdvertim3nybowazzlo6rztq6khixbv4?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Killing%20Hope_%20US%20Military%20and%20CIA%20Interventions%20Since%20World%20War%20II-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282003%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1842773682}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Civil War ===<br /> {{Main article|Greek Civil War}}<br /> Greek leftists began a rebellion in the fall of 1946 and the British left Greece in February 1947 to be replaced by the [[United States of America|USA]]. [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)|Albania]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)|Bulgaria]], and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|Yugoslavia]] assisted the Greek communists. By the end of 1947, the Greek government received all of its military supplies from the United States. The Greek revolutionary forces surrendered in October 1949.<br /> <br /> By the 1950s, Greece was an [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] US-backed police state and a member of NATO. Greece sent troops to fight against the [[Korean People's Army]] during the [[Fatherland Liberation War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Military junta (1967-1974) ===<br /> Liberal [[Georgios Papandreou]] won the February 1964 election, but King [[Constantine II|Constantine]] removed him from power in July 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2003|title=Killing Hope|chapter=Greece 1964-1974: &quot;Fuck your Parliament and your Constitution,&quot; said the President of the United States|page=215|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedfo2kzml5sodng4rtlybjdvertim3nybowazzlo6rztq6khixbv4?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Killing%20Hope_%20US%20Military%20and%20CIA%20Interventions%20Since%20World%20War%20II-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282003%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1842773682}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 1967, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] overthrew the Greek government and installed the Nazi-aligned CIA agent [[Georgios Papadopoulos]] as the military dictator of Greece. Papadopoulos banned all political parties and killed 8,000 people in the first month of his rule.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=1995|title=Killing Hope|chapter=|section=|page=219|quote=|pdf=|city=Monroe|publisher=|isbn=1567510523|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0/page/219/mode/2up|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}&lt;/ref&gt; He sent over 6,000 suspected communists to prisons or remote islands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{News citation|journalist=|date=1975-09-01|title=Answering to History|url=|newspaper=Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212222634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html|archive-date=|retrieved=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The CIA gave the junta 74,000 tons of military equipment to defend U.S. interests. After a failed coup in Cyprus which pursued to annex the island into Greece, the Junta collapsed.<br /> <br /> === Third Hellenic Republic (1974-present) ===<br /> <br /> ==== First and second government (1974-1981) ====<br /> During this time, the first Greek Prime Minister, Konstantinos Karamanlis, leading the [[New Democracy (political party in the Hellenic Republic)|New Democracy]] legalized the Communist Party of Greece, but left-wingers were still very marginalized. Aside from this and the establishment of a republican system, nothing else changed significantly.<br /> <br /> Greece entered the EU in early 1981.<br /> <br /> ==== First PASOK governments (1981-1989) ====<br /> As Greeks became increasingly disappointed with the government, they voted for the [[Social democracy|social-democratic]] [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement|PASOK]], led by [[Andreas Papandreou]]. During Papandreou's first two terms, many significant changes happened, even though Greece remained a [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois republic]]. Some enterprises were [[Nationalization|nationalized]] during this time and as such, the public sector was expanded. Communists that fought with KKE's side in the Greek Civil War were allowed to return in Greece and received special pensions. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wED8PRhve6aLndtvSoClrL88VQbDIJsbtp5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuWOCH0GRt-K2xNttmT5_Xib4r8XJBXogZSz4_0UkwyOn|title= ΦΕΚ 115Α/20-09-1982, Νόμος 1285&quot;Για την αναγνώριση της Εθνικής Αντίστασης του Ελληνικού Λαού εναντίον των στρατευμάτων κατοχής 1941-1944&quot;|language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wH6SCddhZcqgXdtvSoClrL8LCLHE8WeG_Z5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuaoZ1MEDTB99sift1pNJaQOCmwcNyY_dWR0qaCJM3ZsQ|title= ΦΕΚ A 105/1949, Α.Ν. 971(Αναγκαστικός Νόμος 971, 29 Απριλίου 1949, &quot;Περί απονομής ηθικών αμοιβών εις τας εθνικάς αντάρτικας ομάδας και Εθνικάς Οργανώσεις εσωτερικής αντιστάσεως&quot;|language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Universal healthcare|free and universal healthcare system]] was established during the 80s, whereas living conditions improved, as the purchase power of Greeks increased by 26% during the course of the decade. &lt;ref&gt;Sassoon, Donald (1997) ''Looking left: European socialism after the Cold War''. I.B. Taurus. {{ISBN|1860641792}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Trade union|Trade unions]] and work counclis also received rights, shops had fixed opening and closing times, and social security was established. Safety and education were also improved during this time. &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=4KW4ePkLPg8C&amp;dq=greece+1988+budget+unemployment&amp;pg=RA25-PP14 Foreign Labor Trends 1986]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=0sUYgpvYQtcC&amp;dq=Foreign+Labor+Trends+Report+Greece+1988&amp;pg=RA20-PP5 Foreign Labor Trends Report Greece 1988]&lt;/ref&gt; A more progressive taxation was introduced. Finally, parental leave was introduced, albeit in a limited scale.<br /> <br /> During this time, Papandreou tried to pull Greece out of NATO and the EU but failed, as the majority of the party supported to remain in both. However, he did challenge the US imperialist narrative and somewhat de-puppetize Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=John C. Loulis|newspaper=Foreign Affairs Magazine|title=Papandreou's Foreign Policy|date=1984-12-01|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029202002/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19841201faessay8413/john-c-loulis/papandreou-s-foreign-policy.html|archive-url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19841201faessay8413/john-c-loulis/papandreou-s-foreign-policy.html|archive-date=2008-10-29|retrieved=2014-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also condemned [[State of Israel|&quot;Israel&quot;]]'s policies in the occupied [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] territories. However, he supported a two-state solution and not an entirely free Palestine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Spyros Kaminaris|newspaper=Middle East Review of International Affairs|title=Greece and the Middle East|date=1999-06|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201100748/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1999/issue2/jv3n2a4.html|archive-url=http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1999/issue2/jv3n2a4.html|archive-date=2012-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== 1989-2004 ====<br /> In 1989, a scandal got revealed in Greece and Papandreou was accused of involvement. This led to an electoral decline of PASOK and after three subsequent elections, New Democracy (led by Konstantinos Mitsotakis) formed a cabinet. As the [[counterrevolutions of 1989]] and the [[overthrow of the Soviet Union]] took place during this time, Mitsotakis [[Privatization|privatized]] many enterprises. He also cut government spending, formally recognized Israel as a country and aligned Greece more with the US once again, as he negotiated about re-opening NATO bases. He also attempted to pass a [[reactionary]] bill concerning education, which caused widespread student protests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|title=ΦΕΚ A 156/1990|title-url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFWwnXHUzxPWXdtvSoClrL8oegNlWStPL95MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyIq-BTkXB0ftEAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIud2vs3dpVqYulrW5RWTsoeSfTZU2aJn-ImeQvVJgAXhw}}&lt;/ref&gt; The police assassinated a teacher during the protests.<br /> <br /> Andreas Papandreou got re-elected in 1993, but passed away in 1996 and got succeeded by the new president of PASOK, Costas Simitis. <br /> <br /> During Simitis, while infrastructure was upgraded (the so-called &quot;Modernization&quot;), Greece adopted the Euro as official currency and abolished the Drachma in 2001-02, causing a big rise in prices and crippling the purchase power of Greek citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFmadq2MKzY|channel=Nikolas Angelidis|title=Ρεπορτάζ Tempo Αλλαγή από δραχμή σε Ευρώ, 2001|date=2021-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1997, the International Olympic Committee selected Athens to organize the 2004 Summer Olympics.<br /> <br /> ==== 2004-2009 ====<br /> Kostas Karamanlis (the nephew of Konstantinos Karamanlis) won the 2004 elections. During his term, the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in Athens.<br /> <br /> In December 2008, a 15-year old student, Alexandros Grigoropoulos was killed by a policeman. Violent protests occurred in Athens which lasted until January 2009.<br /> <br /> ==== Acute Financial Crisis (2009-2015) ====<br /> <br /> ===== 2009 =====<br /> Karamanlis resigned in 2009, as the CIA allegedly plotted to assassinate him, as he planned the participation of Greece in the construction of South Stream, a [[Russian Federation|Russian]] gas pipeline connecting Burgas with Alexandroupoli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=CNN (although the sources for the claim are provided by Russian State Television)|title=Ντοκιμαντέρ για το σχέδιο δολοφονίας του Κώστα Καραμανλή έπαιξε η ρωσική τηλεόραση (vid)|url=https://www.cnn.gr/kosmos/story/102050/ntokimanter-gia-to-sxedio-dolofonias-toy-kosta-karamanli-epaixe-i-rosiki-tileorasi-vid}}&lt;/ref&gt; In order to lose the elections, he told people the actual economic state of Greece and proclaimed austerity measures, whereas PASOK leader George Papandreou (the son of Andreas Papandreou), proclaimed social expenditures that Greece could not actually afford. This led to a financial crisis.<br /> <br /> The social expenditures that Papandreou proclaimed caused a deficit in the Greek economy, which made Greece turn to the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] to get a loan. IMF required Greece to take harsh austerity measures.<br /> <br /> ===== 2010 =====<br /> The first austerity package got approved on 9 February 2010. It froze all wages of government employees, cut 10% of bonuses and overtime workers' and public employees wages and work-related travel subsidies. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&amp;id=130472 |title=Πάγωμα μισθών και περικοπές επιδομάτων ανακοίνωσε η κυβέρνηση |trans-title=Government announced cuts and a freeze in salaries |date=9 February 2010 |publisher=enet.gr |access-date=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another austerity package was approved just a month later, in March 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=issue.el.home&amp;date=04/03/2010&amp;id=137789 |title=Αξέχαστη (!) και δυσοίωνη η 3η Μαρτίου |trans-title=An unforgettable (!) and ominous 3 March |date=4 March 2010 |publisher=enet.gr |access-date=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2 May 2010, the first IMF/EU loan known as the First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece and commonly referred to as the &quot;first memorandum&quot; got signed, after a request on 23 April of the same year. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |title= Greece, Out of Ideas, Requests Global Aid |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/business/global/24drachma.html |work= The New York Times |access-date=11 August 2013|first1=Niki |last1= Kitsantonis |first2=Matthew |last2= Saltmarsh |date=23 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|title=EU, IMF agree $147 billion bailout for Greece|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-idUSTRE6400PJ20100502|work=Reuters|access-date=11 August 2013|date=2 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The European Commission, European Central Bank and the IMF formed the so-called Troika. These measures led to massive protests in Greece and the rise of the so-called anti-austerity movement. 2 days after the memorandum got signed, massive protests happened where 3 people died during the arson of a bank.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |date=2010-05-08 |title=The Greek spirit of resistance turns its guns on the IMF |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/09/greece-debt-crisis-euro-imf |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another austerity package was approved by the Parliament in 6 May 2010, privatizing 4,000 companies, cutting wages and pensions and increasing taxes. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Greek Bailout Talks Could Take Three Weeks|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-20/greek-bailout-talks-could-take-three-weeks-bond-payment-looms.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422033111/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-20/greek-bailout-talks-could-take-three-weeks-bond-payment-looms.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 22, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== 2011 =====<br /> In February 2011, massive protests occurred again in all major Greek cities. Protests re-began in May and happened continuously until December 2011. Many [[Bourgeois media|private TV channels]] did not cover the protests during their early days. During May-August 2011, an &quot;Indignant Citizens Movement&quot; emerged, inspired by the 15-M Spanish movement. In late May, a &quot;Real Democracy Now!&quot; movement emerged inspired by the Spanish one. The first vote of the People's Assembly in Greece got signed in 27 May 2011. The proceedings were:<br /> <br /> * Any corrupt politician should either be sent home or to jail.<br /> * When we, the people, start discussions without fear, fear grips them, inside the parliament building.<br /> * This is not just the politician's fault. It's all our faults, with our selfish attitudes.<br /> * Demonstrations should take place every evening at 6 pm and an assembly at 9 pm.<br /> * Their democracy guarantees neither Justice nor Equality.<br /> * The taxation system is not the same for the rich and the poor. Equal rights for everyone.<br /> <br /> A fourth austerity package got signed in June 2011, further cutting wages and pensions and doing more privatizations. Another one got signed in October 2011, reducing the tax-free threshold from 12,000€ to only 5,000€, as well as closing schools and cutting pensions, as well as other measures. In the protests during the same month, there were violent demonstrations and [[strikes]], inspired by the Statesian [[Occupy Wall Street]] movement. Communist Party of Greece members and hard-line protesters tried to invade the parliament, resulting in the death of one KKE member.<br /> <br /> In 28 October, a national holiday about Greece's refusal to be used as a base for [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]], the military parade officially got cancelled due to protests. The then-President of the Hellenic Republic, Karolos Papoulias, was forced to leave.<br /> <br /> Papandreou resigned on 11 November 2011, due to the protests that happened. A provisional government was formed, led by [[Lucas Papademos]].<br /> <br /> ===== 2012 =====<br /> In February 2012, another wave of protests started against the provisional government, since in the 13th day of the same month the parliament approved the sixth package of austerity measures. In fact, the passing of the austerity measures was a precondition for the next €130 billion lending package from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund to the Greek government, without which the country would have faced sovereign default by 20 March. The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, usually referred to as the &quot;second memorandum&quot; was signed in 1 March. In 20 March, the government finally announced they had defaulted and had rejected another package from Brussels Bailout and were starting to reform the system. On 5 April, people once again demonstrated against the government after a pensioner named Dimitris Christoulas committed suicide by shooting himself, refusing to share the fate of those people who have had to search for food in garbage.<br /> <br /> The two major labor unions of Greece warned that the harsh austerity measures would &quot;drive Greece to despair&quot;.<br /> <br /> In May 2012, elections happened, but no government was formed, so new elections happened in June. New Democracy (the first party, acquiring almost 30% of the votes), PASOK (having fallen at less than 12.3%) and Democratic Left (a social democratic party, which took 6.25% of the votes), formed the government. [[Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance|Syriza]] came second with almost 26.9% of the votes and was the main opposition party. However, the [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[Popular Association – Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]] party received more than 6.97% of the votes (from 0.29% in 2009) entering the Parliament for the first time. KKE was crippled at 4.5% and became the seventh (and last) party to enter the parliament, even though it received almost 4% more in the May 2012 elections.<br /> <br /> As such, [[Antonis Samaras]] became the new Prime Minister.<br /> <br /> A new austerity package was approved in October-November 2012.<br /> <br /> ===== 2013 =====<br /> On 28 April, a new austerity package was signed. The law created a new tax for immovable property that would be defined later. The teachers reacted to the bill by declaring strikes. However, the government prohibited the strikes, proceeding to implement Civil mobilization. The package was finalized on 17 July. The package laid off another 15,000 public employees, among them high school teachers, school guards and municipal policemen.<br /> <br /> On 11 June 2013, Simos Kedikoglou, the government's spokesman, at approximately 17:45 EEST announced the shutdown of the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT), which would make almost 3,000 employees reduntant. This closure was undemocratic.<br /> <br /> ERT was dissolved by a Common Ministerial Decision that was enacted by virtue of Article 14B of Law 3429/2005 (regarding the dissolution, merger and restructuring of public companies) as amended by an urgent government Legislative Ordinace (FEK 139/11.06.2013, Issue A').<br /> <br /> NET (the main channel) and ET1, which were based in Athens, interrupted programming. So did ET3, which is based in Thessaloniki. Thousands of people gathered in the Radio Hall, the building where ET1 and NET were based and practically ERT's main headquarters, and protested against the decision. This happened in Thessaloniki as well. Analog signal ceased at 22:54 EEST. The last (digital terrestrial television) ERT transmitters were closed at 23:17 EEST. However, 20 seconds later, 902TV, controlled by the KKE, retransmitted the signal and as such got shut down as well. Radio signals stopped at 23:22 EEST. Later on, the ERT World feed got shut down as well. On 12 June, all internet assets of ERT got erased from the Greek internet registry. Massive strikes happened the same day.<br /> <br /> However, with the help of EBU initially, ERT's employees, now integrated into the ERT Open initiative, continued to broadcast two of the three channels (NET and ET3) via Internet and satellite signals, and even reopened some analog transmitters. On 24 October, EBU ceased its aid to ERT and as such most signals ceased. ERT continued to broadcast via Internet only. On 7 November, police invaded the Radio Hall (prosecuting 4 people) and later that day, NET ceased broadcasting. Until its reopening on 11 June 2015, ET3 and some radio stations were the only services that never stopped broadcasting.<br /> <br /> Democratic Left exited the coalition because of this decision.<br /> <br /> In place of ERT, a new organization, NERIT, was expected to start broadcasting on 29 August. However, a transitional and terribly designed one, called Public Television was launched on 10 July instead and got replaced by NERIT on 4 May 2014.<br /> <br /> It should be noted that Public Television changed its name within just the first day (as it was called Hellenic Public Television) and changed logos 4 times during its first 2 months of operation. It started normal programming only on 21 August. Before then, the programming did not cover all 24 hours (akin to pre-1996 ERT).<br /> <br /> In fact, up until 7 November, Public Television broadcasted from a private studio and it also did not legally exist, as it did not have a VAT.<br /> <br /> ===== 2014 =====<br /> In 2014, a new austerity package was approved. The bill froze wages and pensions until 2018. It cut public sector expenses, such as the Ministry of Health. It provided that the primary surplus in 2014 would be 2.3% of GDP (€4.19 billion) 5.3% (€11.585 billion) in 2018.<br /> <br /> On 4 May, NERIT was launched.<br /> <br /> On 31 December, the Parliament was dissolved.<br /> <br /> ==== Syriza Government and recovery (2015-2019) ====<br /> <br /> ==== Mitsotakis regime (2019-present) ====<br /> <br /> ===== Economic Policies =====<br /> The New Democracy political party, in government since July 2019, has applied [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] and quasi-[[Fascism|fascist]] policies. It has made massive privatizations in tourism and natural resources&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;. Workers' rights have also been severely limited, with strikes being mostly prohibited and with employers having the right to fire employees without giving any notice prior or to give any reason. Collective agreements have been abolished as well.<br /> <br /> [[Censorship]] in media has been increased, with [https://rsf.org/en/index even pro-capitalist western organizations ranking Greece very low in press freedom] and with [https://www.v-dem.net/documents/30/V-dem_democracyreport2023_highres.pdf also pro-capitalist western organizations claiming Greece has a &quot;democratic backsliding&quot; and is becoming increasingly authoritarian].<br /> <br /> ===== Government Surveillance =====<br /> [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]], the current Greek Prime Minister, has also put the National Information Service as well as the official Greek news agency under his complete control.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; New Democracy, with the support of the PASOK political party, amended a law (specifically 826/145 of the law 2472/1997), regarding wiretappings by the NIS, which practically removed citizens' right to be informed of their surveillance after it had been concluded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Ιn 2021 alone, 15,000 surveillance orders were issued.<br /> <br /> This led to a spying scandal ignited in July 2022, when opposition leader Nikos Androulakis, leader of PASOK, revealed he was being wiretapped by Greek authorities by the illegal [[Predator]] software.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Senior European Parliament Member Targeted as Spyware Abuse Spreads|date=2022-07-27|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/world/europe/eu-spyware-predator-pegasus.html|retrieved=2023-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The case reached media spotlight, however there have been active efforts from the government to not come to a conclusion. The revelations were followed by the -almost simultaneous- resignations of the head of the National Information Service, Panagiotis Kontoleon, and the General Secretary of the Prime Minister and his nephew, Grigoris Dimitriadis.<br /> <br /> Protests also need government approval.<br /> <br /> ===== 2023 Tempi Train Crash =====<br /> In the night of 28 February 2023, two trains collided with each other. The root cause of this tragic disaster was the lack of station masters (there was only one of them, near the crucial station of Larissa) and the lack of monitoring equipment for the trains. There has not been released any official document about the deaths, but the current information are 57 deaths and 53 missing, along with a lot more injuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Teddy Grant, Will Gretsky, Morgan Winsor, and Meredith Deliso|newspaper=ABC News|title=At least 57 dead, dozens more injured in Greek train derailment|date=2023-03-02|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/16-dead-85-injured-trains-collide-derail-greece/story?id=97538779|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301040059/https://abcnews.go.com/International/16-dead-85-injured-trains-collide-derail-greece/story?id=97538779|archive-date=2023-03-01|retrieved=2023-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== 2023 Natural Disasters =====<br /> In July, Greece was struck by a 15-day [[Climate change|heatwave]] which was the longest in their recorded history,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Tasos Kokkinidis|newspaper=Greek Reporter|title=Greece Heatwave: Record-breaking 46.4°C Recorded|date=2023-07-24|url=https://greekreporter.com/2023/07/24/greece-heatwave-record-breaking-46-4-recorded/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/knjSz|archive-date=2023-09-25|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; with some areas reaching highs of 46 °C.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Helena Smith|newspaper=The Guardian|title=‘Everyone is indoors’: life on pause on hottest day of Greek heatwave|date=2023-07-26|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/26/life-at-a-standstill-on-hottest-day-of-greek-heatwave-mystras|archive-url=https://archive.ph/TGlrb|archive-date=2023-07-26|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country was, in the summer, the victim of severe wildfires, particularly in the Dadia national park, in which over 70,000 hectares were incinerated, one of the worst in Europe up to this point.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Reuters|title=Greece wildfire 'worst on European soil in years', Copernicus says|date=2023-08-25|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/greece-wildfire-worst-european-soil-years-copernicus-says-2023-08-25/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/nhnxZ|archive-date=2023-08-25|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rhodes was particularly badly affected, with wildfires on [[Rhodes]] destroying towns and villages, resulting in the evacuation of nearly 20,000 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Anna Conkling|newspaper=Real News Network|title=Welcome to my burnt paradise’: Summer fires in Greece leave devastation in their wake|date=2023-09-19|url=https://therealnews.com/welcome-to-my-burnt-paradise-summer-fires-in-greece-leave-devastation-in-their-wake|archive-url=https://archive.ph/eY4mW|archive-date=2023-09-19|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Throughout Europe, the wildfires burned nearly 470,000 hectares of European land.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=European Commission|title=Wildfires in 2023: 41 % of the burnt area in the EU within Natura 2000 protected sites|date=2023-09-08|url=https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/wildfires-2023-41-burnt-area-eu-within-natura-2000-protected-sites-2023-09-08_en|archive-url=https://archive.ph/fxmmB|archive-date=2023-10-01|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; In early September, [[Thessaly]] was then flooded after 18 months of rainfall fell in 24 hours due to Storm Daniel,&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=World Metereological Organization|title=Storm Daniel leads to extreme rain and floods in Mediterranean, heavy loss of life in Libya|date=2023-09-12|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/storm-daniel-leads-extreme-rain-and-floods-mediterranean-heavy-loss-of-life-libya|archive-url=https://archive.ph/g36j7|archive-date=2023-09-20|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in late September, central Greece was once again struck by flooding due to Storm Elias.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=TeleSUR|title=Central Greece Battered by Storm Elias|date=2023-09-28|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Central-Greece-Battered-by-Storm-Elias-20230928-0006.html|archive-url=https://archive.ph/9edce|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A quarter of Greece's agricultural yields were wiped out and will be degraded for several years due to silt and mud.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Roberta Harrington|newspaper=Business News Europe|title=Greek agriculture devastated for five or more years|date=2023-09-25|url=https://www.intellinews.com/greek-agriculture-devastated-for-five-or-more-years-293963/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/4HEGL|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:&quot;Israel&quot; flag in the Hellenic Parliament building.png|thumb|The flag of the Zionist Entity in the Parliament building, Syntagma Square, Athens. |274x274px]]<br /> <br /> ===== Reaction to Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa =====<br /> Mitsotakis has supported [[&quot;Israel&quot;]] during the [[Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa]], implicitly calling Palestinians &quot;uncivilized people&quot;.<br /> <br /> == Politics ==<br /> The Hellenic Parliament is the legislative authority in Greece. The body of the parliament consists of representatives, which are elected every four years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Hellenic Parliament|title=The Institution|url=https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/Vouli-ton-Ellinon/O-Thesmos/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the current parliamentary body, which is a result of the June 2023 elections, the neoliberal centre-right party ''New Democracy'' has the majority of seats for second term in row, followed by Syriza, PASOK, the Communist Party and several right-wing parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Ministry of Interior|title=Nationwide Elections - June 2023|url=http://ekloges-prev.singularlogic.eu/2023/june/v/home/en/parties/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%;&quot;<br /> |+Final results of the last elections (June 2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;<br /> !Political party<br /> !Percent<br /> !Votes count<br /> !Parliament seats<br /> |-<br /> |'''''New Democracy (ND)'''''<br /> |'''''40.56'''''<br /> |'''''2,115,322'''''<br /> |'''''158'''''<br /> |-<br /> |Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance (SYRIZA)<br /> |17.83<br /> |930,013<br /> |47<br /> |-<br /> |Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK)<br /> |11.84<br /> |617,487<br /> |32<br /> |-<br /> |Communist Party of Greece (KKE)<br /> |7.69<br /> |401224<br /> |21<br /> |-<br /> |Spartans&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Right-wing political party&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |4.68<br /> |243,922<br /> |12<br /> |-<br /> |Hellenic Solution&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;<br /> |4.44<br /> |231,491<br /> |12<br /> |-<br /> |Victory&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;<br /> |3.70<br /> |193,124<br /> |10<br /> |-<br /> |Sail of Freedom&lt;ref&gt;Left-wing nationalist party&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |3.17<br /> |165,523<br /> |8<br /> |-<br /> |Other (not in parliament)<br /> |6.07<br /> |317,101<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> |'''Blank votes'''<br /> |'''0.50'''<br /> |'''26,273'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Invalid votes'''<br /> |'''0.61'''<br /> |'''32,219'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Valid votes'''<br /> |'''98.89'''<br /> |'''5,215,207'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Turnout'''<br /> |'''53.74'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> === Neoliberal parties ===<br /> <br /> ==== New Democracy (ND) ====<br /> [[New Democracy (political party in the Hellenic Republic)|New Democracy]] (not to be confused with [[New Democracy|Mao's theory with the same name]]) is a neoliberal party in Greece currently led by Mitsotakis and is the currently governing one on its second term since the elections in July 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Sputnik Globe|title=Former Greek Prime Minister Mitsotakis' Party Wins Snap Elections|date=2023-06-25|url=https://sputnikglobe.com/20230625/former-greek-prime-minister-mitsotakis-party-wins-snap-elections-1111464393.html|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance (SYRIZA) ====<br /> [[SYRIZA]] is a de jure social-democratic but de facto neoliberal party (since September 2023).<br /> <br /> In September 2023, the party elected [[Stefanos Kasselakis]] as the leader of the [[Syriza|party]], to replace Alexis Tsipras. Kasselakis is a former shipping executive and [[Goldman Sachs]] trader, has worked for the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, and volunteered for [[Joe Biden]]'s 2008 presidential primary campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Thomas Scripps|newspaper=World Socialist Web Site|title=Syriza elects Goldman Sachs banker Stefanos Kasselakis as party leader|date=2023-09-27|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/09/27/frzy-s27.html|archive-url=https://archive.ph/W9tVT|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Social-democratic parties ===<br /> <br /> ==== Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) ====<br /> [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement|PASOK]] is a social-democratic party, currently led by [[Nikos Androulakis]].<br /> <br /> === Communist parties ===<br /> Communist parties in Greece include the [[Communist Party of Greece]], the [[Communist Organization of Greece]], the [[Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–55]], the [[Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece]] and the [[Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist)]].<br /> <br /> ==== Communist Party of Greece (KKE) ====<br /> The [[Communist Party of Greece]], abbreviated as KKE, is a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] (but also [[Dogmatism|dogmatic]]) communist party in Greece. It is led by [[Dimitris Koutsoumpas]].<br /> <br /> ==== Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece ====<br /> The [[Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece]], abbreviated as M-L KKE, is a Marxist-Leninist and [[Maoism|Maoist]] party formed after the death of [[Mao Zedong]] in 1976 triggered an internal conflict inside the Greek Organisation of Marxists-Leninists (OMLE), which resulted in a two-faction split.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Μ-Λ ΚΚΕ|title=Η ιστορία του μ-λ κινήματος εργαλείο για μικροκομματικές σκοπιμότητες Συκοφαντικές επιθέσεις στελεχών του ΚΚΕ (μ-λ) βγαλμένες από τα «παλιά»|date=2022-08-11|url=https://www.m-lkke.gr/featured/%CE%B7-%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85-%CE%BC-%CE%BB-%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF-%CE%B3%CE%B9/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ΚΚΕ(μ-λ)|title=Για το μ-λ κίνημα και την πάλη ενάντια στο ρεβιζιονισμό|date=2022-06-24|url=https://www.kkeml.gr/%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%BC-%CE%BB-%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD-%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7-%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF-%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; M-L KKE supports the [[Three Worlds Theory]]. It publishes the newspaper &quot;Laikos Dromos&quot; (The Popular Path).&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=M-L KKE|title=Decisions of April 2022 nationwide conference|date=2023-12-10|url=https://www.m-lkke.gr/international-texts/decisions-of-april-2022-nationwide-conference/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist) ====<br /> The [[Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist)]], abbreviated as KKE (m-l), is a Marxist-Leninist and Maoist party. It was the second and largest faction that came out of the OMLE split. In contrast with M-L KKE, KKE (m-l) explicitly rejects the Three Worlds Theory.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; It publishes the newspaper &quot;Proletariaki Simaia&quot; (The Proletarian Flag).&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ΚΚΕ(μ-λ)|title=Διαδρομή|url=https://kkeml.gr/%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Anti-Capitalist Left Cooperation for the Overthrow (ANTARSYA) ====<br /> [[ANTARSYA]] is a coalition of Greek [[Communist party|communist]] and [[Anti-capitalism|anti-capitalist]] political parties, organisations and individuals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ΑΝΤΑΡΣΥΑ|title=Απόφαση της 1ης Πανελλαδικής Συνδιάσκεψης της ΑΝΤΑΡΣΥΑ για τις οργανωτικές αρχές|date=2011-10-30|url=https://antarsya.gr/node/98|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2024 it includes the following parties:&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ΑΝΤΑΡΣΥΑ|title=Ποιοι είμαστε|url=https://antarsya.gr/node/8|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * '''Communist Liberation youth (nKA)''' - Marxism&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Νεολαία Κομμουνιστική Απελευθέρωση|title=Τι είναι η νΚΑ|url=https://nka.gr/ti-einai-i-nka/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Federation of Ecologists and Alternative Groups (OE)''' ­- [[Eco-socialism]]<br /> * '''New Left Current for the Communist Liberation (NAR)''' ­- Marxism&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ΝΑΡ|title=Ποιοί είμαστε|date=2017-12|url=https://narnet.gr/content/%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%AF-%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece - Spartacus (O.K.D.E. - Spartakos)''' - Trotskyism<br /> * '''Revolutionary Communist Movement of Greece (EKKE)''' ­- [[Mao Zedong Thought]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Επαναστατικό Κομμουνιστικό Κίνημα Ελλάδας|title=Θέσεις|url=https://ekke.net.gr/theseis|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Socialist Workers' Party (SEK) ­'''- Trotskyism&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ΣΕΚonline|title=Παλεύουμε για|url=https://sekonline.gr/article.php?id=46|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Communist Organisation of Greece (KOE) ====<br /> The Communist Organisation of Greece was a Marxist-Leninist and Maoist political party. Since 2017, it is a political organisation which supports its own revisionist version of Marxism that it calls &quot;creatively located Marxism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=ΚΟΕ|title=Μαρξισμός και Αριστερά στον 21ο αιώνα|date=2017-03-02|url=https://koel.gr/marxismos-kai-aristera-ston-21o-aiona/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Κομμουνιστική Οργάνωση Ελλάδας|title=Θέσεις για το 4ο συνέδριο της ΚΟΕ|date=2023-03-28|url=https://koel.gr/theseis-gia-to-4o-synedrio-tis-koe/#shmeio7|retrieved=2024-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece (OKDE) ====<br /> The [[Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece (OKDE)]] ­is a Trotskyist political party. It was one of the founding parties of ANTARSYA, but left the coalition soon after it was founded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt; A faction split off in 1985 to create the Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece - Spartacus (O.K.D.E. - Spartakos), a group that is today part of ANTARSYA.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:Countries]]<br /> [[Category:Global north]]<br /> [[Category:Imperialist countries]]<br /> [[Category:European countries]]<br /> [[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]]<br /> [[Category:Pages needing references]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Xzqwauro2lnfpwyr&topic_postId=xzzmf0qzeqwjkv8j&topic_revId=xzzmf0qzeqwjkv8j&action=single-view 2024-02-27T14:03:35Z

<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/User:Itsraining" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Itsraining"><bdi>Itsraining</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Itsraining" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Itsraining">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Itsraining" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Itsraining">contribs</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Topic:Xzqwauro2lnfpwyr&amp;topic_showPostId=xzzmf0qzeqwjkv8j#flow-post-xzzmf0qzeqwjkv8j">commented</a> on "Hi" (<em>Unfortunately Discord won&#039;t let me register without a phone number for some reason. For the time being I&#039;m on Matrix, but AFAICT the brid...</em>)</span>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Hellenic_Republic&diff=63297 2024-02-25T14:43:02Z

<p>Itsraining: Temporarily removed unsourced section to work on it</p> <hr /> <div>{{Message box/Incomplete}}{{Infobox country|native_name=Ελληνική Δημοκρατία|name=Hellenic Republic|largest_city=Athens|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary corporatocratic republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=Katerina Sakellaropoulou|leader_title2=Prime Minister|leader_name2=[[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]]|leader_title3=Parliament Speaker|leader_name3=Konstantinos Tasoulas|image_coat=Coat of arms of Greece.svg|capital=Athens|area_km2=131,957|population_census=10,432,481|population_census_year=2021|currency=Euro|image_map=Greece map.png|map_width=290|official_languages=Greek|image_flag=Flag of Greece.svg}}<br /> The '''Hellenic Republic''', also known as '''Greece''', is a country located in southeastern [[Europe]]. Its ancient civilization saw a huge revival during the Renaissance, where ancient Greek society began to be considered the origin of Western civilization. Greece is home to many philosophers that inspired both [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] and [[Karl Marx|Marx]]. Greece is a member of the [[European Union|EU]], the [[Council of Europe]], [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], and the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> === Bronze Age ===<br /> The Minoan civilization rose to power from 1950 to 1450 BCE on the island of Crete. It became a major power in the Mediterranean by using powerful sailboats, and its rulers lived in large stone palaces.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02222&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Class Societies|page=20|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ancient Greece ===<br /> Ancient Greece was divided into at least thousand city-states that frequently fought each other for land and resources.<br /> <br /> In the 6th century BCE, the Athens overthrew a 30-year-old dictatorship and installed an aristocratic government, which was then overthrown by a popular democratic revolution. [[Sparta]] attempted a [[Counterrevolution|counterrevolutionary]] invasion but was defeated, and Athenian democracy spread to many other Greek city-states, lasting almost 200 years. Philosophers such as [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], and [[Aristotle]] opposed democratic rule. In the early 5th century BCE, Greece defeated invasions from the [[Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE)|Persian Empire]], but a conservative alliance led by Sparta defeated Athens in the [[Peloponnesian War]] in 404 BCE.<br /> <br /> The city-states remained divided, with Thebes conquering Sparta in 371 BCE before [[Macedonia (808–168 BCE)|Macedon]] conquered all of Greece starting in 338 BCE.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=Ancient Empires|page=36–40|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Between 200 and 150 BCE, [[Roman Republic (509–27 BCE)|Rome]] conquered Greece and crushed any leaders who tried to forgive [[Debt|debts]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Athens ====<br /> Athens did not allow [[Slavery|slaves]], women, or foreigners to vote but did enfranchise poor [[Peasantry|farmers]] and artisans. Out of a total population of 200,000 people, only 30,000 could vote. The government consisted of ten leading officials (''strategoi'') who were elected every year, an elected council of 400 people (''boule''), and a popular assembly (''ekklesia'') of all free citizens. Courts of up to 2,500 people administered justice, and people who received 6,000 negative votes could be exiled from the city for ten years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Solon]] cancelled debts in the early fifth century BCE, and [[Pisistratus]] and his descendants democratized the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|date=2023-05-05|title=Origins of debt: Michael Hudson reveals how financial oligarchies in Greece &amp; Rome shaped our world|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/05/24/debt-michael-hudson-oligarchies-greece-rome/|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528041512/https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/05/24/debt-michael-hudson-oligarchies-greece-rome/|archive-date=2023-05-28|author=[[Ben Norton]], [[Michael Hudson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Sparta ====<br /> Sparta banned [[money]] in an attempt to avoid the existence of debt. Later, Rome attacked Sparta when kings [[Agis IV|Agis]] and [[Cleomenes III|Cleomenes]] tried to cancel their citizens' debt and create their own army instead of using mercenaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Second World War ===<br /> [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] invaded and occupied Greece during the [[Second World War]]. In 1941, the Communist Party of Greece formed the [[Greek People's Liberation Army]] (ELAS) and the [[National Liberation Front (Greece)|National Liberation Front]] (EAM) to fight against the [[Fascism|fascist]] occupiers. The EAM grew to over a million members and ranged from communists to the center-left. In November 1944, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] army entered Greece and began fighting against ELAS with the help of former Nazi collaborators. In January 1945, ELAS surrendered and the British took over Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2003|title=Killing Hope|chapter=Greece 1947 to early 1950s: From cradle of democracy to client state|page=33–37|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedfo2kzml5sodng4rtlybjdvertim3nybowazzlo6rztq6khixbv4?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Killing%20Hope_%20US%20Military%20and%20CIA%20Interventions%20Since%20World%20War%20II-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282003%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1842773682}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Civil War ===<br /> {{Main article|Greek Civil War}}<br /> Greek leftists began a rebellion in the fall of 1946 and the British left Greece in February 1947 to be replaced by the [[United States of America|USA]]. [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)|Albania]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)|Bulgaria]], and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|Yugoslavia]] assisted the Greek communists. By the end of 1947, the Greek government received all of its military supplies from the United States. The Greek revolutionary forces surrendered in October 1949.<br /> <br /> By the 1950s, Greece was an [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] US-backed police state and a member of NATO. Greece sent troops to fight against the [[Korean People's Army]] during the [[Fatherland Liberation War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Military junta (1967-1974) ===<br /> Liberal [[Georgios Papandreou]] won the February 1964 election, but King [[Constantine II|Constantine]] removed him from power in July 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2003|title=Killing Hope|chapter=Greece 1964-1974: &quot;Fuck your Parliament and your Constitution,&quot; said the President of the United States|page=215|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedfo2kzml5sodng4rtlybjdvertim3nybowazzlo6rztq6khixbv4?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Killing%20Hope_%20US%20Military%20and%20CIA%20Interventions%20Since%20World%20War%20II-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282003%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1842773682}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 1967, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] overthrew the Greek government and installed the Nazi-aligned CIA agent [[Georgios Papadopoulos]] as the military dictator of Greece. Papadopoulos banned all political parties and killed 8,000 people in the first month of his rule.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=1995|title=Killing Hope|chapter=|section=|page=219|quote=|pdf=|city=Monroe|publisher=|isbn=1567510523|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0/page/219/mode/2up|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}&lt;/ref&gt; He sent over 6,000 suspected communists to prisons or remote islands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{News citation|journalist=|date=1975-09-01|title=Answering to History|url=|newspaper=Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212222634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html|archive-date=|retrieved=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The CIA gave the junta 74,000 tons of military equipment to defend U.S. interests. After a failed coup in Cyprus which pursued to annex the island into Greece, the Junta collapsed.<br /> <br /> === Third Hellenic Republic (1974-present) ===<br /> <br /> ==== First and second government (1974-1981) ====<br /> During this time, the first Greek Prime Minister, Konstantinos Karamanlis, leading the [[New Democracy (political party in the Hellenic Republic)|New Democracy]] legalized the Communist Party of Greece, but left-wingers were still very marginalized. Aside from this and the establishment of a republican system, nothing else changed significantly.<br /> <br /> Greece entered the EU in early 1981.<br /> <br /> ==== First PASOK governments (1981-1989) ====<br /> As Greeks became increasingly disappointed with the government, they voted for the [[Social democracy|social-democratic]] [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement|PASOK]], led by [[Andreas Papandreou]]. During Papandreou's first two terms, many significant changes happened, even though Greece remained a [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois republic]]. Some enterprises were [[Nationalization|nationalized]] during this time and as such, the public sector was expanded. Communists that fought with KKE's side in the Greek Civil War were allowed to return in Greece and received special pensions. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wED8PRhve6aLndtvSoClrL88VQbDIJsbtp5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuWOCH0GRt-K2xNttmT5_Xib4r8XJBXogZSz4_0UkwyOn|title= ΦΕΚ 115Α/20-09-1982, Νόμος 1285&quot;Για την αναγνώριση της Εθνικής Αντίστασης του Ελληνικού Λαού εναντίον των στρατευμάτων κατοχής 1941-1944&quot;|language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wH6SCddhZcqgXdtvSoClrL8LCLHE8WeG_Z5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuaoZ1MEDTB99sift1pNJaQOCmwcNyY_dWR0qaCJM3ZsQ|title= ΦΕΚ A 105/1949, Α.Ν. 971(Αναγκαστικός Νόμος 971, 29 Απριλίου 1949, &quot;Περί απονομής ηθικών αμοιβών εις τας εθνικάς αντάρτικας ομάδας και Εθνικάς Οργανώσεις εσωτερικής αντιστάσεως&quot;|language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Universal healthcare|free and universal healthcare system]] was established during the 80s, whereas living conditions improved, as the purchase power of Greeks increased by 26% during the course of the decade. &lt;ref&gt;Sassoon, Donald (1997) ''Looking left: European socialism after the Cold War''. I.B. Taurus. {{ISBN|1860641792}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Trade union|Trade unions]] and work counclis also received rights, shops had fixed opening and closing times, and social security was established. Safety and education were also improved during this time. &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=4KW4ePkLPg8C&amp;dq=greece+1988+budget+unemployment&amp;pg=RA25-PP14 Foreign Labor Trends 1986]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=0sUYgpvYQtcC&amp;dq=Foreign+Labor+Trends+Report+Greece+1988&amp;pg=RA20-PP5 Foreign Labor Trends Report Greece 1988]&lt;/ref&gt; A more progressive taxation was introduced. Finally, parental leave was introduced, albeit in a limited scale.<br /> <br /> During this time, Papandreou tried to pull Greece out of NATO and the EU but failed, as the majority of the party supported to remain in both. However, he did challenge the US imperialist narrative and somewhat de-puppetize Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=John C. Loulis|newspaper=Foreign Affairs Magazine|title=Papandreou's Foreign Policy|date=1984-12-01|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029202002/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19841201faessay8413/john-c-loulis/papandreou-s-foreign-policy.html|archive-url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19841201faessay8413/john-c-loulis/papandreou-s-foreign-policy.html|archive-date=2008-10-29|retrieved=2014-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also condemned [[State of Israel|&quot;Israel&quot;]]'s policies in the occupied [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] territories. However, he supported a two-state solution and not an entirely free Palestine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Spyros Kaminaris|newspaper=Middle East Review of International Affairs|title=Greece and the Middle East|date=1999-06|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201100748/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1999/issue2/jv3n2a4.html|archive-url=http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1999/issue2/jv3n2a4.html|archive-date=2012-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== 1989-2004 ====<br /> In 1989, a scandal got revealed in Greece and Papandreou was accused of involvement. This led to an electoral decline of PASOK and after three subsequent elections, New Democracy (led by Konstantinos Mitsotakis) formed a cabinet. As the [[counterrevolutions of 1989]] and the [[overthrow of the Soviet Union]] took place during this time, Mitsotakis [[Privatization|privatized]] many enterprises. He also cut government spending, formally recognized Israel as a country and aligned Greece more with the US once again, as he negotiated about re-opening NATO bases. He also attempted to pass a [[reactionary]] bill concerning education, which caused widespread student protests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|title=ΦΕΚ A 156/1990|title-url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFWwnXHUzxPWXdtvSoClrL8oegNlWStPL95MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyIq-BTkXB0ftEAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIud2vs3dpVqYulrW5RWTsoeSfTZU2aJn-ImeQvVJgAXhw}}&lt;/ref&gt; The police assassinated a teacher during the protests.<br /> <br /> Andreas Papandreou got re-elected in 1993, but passed away in 1996 and got succeeded by the new president of PASOK, Costas Simitis. <br /> <br /> During Simitis, while infrastructure was upgraded (the so-called &quot;Modernization&quot;), Greece adopted the Euro as official currency and abolished the Drachma in 2001-02, causing a big rise in prices and crippling the purchase power of Greek citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFmadq2MKzY|channel=Nikolas Angelidis|title=Ρεπορτάζ Tempo Αλλαγή από δραχμή σε Ευρώ, 2001|date=2021-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1997, the International Olympic Committee selected Athens to organize the 2004 Summer Olympics.<br /> <br /> ==== 2004-2009 ====<br /> Kostas Karamanlis (the nephew of Konstantinos Karamanlis) won the 2004 elections. During his term, the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in Athens.<br /> <br /> In December 2008, a 15-year old student, Alexandros Grigoropoulos was killed by a policeman. Violent protests occurred in Athens which lasted until January 2009.<br /> <br /> ==== Acute Financial Crisis (2009-2015) ====<br /> <br /> ===== 2009 =====<br /> Karamanlis resigned in 2009, as the CIA allegedly plotted to assassinate him, as he planned the participation of Greece in the construction of South Stream, a [[Russian Federation|Russian]] gas pipeline connecting Burgas with Alexandroupoli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=CNN (although the sources for the claim are provided by Russian State Television)|title=Ντοκιμαντέρ για το σχέδιο δολοφονίας του Κώστα Καραμανλή έπαιξε η ρωσική τηλεόραση (vid)|url=https://www.cnn.gr/kosmos/story/102050/ntokimanter-gia-to-sxedio-dolofonias-toy-kosta-karamanli-epaixe-i-rosiki-tileorasi-vid}}&lt;/ref&gt; In order to lose the elections, he told people the actual economic state of Greece and proclaimed austerity measures, whereas PASOK leader George Papandreou (the son of Andreas Papandreou), proclaimed social expenditures that Greece could not actually afford. This led to a financial crisis.<br /> <br /> The social expenditures that Papandreou proclaimed caused a deficit in the Greek economy, which made Greece turn to the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] to get a loan. IMF required Greece to take harsh austerity measures.<br /> <br /> ===== 2010 =====<br /> The first austerity package got approved on 9 February 2010. It froze all wages of government employees, cut 10% of bonuses and overtime workers' and public employees wages and work-related travel subsidies. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&amp;id=130472 |title=Πάγωμα μισθών και περικοπές επιδομάτων ανακοίνωσε η κυβέρνηση |trans-title=Government announced cuts and a freeze in salaries |date=9 February 2010 |publisher=enet.gr |access-date=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another austerity package was approved just a month later, in March 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=issue.el.home&amp;date=04/03/2010&amp;id=137789 |title=Αξέχαστη (!) και δυσοίωνη η 3η Μαρτίου |trans-title=An unforgettable (!) and ominous 3 March |date=4 March 2010 |publisher=enet.gr |access-date=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2 May 2010, the first IMF/EU loan known as the First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece and commonly referred to as the &quot;first memorandum&quot; got signed, after a request on 23 April of the same year. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |title= Greece, Out of Ideas, Requests Global Aid |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/business/global/24drachma.html |work= The New York Times |access-date=11 August 2013|first1=Niki |last1= Kitsantonis |first2=Matthew |last2= Saltmarsh |date=23 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|title=EU, IMF agree $147 billion bailout for Greece|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-idUSTRE6400PJ20100502|work=Reuters|access-date=11 August 2013|date=2 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The European Commission, European Central Bank and the IMF formed the so-called Troika. These measures led to massive protests in Greece and the rise of the so-called anti-austerity movement. 2 days after the memorandum got signed, massive protests happened where 3 people died during the arson of a bank.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |date=2010-05-08 |title=The Greek spirit of resistance turns its guns on the IMF |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/09/greece-debt-crisis-euro-imf |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another austerity package was approved by the Parliament in 6 May 2010, privatizing 4,000 companies, cutting wages and pensions and increasing taxes. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Greek Bailout Talks Could Take Three Weeks|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-20/greek-bailout-talks-could-take-three-weeks-bond-payment-looms.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422033111/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-20/greek-bailout-talks-could-take-three-weeks-bond-payment-looms.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 22, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== 2011 =====<br /> In February 2011, massive protests occurred again in all major Greek cities. Protests re-began in May and happened continuously until December 2011. Many [[Bourgeois media|private TV channels]] did not cover the protests during their early days. During May-August 2011, an &quot;Indignant Citizens Movement&quot; emerged, inspired by the 15-M Spanish movement. In late May, a &quot;Real Democracy Now!&quot; movement emerged inspired by the Spanish one. The first vote of the People's Assembly in Greece got signed in 27 May 2011. The proceedings were:<br /> <br /> * Any corrupt politician should either be sent home or to jail.<br /> * When we, the people, start discussions without fear, fear grips them, inside the parliament building.<br /> * This is not just the politician's fault. It's all our faults, with our selfish attitudes.<br /> * Demonstrations should take place every evening at 6 pm and an assembly at 9 pm.<br /> * Their democracy guarantees neither Justice nor Equality.<br /> * The taxation system is not the same for the rich and the poor. Equal rights for everyone.<br /> <br /> A fourth austerity package got signed in June 2011, further cutting wages and pensions and doing more privatizations. Another one got signed in October 2011, reducing the tax-free threshold from 12,000€ to only 5,000€, as well as closing schools and cutting pensions, as well as other measures. In the protests during the same month, there were violent demonstrations and [[strikes]], inspired by the Statesian [[Occupy Wall Street]] movement. Communist Party of Greece members and hard-line protesters tried to invade the parliament, resulting in the death of one KKE member.<br /> <br /> In 28 October, a national holiday about Greece's refusal to be used as a base for [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]], the military parade officially got cancelled due to protests. The then-President of the Hellenic Republic, Karolos Papoulias, was forced to leave.<br /> <br /> Papandreou resigned on 11 November 2011, due to the protests that happened. A provisional government was formed, led by [[Lucas Papademos]].<br /> <br /> ===== 2012 =====<br /> In February 2012, another wave of protests started against the provisional government, since in the 13th day of the same month the parliament approved the sixth package of austerity measures. In fact, the passing of the austerity measures was a precondition for the next €130 billion lending package from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund to the Greek government, without which the country would have faced sovereign default by 20 March. The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, usually referred to as the &quot;second memorandum&quot; was signed in 1 March. In 20 March, the government finally announced they had defaulted and had rejected another package from Brussels Bailout and were starting to reform the system. On 5 April, people once again demonstrated against the government after a pensioner named Dimitris Christoulas committed suicide by shooting himself, refusing to share the fate of those people who have had to search for food in garbage.<br /> <br /> The two major labor unions of Greece warned that the harsh austerity measures would &quot;drive Greece to despair&quot;.<br /> <br /> In May 2012, elections happened, but no government was formed, so new elections happened in June. New Democracy (the first party, acquiring almost 30% of the votes), PASOK (having fallen at less than 12.3%) and Democratic Left (a social democratic party, which took 6.25% of the votes), formed the government. [[Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance|Syriza]] came second with almost 26.9% of the votes and was the main opposition party. However, the [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[Popular Association – Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]] party received more than 6.97% of the votes (from 0.29% in 2009) entering the Parliament for the first time. KKE was crippled at 4.5% and became the seventh (and last) party to enter the parliament, even though it received almost 4% more in the May 2012 elections.<br /> <br /> As such, [[Antonis Samaras]] became the new Prime Minister.<br /> <br /> A new austerity package was approved in October-November 2012.<br /> <br /> ===== 2013 =====<br /> On 28 April, a new austerity package was signed. The law created a new tax for immovable property that would be defined later. The teachers reacted to the bill by declaring strikes. However, the government prohibited the strikes, proceeding to implement Civil mobilization. The package was finalized on 17 July. The package laid off another 15,000 public employees, among them high school teachers, school guards and municipal policemen.<br /> <br /> On 11 June 2013, Simos Kedikoglou, the government's spokesman, at approximately 17:45 EEST announced the shutdown of the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT), which would make almost 3,000 employees reduntant. This closure was undemocratic.<br /> <br /> ERT was dissolved by a Common Ministerial Decision that was enacted by virtue of Article 14B of Law 3429/2005 (regarding the dissolution, merger and restructuring of public companies) as amended by an urgent government Legislative Ordinace (FEK 139/11.06.2013, Issue A').<br /> <br /> NET (the main channel) and ET1, which were based in Athens, interrupted programming. So did ET3, which is based in Thessaloniki. Thousands of people gathered in the Radio Hall, the building where ET1 and NET were based and practically ERT's main headquarters, and protested against the decision. This happened in Thessaloniki as well. Analog signal ceased at 22:54 EEST. The last (digital terrestrial television) ERT transmitters were closed at 23:17 EEST. However, 20 seconds later, 902TV, controlled by the KKE, retransmitted the signal and as such got shut down as well. Radio signals stopped at 23:22 EEST. Later on, the ERT World feed got shut down as well. On 12 June, all internet assets of ERT got erased from the Greek internet registry. Massive strikes happened the same day.<br /> <br /> However, with the help of EBU initially, ERT's employees, now integrated into the ERT Open initiative, continued to broadcast two of the three channels (NET and ET3) via Internet and satellite signals, and even reopened some analog transmitters. On 24 October, EBU ceased its aid to ERT and as such most signals ceased. ERT continued to broadcast via Internet only. On 7 November, police invaded the Radio Hall (prosecuting 4 people) and later that day, NET ceased broadcasting. Until its reopening on 11 June 2015, ET3 and some radio stations were the only services that never stopped broadcasting.<br /> <br /> Democratic Left exited the coalition because of this decision.<br /> <br /> In place of ERT, a new organization, NERIT, was expected to start broadcasting on 29 August. However, a transitional and terribly designed one, called Public Television was launched on 10 July instead and got replaced by NERIT on 4 May 2014.<br /> <br /> It should be noted that Public Television changed its name within just the first day (as it was called Hellenic Public Television) and changed logos 4 times during its first 2 months of operation. It started normal programming only on 21 August. Before then, the programming did not cover all 24 hours (akin to pre-1996 ERT).<br /> <br /> In fact, up until 7 November, Public Television broadcasted from a private studio and it also did not legally exist, as it did not have a VAT.<br /> <br /> ===== 2014 =====<br /> In 2014, a new austerity package was approved. The bill froze wages and pensions until 2018. It cut public sector expenses, such as the Ministry of Health. It provided that the primary surplus in 2014 would be 2.3% of GDP (€4.19 billion) 5.3% (€11.585 billion) in 2018.<br /> <br /> On 4 May, NERIT was launched.<br /> <br /> On 31 December, the Parliament was dissolved.<br /> <br /> ==== Syriza Government and recovery (2015-2019) ====<br /> <br /> ==== Mitsotakis regime (2019-present) ====<br /> <br /> ===== Economic Policies =====<br /> The New Democracy political party, in government since July 2019, has applied [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] and quasi-[[Fascism|fascist]] policies. It has made massive privatizations in tourism and natural resources&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;. Workers' rights have also been severely limited, with strikes being mostly prohibited and with employers having the right to fire employees without giving any notice prior or to give any reason. Collective agreements have been abolished as well.<br /> <br /> [[Censorship]] in media has been increased, with [https://rsf.org/en/index even pro-capitalist western organizations ranking Greece very low in press freedom] and with [https://www.v-dem.net/documents/30/V-dem_democracyreport2023_highres.pdf also pro-capitalist western organizations claiming Greece has a &quot;democratic backsliding&quot; and is becoming increasingly authoritarian].<br /> <br /> ===== Government Surveillance =====<br /> [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]], the current Greek Prime Minister, has also put the National Information Service as well as the official Greek news agency under his complete control.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; New Democracy, with the support of the PASOK political party, amended a law (specifically 826/145 of the law 2472/1997), regarding wiretappings by the NIS, which practically removed citizens' right to be informed of their surveillance after it had been concluded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Ιn 2021 alone, 15,000 surveillance orders were issued.<br /> <br /> This led to a spying scandal ignited in July 2022, when opposition leader Nikos Androulakis, leader of PASOK, revealed he was being wiretapped by Greek authorities by the illegal [[Predator]] software.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Senior European Parliament Member Targeted as Spyware Abuse Spreads|date=2022-07-27|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/world/europe/eu-spyware-predator-pegasus.html|retrieved=2023-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The case reached media spotlight, however there have been active efforts from the government to not come to a conclusion. The revelations were followed by the -almost simultaneous- resignations of the head of the National Information Service, Panagiotis Kontoleon, and the General Secretary of the Prime Minister and his nephew, Grigoris Dimitriadis.<br /> <br /> Protests also need government approval.<br /> <br /> ===== 2023 Tempi Train Crash =====<br /> In the night of 28 February 2023, two trains collided with each other. The root cause of this tragic disaster was the lack of station masters (there was only one of them, near the crucial station of Larissa) and the lack of monitoring equipment for the trains. There has not been released any official document about the deaths, but the current information are 57 deaths and 53 missing, along with a lot more injuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Teddy Grant, Will Gretsky, Morgan Winsor, and Meredith Deliso|newspaper=ABC News|title=At least 57 dead, dozens more injured in Greek train derailment|date=2023-03-02|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/16-dead-85-injured-trains-collide-derail-greece/story?id=97538779|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301040059/https://abcnews.go.com/International/16-dead-85-injured-trains-collide-derail-greece/story?id=97538779|archive-date=2023-03-01|retrieved=2023-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== 2023 Natural Disasters =====<br /> In July, Greece was struck by a 15-day [[Climate change|heatwave]] which was the longest in their recorded history,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Tasos Kokkinidis|newspaper=Greek Reporter|title=Greece Heatwave: Record-breaking 46.4°C Recorded|date=2023-07-24|url=https://greekreporter.com/2023/07/24/greece-heatwave-record-breaking-46-4-recorded/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/knjSz|archive-date=2023-09-25|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; with some areas reaching highs of 46 °C.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Helena Smith|newspaper=The Guardian|title=‘Everyone is indoors’: life on pause on hottest day of Greek heatwave|date=2023-07-26|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/26/life-at-a-standstill-on-hottest-day-of-greek-heatwave-mystras|archive-url=https://archive.ph/TGlrb|archive-date=2023-07-26|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country was, in the summer, the victim of severe wildfires, particularly in the Dadia national park, in which over 70,000 hectares were incinerated, one of the worst in Europe up to this point.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Reuters|title=Greece wildfire 'worst on European soil in years', Copernicus says|date=2023-08-25|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/greece-wildfire-worst-european-soil-years-copernicus-says-2023-08-25/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/nhnxZ|archive-date=2023-08-25|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rhodes was particularly badly affected, with wildfires on [[Rhodes]] destroying towns and villages, resulting in the evacuation of nearly 20,000 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Anna Conkling|newspaper=Real News Network|title=Welcome to my burnt paradise’: Summer fires in Greece leave devastation in their wake|date=2023-09-19|url=https://therealnews.com/welcome-to-my-burnt-paradise-summer-fires-in-greece-leave-devastation-in-their-wake|archive-url=https://archive.ph/eY4mW|archive-date=2023-09-19|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Throughout Europe, the wildfires burned nearly 470,000 hectares of European land.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=European Commission|title=Wildfires in 2023: 41 % of the burnt area in the EU within Natura 2000 protected sites|date=2023-09-08|url=https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/wildfires-2023-41-burnt-area-eu-within-natura-2000-protected-sites-2023-09-08_en|archive-url=https://archive.ph/fxmmB|archive-date=2023-10-01|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; In early September, [[Thessaly]] was then flooded after 18 months of rainfall fell in 24 hours due to Storm Daniel,&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=World Metereological Organization|title=Storm Daniel leads to extreme rain and floods in Mediterranean, heavy loss of life in Libya|date=2023-09-12|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/storm-daniel-leads-extreme-rain-and-floods-mediterranean-heavy-loss-of-life-libya|archive-url=https://archive.ph/g36j7|archive-date=2023-09-20|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in late September, central Greece was once again struck by flooding due to Storm Elias.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=TeleSUR|title=Central Greece Battered by Storm Elias|date=2023-09-28|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Central-Greece-Battered-by-Storm-Elias-20230928-0006.html|archive-url=https://archive.ph/9edce|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A quarter of Greece's agricultural yields were wiped out and will be degraded for several years due to silt and mud.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Roberta Harrington|newspaper=Business News Europe|title=Greek agriculture devastated for five or more years|date=2023-09-25|url=https://www.intellinews.com/greek-agriculture-devastated-for-five-or-more-years-293963/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/4HEGL|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:&quot;Israel&quot; flag in the Hellenic Parliament building.png|thumb|The flag of the Zionist Entity in the Parliament building, Syntagma Square, Athens. |274x274px]]<br /> <br /> ===== Reaction to Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa =====<br /> Mitsotakis has supported [[&quot;Israel&quot;]] during the [[Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa]], implicitly calling Palestinians &quot;uncivilized people&quot;.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:Countries]]<br /> [[Category:Global north]]<br /> [[Category:Imperialist countries]]<br /> [[Category:European countries]]<br /> [[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]]<br /> [[Category:Pages needing references]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Guerrilla_Army&diff=63251 2024-02-24T10:50:27Z

<p>Itsraining: Fix typo</p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}{{Infobox guerilla organization|name=People's Guerrilla Army|native_name=Ejército Guerrillero Popular|dates=3 December 1982 –&lt;br&gt; June 2018|size=~350|opponents=[[file:Flag of Peru.svg|20px]][[Peru]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]][[USA]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Canada.png|20px]][[Canada]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:EU flag.png|20px]][[EU]]|image=Flag of the People's Guerrilla Army.png|ideology=[[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gonzalo Thought]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anti-Revisionism]]|allegiance=[[File:Flag of the Shining Path.png|20px]][[PCP]]|war=[[Maoist Insurgency in Peru]]}}<br /> <br /> The '''People's Guerrilla Army''' is the armed wing of the [[Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path|Communist Party of Peru - Shining Path]]. It is currently involved in the ongoing [[People's war]] in [[Republic of Peru|Peru]]. The goal of the army, and the party as a whole, in this conflict is to establish a [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], and ultimately to achieve [[communism]].<br /> [[Category:Communist underground movements]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_Greece&diff=63250 2024-02-24T10:07:53Z

<p>Itsraining: /* Own media */ Complete partly missing sentence from previous edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Message box/Incomplete}}{{Infobox political party<br /> | colorcode = red<br /> | name = Communist Party of Greece<br /> | native_name = Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας<br /> | native_name_lang = Greek<br /> | general_secretary = [[Dimitris Koutsoumpas]]<br /> | logo = [[File:Kke.svg|frameless|175px]]<br /> | abbreviation = KKE<br /> | founded = May, 1917<br /> | dissolved = <br /> | newspaper = Rizospastis<br /> | youth_wing = Communist Youth of Greece&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; &gt;Greek: Κομμουνιστική Νεολαία Ελλάδας (ΚΝΕ)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | wing1_title = Trade Union Wing<br /> | wing1 = All-Workers Militant Front&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; &gt;Greek: Πανεργατικό Αγωνιστικό Μέτωπο (ΠΑΜΕ)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | political_orientation = [[Marxism–Leninism]] (de jure) &lt;br&gt; [[Dogmatism|Left-opportunism]] / [[KKE Model]] (de facto)&lt;br&gt;[[Homophobia]] (de facto)<br /> |position=Syncretic|european=[[Non-inscrits]]|international=[[IMCWP]]|website=https://www.kke.gr/|country=[[Greece]]}}{{Communist parties}}<br /> <br /> The '''Communist Party of Greece''' (abbreviated as '''KKE''') is a political party founded in 1918, being the oldest political party in [[Hellenic Republic|Greece]]. It is now the fourth largest party in Greece and one of the most influential communist parties in Europe. It is the initiator of the organization of the [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> === Formation ===<br /> The party was founded on 17 November 1918 as the Socialist Labor Party of Greece.<br /> <br /> === World War 1 and aftermath (1918-1922) ===<br /> <br /> ==== First Congress and Greco-Turkish war ====<br /> Its First Congress took Place in the same month in Pireaus.<br /> <br /> SEKE pushed the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] to persuade [[Mustafa Kemal Ataturk|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] to give autonomy in Turkish areas with a large Greek minority, but opposed the [[Imperialism|imperialist]] Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922 and also wanted [[Eleftherios Venizelos]] to withdraw Greek troops from Asia Minor.<br /> <br /> ==== Second Congress ====<br /> During the Second Congress of SEKE in April 1920, the party got affiliated with [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Comintern]] and, as such, changed their name to SEKE-K (Socialist Labor Party of Greece - Communist).<br /> <br /> === Interwar Period (1922-1939) ===<br /> <br /> ==== People's Front ====<br /> After the Comintern encouraged the formation of [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] fronts worldwide, and as such SEKE-K formed the People's front, an anti-Metaxist front, the largest [[Marxism|Marxist]] one during the time.<br /> <br /> ==== Third Congress ====<br /> During the Third Congress of SEKE-K in November 1924, SEKE-K was renamed to Communist Party of Greece (KKE). [[Marxism–Leninism]] was adopted as an official ideology and [[democratic centralism]] was adopted as the party's system.<br /> <br /> ==== Macedonian Issue ====<br /> KKE supported an independent Macedonia and Thrace, as this was the Comintern's position at the time, though some members of KKE disagreed with this position. In turn, many communists were expelled from Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=Richard Clogg|year=1992|title=A Concise History of Greece|page=106, 141|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> KKE (and the Comintern) believed in the [[self-determination]] of the people in these areas and wanted to prevent a new imperialist war in the [[Balkans]]. The USSR was a model for an independent Macedonia, where all [[Hellenic Republic|Greeks]], [[Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgarians]] and [[Republic of Türkiye|Turks]] could self-determine, just like how [[Russian SFSR|Russians]], [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)|Ukrainians]] and [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)|Byelorussians]] could in the USSR.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Vladimir Lenin|year=1914|title=For The Issue of Self-Determination of the People}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Idionymon ====<br /> In 1929, as minister of Education in the government of [[Eleftherios Venizelos]], [[Georgios Papandreou]] passed legislation against organised communist teachers, known as Idionymon. Such legislation was often used to prosecute KKE members and other leftist activists.<br /> <br /> ==== Metaxist Dictatorship ====<br /> By 1940, KKE was in turmoil due to the Metaxist [[Fascism|fascist]] dictatorship. By October 1940, half of the party's two thousand members were in prison or in exile. The Security Police (the secret fascist police) proved successful in dismantling the party structure; not only had it imprisoned the leadership, but it created a fake series of ''Rizospastis'', the Central Committee newspaper. This generated further confusion among the remaining scattered underground members.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Aggelos Elefantis|year=1999|title=The Promise of the Impossible Revolution, Greek Communist Party self-meditation and the bourgeois during the inter-war Period|publisher=Themelio}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=KKE|title=Official Documents|chapter=Vol. 5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === World War 2 (1939-1945) ===<br /> <br /> ==== Before Nazi Occupation ====<br /> The KKE was divided in whether it should support Metaxas in Greece's struggle against [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] or not. Whereas the &quot;pro-Metaxas&quot; faction was the one that the Comintern supported, as it encouraged KKE to fight against [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|fascist Italy]] whereas the &quot;anti-Metaxas&quot; faction considered Greece as a de facto colony of the [[British Empire]] and that the war which was taking place was an imperialist one.<br /> <br /> ==== During Nazi Occupation ====<br /> <br /> ===== Prisoners =====<br /> On 6 April 1941, the Germans invaded Greece and occupied Athens on 27 April following an unconditional surrender of the Greek forces by General Georgios Tsolakoglou, who was later appointed Prime Minister by the [[National Socialism|Nazis]]. Many of the communists in Crete, which wasn't yet occupied, asked to be freed so as to fight the Nazi invaders, but the Greek government-in-exile had no power to do so, so they escaped. The pro-Nazi occupation government handed some political prisones of KKE over to the Nazis fearing that they—following the pro-Soviet party line—would resort to sabotage in Greece following the commence of Operation Barbarossa. It became German policy—especially after it became obvious to them that they were losing the war—to execute civilians in retaliation for attacks against them by communist or non-communist partisans. Approximately 200 communists, delivered to the Germans on 1941, were executed at the Kaisariani Shooting Range on 1 May 1944. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=History of the National Resistance 1940–1945|chapter=Vol. 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ===== Resistance Movements =====<br /> Along with five other left-wing parties, KKE formed the [[National Liberation Front (Greece)|National Liberation Front]] (EAM) on 27 September 1941, in Athens and militia units, called the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) on 16 February 1942. By 1943, ELAS had 50,000 members and 30,000 reserves in major cities.<br /> <br /> During 1943, ELAS clashed with other resistance movements, which spend more time fighting [[Communism|communists]] than the Axis itself. This prepared the ground and tension for the [[Greek Civil War]].<br /> <br /> [[Nikos Zachariadis]] was freed from the Dachau Concentration Camp in 1945 and returned to Greece as KKE's General Secretary.<br /> <br /> === Civil War (1945-1949) ===<br /> ''Main Article: [[Greek Civil War]]''<br /> <br /> In October 1944, the last German soldiers left Greece and ELAS reached [[Athens]]. After the Axis retreated, a National Unity government was formed under [[Georgios Papandreou]]. While the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] released [[National Socialist German Workers' Party|Nazis]] from prison, they also pushed for disarmament of ELAS. After leftists were prevented from joining the new army, the KKE withdrew from the government.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Arturo Rodriguez|newspaper=Socialist Appeal|title=The Greek Revolution and Civil War: the Battle of Athens – Part Two|date=2015-07-31|archive-date=2017-10-05|retrieved=2022-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 3 December 1944, British snipers and Greek police opened fire on a communist demonstration in Athens. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Arturo Rodriguez|newspaper=Socialist Appeal|title=The Greek Revolution and Civil War: the Battle of Athens – Part One|date=2015-07-31|retrieved=2022-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;Later that day, 60,000 rallied in Syntagma Square and began an uprising against the British. 25,000 people were killed in the Battle of Athens and 12,000 leftists were deported or imprisoned in its aftermath. The British set up machine gun nests and bombed [[Proletariat|proletarian]] neighborhoods. They also released thousands of fascist collaborators to help them fight the communists.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Kingdom of Greece and Military Junta (1949-1974) ===<br /> During the post-WW2 Kingdom of Greece, KKE was banned and communists were harshly persecuted by the [[United States of America|US]]-backed police state. Most of its prominent members had to either flee the country or denounce communism. Nikos Beloyannis and Nikos Ploumpidis were executed in 1952 and 1954 respectively. In 1955, there were 4,498 political prisoners and 898 exiles while in 1962 there were 1,359 prisoners and 296 exiles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Polymeris Voglis|year=2002|title=Becoming a Subject: Political Prisoners During the Greek Civil War|page=223|publisher=Berghahn Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this period, KKE supported the United Democratic Left, a leftist party.<br /> <br /> Since [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s death in 1953, Zachariadis (a supporter of Stalin) clashed with the new [[Revisionism|revisionist]] leadership of the USSR, and as KKE followed this leadership's line, Zachariadis was expelled from the party in 1957, a year after [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]]'s &quot;secret speech&quot; was made, denouncing Stalin.<br /> <br /> The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-backed military Junta which seized power in 21 April 1967 outlawed all political parties and persecuted communists even more harshly.<br /> <br /> In 1968, a [[Eurocommunism|Eurocommunist]] faction split from the KKE and was named KKE (interior), claiming that the original KKE was directed from the USSR. During the same year, the Communist Youth of Greece was founded.<br /> <br /> === Third Hellenic Republic (1974-present) ===<br /> <br /> ==== Cold war (1974-1991) ====<br /> The new Greek Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis legalized KKE, however it was [[Andreas Papandreou]] who allowed communists to return in Greece and receive special pensions for their resistance in WW2.<br /> <br /> During the 1989 and 1990 elections (and [[Counterrevolutions of 1989|counter-revolutions of 1989]]), KKE participated under a left-wing alliance of parties (Coalition of the Left and Progress, commonly known as Synaspismos) under the leadership of Charilaos Florakis. They formed a coalition government with the parties of [[New Democracy (political party in the Hellenic Republic)|New Democracy]] and [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement|PASOK]] (only in the first temporary government).<br /> <br /> In 1991, [[Aleka Papariga]] got elected as General Secretary. KKE would start, since then, to develop its current political line and ideology.<br /> <br /> Days before the [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union|overthrow of the USSR]], Zachariadis' remains were returned to his homeland of Greece, and he was given a funeral, which gave his supporters the opportunity to honour him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Rizospastis|title=Μια ιστορική προσωπικότητα του κομμουνιστικού κινήματος (Translation: A historical personality of the communist movement)|date=2003-08-03|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724130817/http://www1.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=1898874|archive-date=2011-07-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the same time, KKE left Synaspismos, but the [[Reformism|reformist]] faction of the party split from KKE and remained there. Synaspismos would later become what is [[Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance|Syriza]] today.<br /> <br /> ==== Post-Cold War (1992-present) ====<br /> In the 1993 elections, KKE had significant losses, mostly due to the trend of decline of the Marxist-Leninist movement around the world (as the aftermath of the overthrow of the USSR), as well as because it left Synaspismos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Communist Party of Greece|title=Parliamentary politics and the communist party: the electoral arena, experience and lessons from Greece and the KKE|url=https://inter.kke.gr/en/articles/Parliamentary-politics-and-the-communist-party-the-electoral-arena-experience-and-lessons-from-Greece-and-the-KKE/#_ftnref1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> KKE actively participated in the anti-austerity protests beginning in 2010 and also supported Greek steel worker's strikes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Gus Lubin|newspaper=Business Insider|title=KKE actively participated in the anti-austerity protests beginning in 2010 [79] and also supported Greek steel worker's strikes.[80]|date=2010-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2011, a National Conference of the Communist Party of Greece fully rehabilitated Zachariadis as General Secretary of the KKE and denounced the revisionist line followed from 1953 up until 1991. That was in line with the KKE's general political reorientation since the overthrow of the Soviet Union.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Michael Karadjis|newspaper=Links|title=Greece: SYRIZA, the Communist Party and the desperate need for a united front|date=2012-05-16|url=https://links.org.au/greece-syriza-communist-party-and-desperate-need-united-front}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2022, the party announced it would not attend [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]’s speech at the [[Hellenic Parliament]] on April 7 after he banned several left-wing opposition parties.&lt;ref&gt;{{News citation|date=2022-04-02|title=No to Zelensky: Why the KKE will not attend Zelensky's address to Greek Parliament|url=https://www.idcommunism.com/2022/04/no-to-zelensky-why-kke-will-not-attend-zelensky-address-to-greek-parliament.html?m=1|newspaper=In Defense of Communism|retrieved=2022-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 2023 elections, KKE reached a 7.7% and completely won in Icaria.<br /> <br /> == Positions ==<br /> <br /> === Actually Existing Socialism ===<br /> KKE recognizes [[Cuba]] as [[Socialist state|socialist]] In fact, it actively supports the country and has very good ties with [[Communist Party of Cuba|its communist party]]. KKE condemns [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[USA|US]] efforts to [[2021 Cuban protests|overthrow the Cuban government]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Press office of the Communist Party of Greece|newspaper=Communist Party of Greece|title=Αλληλεγγύη στην Κούβα! Οι προβοκάτσιες των ιμπεριαλιστών δεν θα περάσουν! (Translation: Solidarity with Cuba! The provocations of the imperialists will not pass!)|date=2021-07-12|url=https://www.kke.gr/article/Allileggyi-stin-Koyba-Oi-probokatsies-ton-imperialiston-den-tha-perasoyn/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the other hand, KKE does not recognize [[China]] as a socialist country and considers it as a [[Capitalism|capitalist]] and imperialist one instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=21st Congress of the Communist Party of Greece, Second Text|newspaper=Communist Party of Greece|title=CHAPTER C<br /> THE SITUATION IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNIST MOVEMENT (ICM) AND THE ACTIVITY OF THE KKE. THE CURRENT PHASE OF THE ICM|date=2017-04-02|url=https://inter.kke.gr/en/articles/CHAPTER-C/|quote=Many parties retain the title “communist”, but their ideological–political and organizational formation is not consistent with the communist characteristics, the ideology of scientific communism, the revolutionary strategy–Programme that corresponds to a revolutionary workers', Leninist party.<br /> <br /> [...]<br /> <br /> The CPs' approaches are often dominated by bourgeois and opportunist ideological influences, turning any invocation of our world view from a theoretical basis and a scientific methodological tool for understanding and changing society into a “wish list”.<br /> <br /> Briefly, the overall negative picture remains, both in the leading capitalist countries (USA, countries of the EU, UK, Japan, China, Russia) as well as in countries and regions that are hotbeds of imperialist military interventions.}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, its positions on [[Mao Zedong]] are not clear.<br /> <br /> Its positions on [[Lao People's Democratic Republic|Laos]], [[Vietnam]] and the [[DPRK]] are mostly unclear. <br /> <br /> KKE denounces US efforts to destabilize the DPRK.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Press Office of the Communist Party of Greece|newspaper=Communist Party of Greece|date=2017-09-10|url=https://www.kke.gr/article/ANAKOINOSI-TOY-GRAFEIOY-TYPOY-GIA-TIS-EPIKINDYNES-EKSELIKSEIS-STIN-KOREATIKI-XERSONISO/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Imperialism ===<br /> KKE believes in a pyramid scheme of imperialism, where some countries are &quot;more&quot; (imperial core) or are &quot;less&quot; ([[Neocolony|neocolonies]]) imperialist,&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Aleka Papariga (ex-secretary of the Communist Party of Greece)|newspaper=El Machete|title=On Imperialism - The Imperialist Pyramid|url=https://inter.kke.gr/en/articles/On-Imperialism-The-Imperialist-Pyramid/}}&lt;/ref&gt; which can basically be summarized in the phrase &quot;trading is imperialist&quot;. This scheme of imperialism lacks a coherent material analysis and as such may be considered as a [[Ultra-leftism|left deviation]], falling from the path of [[scientific socialism]].<br /> <br /> It considers the [[Russian Federation]] as imperialist, despite the fact that their economy lacks the financial power of the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See [[Russian Federation#Economy|our comments on their economy]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Material conditions of Greece ===<br /> KKE, in its program, states that Greece has the material conditions to develop full socialism (like the USSR), despite Greece being a more service-based and agricultural economy with little heavy industry.<br /> <br /> === Homophobia ===<br /> On December 2015, the KKE opposed the &quot;Cohabitation Agreement&quot; bill which would extend the [[family]] institution to same-sex couples. The reasoning for this position was to preserve the role of the family institution in &quot;reproduction of the species&quot;, and to protect children from a &quot;distorted perception of the biological relationship between the sexes.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Department for the Equality of Women of the CC of KKE|newspaper=Communist Party of Greece|title=On the Cohabitation Agreement|date=2016|url=https://inter.kke.gr/en/articles/On-The-Cohabitation-Agreement/|retrieved=2023-10-09|quote=The objection of the KKE regarding the amending of the CA and especially its extension to same-sex couples stems from the nature and evolution of the family institution, its role in the reproduction of the species. A starting point of our position is the need for the comprehensive social protection of children and to ensure as far as possible –in a capitalist society- the most favourable conditions for their physical, intellectual and emotional development.<br /> [...]<br /> The biological origin of humankind is the result of a male-female sexual relationship, which as such, is of interest to and is regulated by society. Objectively a child that is raised by a same-sex couple, from the first determinative years of its life, acquires a distorted perception of the biological relationship between the sexes. A correct perception of this relationship is an essential ingredient for its smooth psychosomatic and social development.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In fact, KKE has explicitly stated in an article in its newspaper, ''Rizospastis'', that it opposes the recognition of same-sex families as families.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Rizospastis|title=Η θέση του ΚΚΕ για το Σύμφωνο Συμβίωσης|date=2015-12-20|url=https://www.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=8714869|quote=The goal through the bill is essentially the institutional recognition of same-sex couples' families, including – in a process – having children from them. And therein lies our disagreement.}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> This position could be described as biological essentialism, as it considers couples and the family a merely reproductive relation and institution respectively.<br /> <br /> KKE has also stated that:&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=KKE|title=Statement of Dimitris Koutsoumpas about the International Day against homophobia|date=2022-05-17|url=https://www.kke.gr/article/Dilosi-toy-Dimitri-Koytsoympa-gia-ti-Diethni-Imera-kata-tis-Omofobias/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Unacceptable and condemnable discrimination and violence against our fellow human beings, based on their sexual orientation and other personal characteristics, are not addressed by cheap declarations of equality and words of sympathy, but by strengthening legislation against perpetrators of sexism, racism and homophobia, with the full social support of those who suffer from such behaviors. A real shield against such discrimination is collectivism, the struggle for modern social rights for all people.&lt;/blockquote&gt;This stance has been criticized as hypocritical by many Marxists.<br /> <br /> On 29 January 2024, KKE made a statement about voting against the gay marriage law. It claims it &quot;abuses children's rights&quot;, that &quot;it deprives children of maternity or paternity&quot;, that it &quot;commodifies the family&quot; along with other nonsensical, conservative in nature, statements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Central Committee of the KKE|newspaper=Communist Party of Greece|title=KKE's positions on civil marriage for same-sex couples and its impact on children's rights|date=2024-01-29|url=https://www.kke.gr/article/Oi-theseis-toy-KKE-gia-ton-politiko-gamo-ton-omofylon-zeygarion-kai-tis-epiptoseis-toy-sta-dikaiomata-ton-paidion/|retrieved=2024-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131123453/https://www.kke.gr/article/Oi-theseis-toy-KKE-gia-ton-politiko-gamo-ton-omofylon-zeygarion-kai-tis-epiptoseis-toy-sta-dikaiomata-ton-paidion|archive-date=2024-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 3 February 2024, a member of the party's Politburo claimed in an article published in a party website that &quot;LGBTQ+ is backed by George Soros&quot; and that &quot;the promotion of LGBTQ+ is an agenda of NATO and the EU&quot;, which are infamous [[Trumpism|Trumpist]] positions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Μάκης Παπαδόπουλος|newspaper=902.gr|title=Οι στόχοι του κεφαλαίου μεταμφιεσμένοι σε «ατομικά δικαιώματα» στην εποχή του «ίντερνετ των σωμάτων»|date=2024-02-03|url=https://www.902.gr/eidisi/politiki/354612/oi-stohoi-toy-kefalaioy-metamfiesmenoi-se-atomika-dikaiomata-stin-epohi-toy|retrieved=2024-02-21|quote=The promotion of gender identity, the right to continuous gender transition, postmodern positions of &quot;individual self-determination&quot; and the lumping together of people of different class status, political views and expressions of sexuality as a single &quot;LGBTIQ community&quot; are official strategies of the EU and NATO.&lt;br&gt;A number of legislative regulations, such as the European Parental Relationship Certificate (which recognises a child's parental relationship with three parents of the same biological sex) have already been implemented.Mass entertainment platforms, like Netflix, bombard with identical messages and portray anyone who denies them as reactionary, religious and fascist.&lt;br&gt;In this direction, the self-proclaimed leadership of LGBTQI, funded and supported by groups such as J. S. Johnson, is being utilized. Soros, of &quot;JP Morgan&quot;, &quot;General Electric&quot;. At the global forum in Davos, they recently discussed how corporate diplomacy will advance the agenda of &quot;LGBTIQ leadership&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Conclusions ===<br /> KKE's ideology is a form of [[anti-revisionism]], being very close to [[Hoxhaism]] due to the unclear positions on Mao Zedong. This is supported by the fact that KKE is generally positive towards [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)|Socialist Albania]]. However, it is refuted by the fact that this ideology formed after rejecting the USSR's revisionist line (which they had for almost four decades) months prior to its overthrow, which means they had already taken a pro-Soviet line on the [[Sino-Soviet split]], which happened 30 years prior, thus already not having good relations with the [[Communist Party of China]], as well as the fact that they have good relations with Cuba. KKE's ideology also contains some conservative elements. As such, KKE's ideology could be perceived as a completely separate form of Marxism-Leninism.<br /> <br /> == Own media ==<br /> In addition to Rizospastis, the party's official newspaper, KKE owns and operates the news web portal 902.gr and the 90,4 FM radio station in Thessaloniki.<br /> <br /> KKE also used to own its own television channel (902 TV) which ceased operations in 2013 due to economic difficulties. Its parent company (Radiotileoptiki) was sold to a Cyprus company without rights to the channel's name or logo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=902.gr|title=Τους πήρε ο πόνος για τον «902»|url=https://www.902.gr/eidisi/politiki/24233/toys-pire-o-ponos-gia-ton-902}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [[Category:Communist parties]]<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Hellenic_Republic&diff=63237 2024-02-23T22:41:43Z

<p>Itsraining: /* Politics */ Minor aesthetic improvements</p> <hr /> <div>{{Message box/Incomplete}}{{Infobox country|native_name=Ελληνική Δημοκρατία|name=Hellenic Republic|largest_city=Athens|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary corporatocratic republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=Katerina Sakellaropoulou|leader_title2=Prime Minister|leader_name2=[[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]]|leader_title3=Parliament Speaker|leader_name3=Konstantinos Tasoulas|image_coat=Coat of arms of Greece.svg|capital=Athens|area_km2=131,957|population_census=10,432,481|population_census_year=2021|currency=Euro|image_map=Greece map.png|map_width=290|official_languages=Greek|image_flag=Flag of Greece.svg}}<br /> The '''Hellenic Republic''', also known as '''Greece''', is a country located in southeastern [[Europe]]. Its ancient civilization saw a huge revival during the Renaissance, where ancient Greek society began to be considered the origin of Western civilization. Greece is home to many philosophers that inspired both [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] and [[Karl Marx|Marx]]. Greece is a member of the [[European Union|EU]], the [[Council of Europe]], [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], and the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> === Bronze Age ===<br /> The Minoan civilization rose to power from 1950 to 1450 BCE on the island of Crete. It became a major power in the Mediterranean by using powerful sailboats, and its rulers lived in large stone palaces.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02222&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Class Societies|page=20|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ancient Greece ===<br /> Ancient Greece was divided into at least thousand city-states that frequently fought each other for land and resources.<br /> <br /> In the 6th century BCE, the Athens overthrew a 30-year-old dictatorship and installed an aristocratic government, which was then overthrown by a popular democratic revolution. [[Sparta]] attempted a [[Counterrevolution|counterrevolutionary]] invasion but was defeated, and Athenian democracy spread to many other Greek city-states, lasting almost 200 years. Philosophers such as [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], and [[Aristotle]] opposed democratic rule. In the early 5th century BCE, Greece defeated invasions from the [[Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE)|Persian Empire]], but a conservative alliance led by Sparta defeated Athens in the [[Peloponnesian War]] in 404 BCE.<br /> <br /> The city-states remained divided, with Thebes conquering Sparta in 371 BCE before [[Macedonia (808–168 BCE)|Macedon]] conquered all of Greece starting in 338 BCE.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=Ancient Empires|page=36–40|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Between 200 and 150 BCE, [[Roman Republic (509–27 BCE)|Rome]] conquered Greece and crushed any leaders who tried to forgive [[Debt|debts]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Athens ====<br /> Athens did not allow [[Slavery|slaves]], women, or foreigners to vote but did enfranchise poor [[Peasantry|farmers]] and artisans. Out of a total population of 200,000 people, only 30,000 could vote. The government consisted of ten leading officials (''strategoi'') who were elected every year, an elected council of 400 people (''boule''), and a popular assembly (''ekklesia'') of all free citizens. Courts of up to 2,500 people administered justice, and people who received 6,000 negative votes could be exiled from the city for ten years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Solon]] cancelled debts in the early fifth century BCE, and [[Pisistratus]] and his descendants democratized the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|date=2023-05-05|title=Origins of debt: Michael Hudson reveals how financial oligarchies in Greece &amp; Rome shaped our world|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/05/24/debt-michael-hudson-oligarchies-greece-rome/|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528041512/https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/05/24/debt-michael-hudson-oligarchies-greece-rome/|archive-date=2023-05-28|author=[[Ben Norton]], [[Michael Hudson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Sparta ====<br /> Sparta banned [[money]] in an attempt to avoid the existence of debt. Later, Rome attacked Sparta when kings [[Agis IV|Agis]] and [[Cleomenes III|Cleomenes]] tried to cancel their citizens' debt and create their own army instead of using mercenaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Second World War ===<br /> [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] invaded and occupied Greece during the [[Second World War]]. In 1941, the Communist Party of Greece formed the [[Greek People's Liberation Army]] (ELAS) and the [[National Liberation Front (Greece)|National Liberation Front]] (EAM) to fight against the [[Fascism|fascist]] occupiers. The EAM grew to over a million members and ranged from communists to the center-left. In November 1944, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] army entered Greece and began fighting against ELAS with the help of former Nazi collaborators. In January 1945, ELAS surrendered and the British took over Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2003|title=Killing Hope|chapter=Greece 1947 to early 1950s: From cradle of democracy to client state|page=33–37|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedfo2kzml5sodng4rtlybjdvertim3nybowazzlo6rztq6khixbv4?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Killing%20Hope_%20US%20Military%20and%20CIA%20Interventions%20Since%20World%20War%20II-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282003%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1842773682}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Civil War ===<br /> {{Main article|Greek Civil War}}<br /> Greek leftists began a rebellion in the fall of 1946 and the British left Greece in February 1947 to be replaced by the [[United States of America|USA]]. [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)|Albania]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)|Bulgaria]], and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|Yugoslavia]] assisted the Greek communists. By the end of 1947, the Greek government received all of its military supplies from the United States. The Greek revolutionary forces surrendered in October 1949.<br /> <br /> By the 1950s, Greece was an [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] US-backed police state and a member of NATO. Greece sent troops to fight against the [[Korean People's Army]] during the [[Fatherland Liberation War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Military junta (1967-1974) ===<br /> Liberal [[Georgios Papandreou]] won the February 1964 election, but King [[Constantine II|Constantine]] removed him from power in July 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2003|title=Killing Hope|chapter=Greece 1964-1974: &quot;Fuck your Parliament and your Constitution,&quot; said the President of the United States|page=215|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedfo2kzml5sodng4rtlybjdvertim3nybowazzlo6rztq6khixbv4?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Killing%20Hope_%20US%20Military%20and%20CIA%20Interventions%20Since%20World%20War%20II-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282003%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1842773682}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 1967, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] overthrew the Greek government and installed the Nazi-aligned CIA agent [[Georgios Papadopoulos]] as the military dictator of Greece. Papadopoulos banned all political parties and killed 8,000 people in the first month of his rule.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=1995|title=Killing Hope|chapter=|section=|page=219|quote=|pdf=|city=Monroe|publisher=|isbn=1567510523|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0/page/219/mode/2up|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}&lt;/ref&gt; He sent over 6,000 suspected communists to prisons or remote islands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{News citation|journalist=|date=1975-09-01|title=Answering to History|url=|newspaper=Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212222634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html|archive-date=|retrieved=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The CIA gave the junta 74,000 tons of military equipment to defend U.S. interests. After a failed coup in Cyprus which pursued to annex the island into Greece, the Junta collapsed.<br /> <br /> === Third Hellenic Republic (1974-present) ===<br /> <br /> ==== First and second government (1974-1981) ====<br /> During this time, the first Greek Prime Minister, Konstantinos Karamanlis, leading the [[New Democracy (political party in the Hellenic Republic)|New Democracy]] legalized the Communist Party of Greece, but left-wingers were still very marginalized. Aside from this and the establishment of a republican system, nothing else changed significantly.<br /> <br /> Greece entered the EU in early 1981.<br /> <br /> ==== First PASOK governments (1981-1989) ====<br /> As Greeks became increasingly disappointed with the government, they voted for the [[Social democracy|social-democratic]] [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement|PASOK]], led by [[Andreas Papandreou]]. During Papandreou's first two terms, many significant changes happened, even though Greece remained a [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois republic]]. Some enterprises were [[Nationalization|nationalized]] during this time and as such, the public sector was expanded. Communists that fought with KKE's side in the Greek Civil War were allowed to return in Greece and received special pensions. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wED8PRhve6aLndtvSoClrL88VQbDIJsbtp5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuWOCH0GRt-K2xNttmT5_Xib4r8XJBXogZSz4_0UkwyOn|title= ΦΕΚ 115Α/20-09-1982, Νόμος 1285&quot;Για την αναγνώριση της Εθνικής Αντίστασης του Ελληνικού Λαού εναντίον των στρατευμάτων κατοχής 1941-1944&quot;|language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wH6SCddhZcqgXdtvSoClrL8LCLHE8WeG_Z5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuaoZ1MEDTB99sift1pNJaQOCmwcNyY_dWR0qaCJM3ZsQ|title= ΦΕΚ A 105/1949, Α.Ν. 971(Αναγκαστικός Νόμος 971, 29 Απριλίου 1949, &quot;Περί απονομής ηθικών αμοιβών εις τας εθνικάς αντάρτικας ομάδας και Εθνικάς Οργανώσεις εσωτερικής αντιστάσεως&quot;|language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Universal healthcare|free and universal healthcare system]] was established during the 80s, whereas living conditions improved, as the purchase power of Greeks increased by 26% during the course of the decade. &lt;ref&gt;Sassoon, Donald (1997) ''Looking left: European socialism after the Cold War''. I.B. Taurus. {{ISBN|1860641792}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Trade union|Trade unions]] and work counclis also received rights, shops had fixed opening and closing times, and social security was established. Safety and education were also improved during this time. &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=4KW4ePkLPg8C&amp;dq=greece+1988+budget+unemployment&amp;pg=RA25-PP14 Foreign Labor Trends 1986]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=0sUYgpvYQtcC&amp;dq=Foreign+Labor+Trends+Report+Greece+1988&amp;pg=RA20-PP5 Foreign Labor Trends Report Greece 1988]&lt;/ref&gt; A more progressive taxation was introduced. Finally, parental leave was introduced, albeit in a limited scale.<br /> <br /> During this time, Papandreou tried to pull Greece out of NATO and the EU but failed, as the majority of the party supported to remain in both. However, he did challenge the US imperialist narrative and somewhat de-puppetize Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=John C. Loulis|newspaper=Foreign Affairs Magazine|title=Papandreou's Foreign Policy|date=1984-12-01|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029202002/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19841201faessay8413/john-c-loulis/papandreou-s-foreign-policy.html|archive-url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19841201faessay8413/john-c-loulis/papandreou-s-foreign-policy.html|archive-date=2008-10-29|retrieved=2014-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also condemned [[State of Israel|&quot;Israel&quot;]]'s policies in the occupied [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] territories. However, he supported a two-state solution and not an entirely free Palestine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Spyros Kaminaris|newspaper=Middle East Review of International Affairs|title=Greece and the Middle East|date=1999-06|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201100748/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1999/issue2/jv3n2a4.html|archive-url=http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1999/issue2/jv3n2a4.html|archive-date=2012-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== 1989-2004 ====<br /> In 1989, a scandal got revealed in Greece and Papandreou was accused of involvement. This led to an electoral decline of PASOK and after three subsequent elections, New Democracy (led by Konstantinos Mitsotakis) formed a cabinet. As the [[counterrevolutions of 1989]] and the [[overthrow of the Soviet Union]] took place during this time, Mitsotakis [[Privatization|privatized]] many enterprises. He also cut government spending, formally recognized Israel as a country and aligned Greece more with the US once again, as he negotiated about re-opening NATO bases. He also attempted to pass a [[reactionary]] bill concerning education, which caused widespread student protests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|title=ΦΕΚ A 156/1990|title-url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFWwnXHUzxPWXdtvSoClrL8oegNlWStPL95MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyIq-BTkXB0ftEAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIud2vs3dpVqYulrW5RWTsoeSfTZU2aJn-ImeQvVJgAXhw}}&lt;/ref&gt; The police assassinated a teacher during the protests.<br /> <br /> Andreas Papandreou got re-elected in 1993, but passed away in 1996 and got succeeded by the new president of PASOK, Costas Simitis. <br /> <br /> During Simitis, while infrastructure was upgraded (the so-called &quot;Modernization&quot;), Greece adopted the Euro as official currency and abolished the Drachma in 2001-02, causing a big rise in prices and crippling the purchase power of Greek citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFmadq2MKzY|channel=Nikolas Angelidis|title=Ρεπορτάζ Tempo Αλλαγή από δραχμή σε Ευρώ, 2001|date=2021-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1997, the International Olympic Committee selected Athens to organize the 2004 Summer Olympics.<br /> <br /> ==== 2004-2009 ====<br /> Kostas Karamanlis (the nephew of Konstantinos Karamanlis) won the 2004 elections. During his term, the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in Athens.<br /> <br /> In December 2008, a 15-year old student, Alexandros Grigoropoulos was killed by a policeman. Violent protests occurred in Athens which lasted until January 2009.<br /> <br /> ==== Acute Financial Crisis (2009-2015) ====<br /> <br /> ===== 2009 =====<br /> Karamanlis resigned in 2009, as the CIA allegedly plotted to assassinate him, as he planned the participation of Greece in the construction of South Stream, a [[Russian Federation|Russian]] gas pipeline connecting Burgas with Alexandroupoli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=CNN (although the sources for the claim are provided by Russian State Television)|title=Ντοκιμαντέρ για το σχέδιο δολοφονίας του Κώστα Καραμανλή έπαιξε η ρωσική τηλεόραση (vid)|url=https://www.cnn.gr/kosmos/story/102050/ntokimanter-gia-to-sxedio-dolofonias-toy-kosta-karamanli-epaixe-i-rosiki-tileorasi-vid}}&lt;/ref&gt; In order to lose the elections, he told people the actual economic state of Greece and proclaimed austerity measures, whereas PASOK leader George Papandreou (the son of Andreas Papandreou), proclaimed social expenditures that Greece could not actually afford. This led to a financial crisis.<br /> <br /> The social expenditures that Papandreou proclaimed caused a deficit in the Greek economy, which made Greece turn to the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] to get a loan. IMF required Greece to take harsh austerity measures.<br /> <br /> ===== 2010 =====<br /> The first austerity package got approved on 9 February 2010. It froze all wages of government employees, cut 10% of bonuses and overtime workers' and public employees wages and work-related travel subsidies. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&amp;id=130472 |title=Πάγωμα μισθών και περικοπές επιδομάτων ανακοίνωσε η κυβέρνηση |trans-title=Government announced cuts and a freeze in salaries |date=9 February 2010 |publisher=enet.gr |access-date=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another austerity package was approved just a month later, in March 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=issue.el.home&amp;date=04/03/2010&amp;id=137789 |title=Αξέχαστη (!) και δυσοίωνη η 3η Μαρτίου |trans-title=An unforgettable (!) and ominous 3 March |date=4 March 2010 |publisher=enet.gr |access-date=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2 May 2010, the first IMF/EU loan known as the First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece and commonly referred to as the &quot;first memorandum&quot; got signed, after a request on 23 April of the same year. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |title= Greece, Out of Ideas, Requests Global Aid |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/business/global/24drachma.html |work= The New York Times |access-date=11 August 2013|first1=Niki |last1= Kitsantonis |first2=Matthew |last2= Saltmarsh |date=23 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|title=EU, IMF agree $147 billion bailout for Greece|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-idUSTRE6400PJ20100502|work=Reuters|access-date=11 August 2013|date=2 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The European Commission, European Central Bank and the IMF formed the so-called Troika. These measures led to massive protests in Greece and the rise of the so-called anti-austerity movement. 2 days after the memorandum got signed, massive protests happened where 3 people died during the arson of a bank.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |date=2010-05-08 |title=The Greek spirit of resistance turns its guns on the IMF |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/09/greece-debt-crisis-euro-imf |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another austerity package was approved by the Parliament in 6 May 2010, privatizing 4,000 companies, cutting wages and pensions and increasing taxes. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Greek Bailout Talks Could Take Three Weeks|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-20/greek-bailout-talks-could-take-three-weeks-bond-payment-looms.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422033111/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-20/greek-bailout-talks-could-take-three-weeks-bond-payment-looms.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 22, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== 2011 =====<br /> In February 2011, massive protests occurred again in all major Greek cities. Protests re-began in May and happened continuously until December 2011. Many [[Bourgeois media|private TV channels]] did not cover the protests during their early days. During May-August 2011, an &quot;Indignant Citizens Movement&quot; emerged, inspired by the 15-M Spanish movement. In late May, a &quot;Real Democracy Now!&quot; movement emerged inspired by the Spanish one. The first vote of the People's Assembly in Greece got signed in 27 May 2011. The proceedings were:<br /> <br /> * Any corrupt politician should either be sent home or to jail.<br /> * When we, the people, start discussions without fear, fear grips them, inside the parliament building.<br /> * This is not just the politician's fault. It's all our faults, with our selfish attitudes.<br /> * Demonstrations should take place every evening at 6 pm and an assembly at 9 pm.<br /> * Their democracy guarantees neither Justice nor Equality.<br /> * The taxation system is not the same for the rich and the poor. Equal rights for everyone.<br /> <br /> A fourth austerity package got signed in June 2011, further cutting wages and pensions and doing more privatizations. Another one got signed in October 2011, reducing the tax-free threshold from 12,000€ to only 5,000€, as well as closing schools and cutting pensions, as well as other measures. In the protests during the same month, there were violent demonstrations and [[strikes]], inspired by the Statesian [[Occupy Wall Street]] movement. Communist Party of Greece members and hard-line protesters tried to invade the parliament, resulting in the death of one KKE member.<br /> <br /> In 28 October, a national holiday about Greece's refusal to be used as a base for [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]], the military parade officially got cancelled due to protests. The then-President of the Hellenic Republic, Karolos Papoulias, was forced to leave.<br /> <br /> Papandreou resigned on 11 November 2011, due to the protests that happened. A provisional government was formed, led by [[Lucas Papademos]].<br /> <br /> ===== 2012 =====<br /> In February 2012, another wave of protests started against the provisional government, since in the 13th day of the same month the parliament approved the sixth package of austerity measures. In fact, the passing of the austerity measures was a precondition for the next €130 billion lending package from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund to the Greek government, without which the country would have faced sovereign default by 20 March. The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, usually referred to as the &quot;second memorandum&quot; was signed in 1 March. In 20 March, the government finally announced they had defaulted and had rejected another package from Brussels Bailout and were starting to reform the system. On 5 April, people once again demonstrated against the government after a pensioner named Dimitris Christoulas committed suicide by shooting himself, refusing to share the fate of those people who have had to search for food in garbage.<br /> <br /> The two major labor unions of Greece warned that the harsh austerity measures would &quot;drive Greece to despair&quot;.<br /> <br /> In May 2012, elections happened, but no government was formed, so new elections happened in June. New Democracy (the first party, acquiring almost 30% of the votes), PASOK (having fallen at less than 12.3%) and Democratic Left (a social democratic party, which took 6.25% of the votes), formed the government. [[Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance|Syriza]] came second with almost 26.9% of the votes and was the main opposition party. However, the [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[Popular Association – Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]] party received more than 6.97% of the votes (from 0.29% in 2009) entering the Parliament for the first time. KKE was crippled at 4.5% and became the seventh (and last) party to enter the parliament, even though it received almost 4% more in the May 2012 elections.<br /> <br /> As such, [[Antonis Samaras]] became the new Prime Minister.<br /> <br /> A new austerity package was approved in October-November 2012.<br /> <br /> ===== 2013 =====<br /> On 28 April, a new austerity package was signed. The law created a new tax for immovable property that would be defined later. The teachers reacted to the bill by declaring strikes. However, the government prohibited the strikes, proceeding to implement Civil mobilization. The package was finalized on 17 July. The package laid off another 15,000 public employees, among them high school teachers, school guards and municipal policemen.<br /> <br /> On 11 June 2013, Simos Kedikoglou, the government's spokesman, at approximately 17:45 EEST announced the shutdown of the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT), which would make almost 3,000 employees reduntant. This closure was undemocratic.<br /> <br /> ERT was dissolved by a Common Ministerial Decision that was enacted by virtue of Article 14B of Law 3429/2005 (regarding the dissolution, merger and restructuring of public companies) as amended by an urgent government Legislative Ordinace (FEK 139/11.06.2013, Issue A').<br /> <br /> NET (the main channel) and ET1, which were based in Athens, interrupted programming. So did ET3, which is based in Thessaloniki. Thousands of people gathered in the Radio Hall, the building where ET1 and NET were based and practically ERT's main headquarters, and protested against the decision. This happened in Thessaloniki as well. Analog signal ceased at 22:54 EEST. The last (digital terrestrial television) ERT transmitters were closed at 23:17 EEST. However, 20 seconds later, 902TV, controlled by the KKE, retransmitted the signal and as such got shut down as well. Radio signals stopped at 23:22 EEST. Later on, the ERT World feed got shut down as well. On 12 June, all internet assets of ERT got erased from the Greek internet registry. Massive strikes happened the same day.<br /> <br /> However, with the help of EBU initially, ERT's employees, now integrated into the ERT Open initiative, continued to broadcast two of the three channels (NET and ET3) via Internet and satellite signals, and even reopened some analog transmitters. On 24 October, EBU ceased its aid to ERT and as such most signals ceased. ERT continued to broadcast via Internet only. On 7 November, police invaded the Radio Hall (prosecuting 4 people) and later that day, NET ceased broadcasting. Until its reopening on 11 June 2015, ET3 and some radio stations were the only services that never stopped broadcasting.<br /> <br /> Democratic Left exited the coalition because of this decision.<br /> <br /> In place of ERT, a new organization, NERIT, was expected to start broadcasting on 29 August. However, a transitional and terribly designed one, called Public Television was launched on 10 July instead and got replaced by NERIT on 4 May 2014.<br /> <br /> It should be noted that Public Television changed its name within just the first day (as it was called Hellenic Public Television) and changed logos 4 times during its first 2 months of operation. It started normal programming only on 21 August. Before then, the programming did not cover all 24 hours (akin to pre-1996 ERT).<br /> <br /> In fact, up until 7 November, Public Television broadcasted from a private studio and it also did not legally exist, as it did not have a VAT.<br /> <br /> ===== 2014 =====<br /> In 2014, a new austerity package was approved. The bill froze wages and pensions until 2018. It cut public sector expenses, such as the Ministry of Health. It provided that the primary surplus in 2014 would be 2.3% of GDP (€4.19 billion) 5.3% (€11.585 billion) in 2018.<br /> <br /> On 4 May, NERIT was launched.<br /> <br /> On 31 December, the Parliament was dissolved.<br /> <br /> ==== Syriza Government and recovery (2015-2019) ====<br /> <br /> ==== Mitsotakis regime (2019-present) ====<br /> <br /> ===== Economic Policies =====<br /> The New Democracy political party, in government since July 2019, has applied [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] and quasi-[[Fascism|fascist]] policies. It has made massive privatizations in tourism and natural resources&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;. Workers' rights have also been severely limited, with strikes being mostly prohibited and with employers having the right to fire employees without giving any notice prior or to give any reason. Collective agreements have been abolished as well.<br /> <br /> [[Censorship]] in media has been increased, with [https://rsf.org/en/index even pro-capitalist western organizations ranking Greece very low in press freedom] and with [https://www.v-dem.net/documents/30/V-dem_democracyreport2023_highres.pdf also pro-capitalist western organizations claiming Greece has a &quot;democratic backsliding&quot; and is becoming increasingly authoritarian].<br /> <br /> ===== Government Surveillance =====<br /> [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]], the current Greek Prime Minister, has also put the National Information Service as well as the official Greek news agency under his complete control.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; New Democracy, with the support of the PASOK political party, amended a law (specifically 826/145 of the law 2472/1997), regarding wiretappings by the NIS, which practically removed citizens' right to be informed of their surveillance after it had been concluded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Ιn 2021 alone, 15,000 surveillance orders were issued.<br /> <br /> This led to a spying scandal ignited in July 2022, when opposition leader Nikos Androulakis, leader of PASOK, revealed he was being wiretapped by Greek authorities by the illegal [[Predator]] software.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Senior European Parliament Member Targeted as Spyware Abuse Spreads|date=2022-07-27|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/world/europe/eu-spyware-predator-pegasus.html|retrieved=2023-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The case reached media spotlight, however there have been active efforts from the government to not come to a conclusion. The revelations were followed by the -almost simultaneous- resignations of the head of the National Information Service, Panagiotis Kontoleon, and the General Secretary of the Prime Minister and his nephew, Grigoris Dimitriadis.<br /> <br /> Protests also need government approval.<br /> <br /> ===== 2023 Tempi Train Crash =====<br /> In the night of 28 February 2023, two trains collided with each other. The root cause of this tragic disaster was the lack of station masters (there was only one of them, near the crucial station of Larissa) and the lack of monitoring equipment for the trains. There has not been released any official document about the deaths, but the current information are 57 deaths and 53 missing, along with a lot more injuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Teddy Grant, Will Gretsky, Morgan Winsor, and Meredith Deliso|newspaper=ABC News|title=At least 57 dead, dozens more injured in Greek train derailment|date=2023-03-02|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/16-dead-85-injured-trains-collide-derail-greece/story?id=97538779|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301040059/https://abcnews.go.com/International/16-dead-85-injured-trains-collide-derail-greece/story?id=97538779|archive-date=2023-03-01|retrieved=2023-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== 2023 Natural Disasters =====<br /> In July, Greece was struck by a 15-day [[Climate change|heatwave]] which was the longest in their recorded history,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Tasos Kokkinidis|newspaper=Greek Reporter|title=Greece Heatwave: Record-breaking 46.4°C Recorded|date=2023-07-24|url=https://greekreporter.com/2023/07/24/greece-heatwave-record-breaking-46-4-recorded/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/knjSz|archive-date=2023-09-25|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; with some areas reaching highs of 46 °C.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Helena Smith|newspaper=The Guardian|title=‘Everyone is indoors’: life on pause on hottest day of Greek heatwave|date=2023-07-26|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/26/life-at-a-standstill-on-hottest-day-of-greek-heatwave-mystras|archive-url=https://archive.ph/TGlrb|archive-date=2023-07-26|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country was, in the summer, the victim of severe wildfires, particularly in the Dadia national park, in which over 70,000 hectares were incinerated, one of the worst in Europe up to this point.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Reuters|title=Greece wildfire 'worst on European soil in years', Copernicus says|date=2023-08-25|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/greece-wildfire-worst-european-soil-years-copernicus-says-2023-08-25/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/nhnxZ|archive-date=2023-08-25|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rhodes was particularly badly affected, with wildfires on [[Rhodes]] destroying towns and villages, resulting in the evacuation of nearly 20,000 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Anna Conkling|newspaper=Real News Network|title=Welcome to my burnt paradise’: Summer fires in Greece leave devastation in their wake|date=2023-09-19|url=https://therealnews.com/welcome-to-my-burnt-paradise-summer-fires-in-greece-leave-devastation-in-their-wake|archive-url=https://archive.ph/eY4mW|archive-date=2023-09-19|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Throughout Europe, the wildfires burned nearly 470,000 hectares of European land.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=European Commission|title=Wildfires in 2023: 41 % of the burnt area in the EU within Natura 2000 protected sites|date=2023-09-08|url=https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/wildfires-2023-41-burnt-area-eu-within-natura-2000-protected-sites-2023-09-08_en|archive-url=https://archive.ph/fxmmB|archive-date=2023-10-01|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; In early September, [[Thessaly]] was then flooded after 18 months of rainfall fell in 24 hours due to Storm Daniel,&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=World Metereological Organization|title=Storm Daniel leads to extreme rain and floods in Mediterranean, heavy loss of life in Libya|date=2023-09-12|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/storm-daniel-leads-extreme-rain-and-floods-mediterranean-heavy-loss-of-life-libya|archive-url=https://archive.ph/g36j7|archive-date=2023-09-20|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in late September, central Greece was once again struck by flooding due to Storm Elias.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=TeleSUR|title=Central Greece Battered by Storm Elias|date=2023-09-28|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Central-Greece-Battered-by-Storm-Elias-20230928-0006.html|archive-url=https://archive.ph/9edce|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A quarter of Greece's agricultural yields were wiped out and will be degraded for several years due to silt and mud.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Roberta Harrington|newspaper=Business News Europe|title=Greek agriculture devastated for five or more years|date=2023-09-25|url=https://www.intellinews.com/greek-agriculture-devastated-for-five-or-more-years-293963/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/4HEGL|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:&quot;Israel&quot; flag in the Hellenic Parliament building.png|thumb|The flag of the Zionist Entity in the Parliament building, Syntagma Square, Athens. |274x274px]]<br /> <br /> ===== Reaction to Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa =====<br /> Mitsotakis has supported [[&quot;Israel&quot;]] during the [[Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa]], implicitly calling Palestinians &quot;uncivilized people&quot;.<br /> == Politics ==<br /> The Hellenic Parliament is the legislative authority in Greece. The body of the parliament consists of representatives, which are elected every four years.<br /> <br /> In the current parliamentary body, which is a result of the June 2023 elections, the neoliberal centre-right party ''New Democracy'' has the majority of seats for second term in row, followed by Syriza, PASOK, the Communist Party and several right-wing parties.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%;&quot;<br /> |+Final results of the last elections (June 2023)<br /> !Political party<br /> !Percent<br /> !Votes count<br /> !Parliament seats<br /> |-<br /> |'''''New Democracy (ND)'''''<br /> |'''''40.56'''''<br /> |'''''2,115,322'''''<br /> |'''''158'''''<br /> |-<br /> |Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance (SYRIZA)<br /> |17.83<br /> |930,013<br /> |47<br /> |-<br /> |Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK)<br /> |11.84<br /> |617,487<br /> |32<br /> |-<br /> |Communist Party of Greece (KKE)<br /> |7.69<br /> |401224<br /> |21<br /> |-<br /> |Spartans&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;Right-wing political party&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |4.68<br /> |243,922<br /> |12<br /> |-<br /> |Hellenic Solution&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;<br /> |4.44<br /> |231,491<br /> |12<br /> |-<br /> |Victory&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;<br /> |3.70<br /> |193,124<br /> |10<br /> |-<br /> |Sail of Freedom&lt;ref&gt;Left-wing nationalist party&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |3.17<br /> |165,523<br /> |8<br /> |-<br /> |Other (not in parliament)<br /> |6.07<br /> |317,101<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> |'''Blank votes'''<br /> |'''0.50'''<br /> |'''26,273'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Invalid votes'''<br /> |'''0.61'''<br /> |'''32,219'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Valid votes'''<br /> |'''98.89'''<br /> |'''5,215,207'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Turnout'''<br /> |'''53.74'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> === Neoliberal parties ===<br /> <br /> ==== New Democracy (ND) ====<br /> [[New Democracy (political party in the Hellenic Republic)|New Democracy]] (not to be confused with [[New Democracy|Mao's theory with the same name]]) is a neoliberal party in Greece currently led by Mitsotakis and is the currently governing one since the elections in July 2019.<br /> <br /> ==== Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance (SYRIZA) ====<br /> [[SYRIZA]] is a de jure social-democratic but de facto neoliberal party (since September 2023).<br /> <br /> In September 2023, the party elected [[Stefanos Kasselakis]] as the leader of the [[Syriza|party]], to replace Alexis Tsipras. Kasselakis is a former shipping executive and [[Goldman Sachs]] trader, has worked for the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, and volunteered for [[Joe Biden]]'s 2008 presidential primary campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Thomas Scripps|newspaper=World Socialist Web Site|title=Syriza elects Goldman Sachs banker Stefanos Kasselakis as party leader|date=2023-09-27|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/09/27/frzy-s27.html|archive-url=https://archive.ph/W9tVT|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Social-democratic parties ===<br /> <br /> ==== Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) ====<br /> [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement|PASOK]] is a social-democratic party, currently led by [[Nikos Androulakis]].<br /> <br /> === Communist parties ===<br /> Communist parties in Greece include the [[Communist Party of Greece]], the [[Communist Organization of Greece]], the [[Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–55]], the [[Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece]] and the [[Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist)]].<br /> <br /> ==== Communist Party of Greece (KKE) ====<br /> The [[Communist Party of Greece]], abbreviated as KKE, is a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] (but also [[Dogmatism|dogmatic]]) communist party in Greece. It is led by [[Dimitris Koutsoumpas]].<br /> <br /> ==== Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece ====<br /> The [[Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece]], abbreviated as M-L KKE, is a Marxist-Leninist and [[Maoism|Maoist]] party formed after the death of [[Mao Zedong]] in 1976 triggered an internal conflict inside the Greek Organisation of Marxists-Leninists (OMLE), which resulted in a two-faction split. M-L KKE supports the [[Three Worlds Theory]]. It publishes the newspaper &quot;Laikos Dromos&quot; (The Popular Path).<br /> <br /> ==== Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist) ====<br /> The [[Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist)]], abbreviated as KKE (m-l), is a Marxist-Leninist and Maoist party. It was the second and largest faction that came out of the OMLE split. In contrast with M-L KKE, KKE (m-l) explicitly rejects the Three Worlds Theory. It publishes the newspaper &quot;Proletariaki Simaia&quot; (The Proletarian Flag).<br /> <br /> ==== Anti-Capitalist Left Cooperation for the Overthrow (ANTARSYA) ====<br /> [[ANTARSYA]] is a coalition of Greek [[Communist party|communist]] and [[Anti-capitalism|anti-capitalist]] political parties and organisations. It includes several currents of political thought and is governed by a commitee. As of 2024 it includes the following parties:<br /> <br /> * '''Communist Liberation youth (nKA)''' - Marxism<br /> * '''Federation of Ecologists and Alternative Groups (OE)''' ­- [[Eco-socialism]]<br /> * '''New Left Current for the Communist Liberation (NAR)''' ­- Communism<br /> * '''Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece - Spartacus (O.K.D.E. - Spartakos)''' - Trotskyism<br /> * '''Revolutionary Communist Movement of Greece (EKKE)''' ­- Maoism<br /> * '''Socialist Workers' Party (SEK) ­'''- Trotskyism<br /> <br /> ==== Communist Organisation of Greece (KOE) ====<br /> The Communist Organisation of Greece was a Marxist-Leninist and Maoist political party. Since 2017, it is a political organisation which supports its own revisionist version of Marxism that it calls &quot;creatively located Marxism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;https://koel.gr/anoichto-panelladiko-soma-koe-anakoi/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece (OKDE) ====<br /> The [[Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece (OKDE)]] ­is a Trotskyist political party. It was one of the founding parties of ANTARSYA, but left the coalition soon after it was founded. A faction split off in 1985 to create the Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece - Spartacus (O.K.D.E. - Spartakos), a group that is today part of ANTARSYA.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:Countries]]<br /> [[Category:Global north]]<br /> [[Category:Imperialist countries]]<br /> [[Category:European countries]]<br /> [[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]]<br /> [[Category:Pages needing references]]</div>

Itsraining https://prole.wiki/w/index.php?title=Hellenic_Republic&diff=63236 2024-02-23T22:40:19Z

<p>Itsraining: Expanded the politics section to include info about current parliament, latest election results, more political parties (with emphasis on parties claiming to be communist)</p> <hr /> <div>{{Message box/Incomplete}}{{Infobox country|native_name=Ελληνική Δημοκρατία|name=Hellenic Republic|largest_city=Athens|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary corporatocratic republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=Katerina Sakellaropoulou|leader_title2=Prime Minister|leader_name2=[[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]]|leader_title3=Parliament Speaker|leader_name3=Konstantinos Tasoulas|image_coat=Coat of arms of Greece.svg|capital=Athens|area_km2=131,957|population_census=10,432,481|population_census_year=2021|currency=Euro|image_map=Greece map.png|map_width=290|official_languages=Greek|image_flag=Flag of Greece.svg}}<br /> The '''Hellenic Republic''', also known as '''Greece''', is a country located in southeastern [[Europe]]. Its ancient civilization saw a huge revival during the Renaissance, where ancient Greek society began to be considered the origin of Western civilization. Greece is home to many philosophers that inspired both [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] and [[Karl Marx|Marx]]. Greece is a member of the [[European Union|EU]], the [[Council of Europe]], [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], and the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> === Bronze Age ===<br /> The Minoan civilization rose to power from 1950 to 1450 BCE on the island of Crete. It became a major power in the Mediterranean by using powerful sailboats, and its rulers lived in large stone palaces.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02222&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Class Societies|page=20|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ancient Greece ===<br /> Ancient Greece was divided into at least thousand city-states that frequently fought each other for land and resources.<br /> <br /> In the 6th century BCE, the Athens overthrew a 30-year-old dictatorship and installed an aristocratic government, which was then overthrown by a popular democratic revolution. [[Sparta]] attempted a [[Counterrevolution|counterrevolutionary]] invasion but was defeated, and Athenian democracy spread to many other Greek city-states, lasting almost 200 years. Philosophers such as [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], and [[Aristotle]] opposed democratic rule. In the early 5th century BCE, Greece defeated invasions from the [[Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE)|Persian Empire]], but a conservative alliance led by Sparta defeated Athens in the [[Peloponnesian War]] in 404 BCE.<br /> <br /> The city-states remained divided, with Thebes conquering Sparta in 371 BCE before [[Macedonia (808–168 BCE)|Macedon]] conquered all of Greece starting in 338 BCE.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=Ancient Empires|page=36–40|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Between 200 and 150 BCE, [[Roman Republic (509–27 BCE)|Rome]] conquered Greece and crushed any leaders who tried to forgive [[Debt|debts]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Athens ====<br /> Athens did not allow [[Slavery|slaves]], women, or foreigners to vote but did enfranchise poor [[Peasantry|farmers]] and artisans. Out of a total population of 200,000 people, only 30,000 could vote. The government consisted of ten leading officials (''strategoi'') who were elected every year, an elected council of 400 people (''boule''), and a popular assembly (''ekklesia'') of all free citizens. Courts of up to 2,500 people administered justice, and people who received 6,000 negative votes could be exiled from the city for ten years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Solon]] cancelled debts in the early fifth century BCE, and [[Pisistratus]] and his descendants democratized the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|date=2023-05-05|title=Origins of debt: Michael Hudson reveals how financial oligarchies in Greece &amp; Rome shaped our world|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/05/24/debt-michael-hudson-oligarchies-greece-rome/|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528041512/https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/05/24/debt-michael-hudson-oligarchies-greece-rome/|archive-date=2023-05-28|author=[[Ben Norton]], [[Michael Hudson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Sparta ====<br /> Sparta banned [[money]] in an attempt to avoid the existence of debt. Later, Rome attacked Sparta when kings [[Agis IV|Agis]] and [[Cleomenes III|Cleomenes]] tried to cancel their citizens' debt and create their own army instead of using mercenaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Second World War ===<br /> [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] invaded and occupied Greece during the [[Second World War]]. In 1941, the Communist Party of Greece formed the [[Greek People's Liberation Army]] (ELAS) and the [[National Liberation Front (Greece)|National Liberation Front]] (EAM) to fight against the [[Fascism|fascist]] occupiers. The EAM grew to over a million members and ranged from communists to the center-left. In November 1944, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] army entered Greece and began fighting against ELAS with the help of former Nazi collaborators. In January 1945, ELAS surrendered and the British took over Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2003|title=Killing Hope|chapter=Greece 1947 to early 1950s: From cradle of democracy to client state|page=33–37|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedfo2kzml5sodng4rtlybjdvertim3nybowazzlo6rztq6khixbv4?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Killing%20Hope_%20US%20Military%20and%20CIA%20Interventions%20Since%20World%20War%20II-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282003%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1842773682}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Civil War ===<br /> {{Main article|Greek Civil War}}<br /> Greek leftists began a rebellion in the fall of 1946 and the British left Greece in February 1947 to be replaced by the [[United States of America|USA]]. [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)|Albania]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)|Bulgaria]], and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|Yugoslavia]] assisted the Greek communists. By the end of 1947, the Greek government received all of its military supplies from the United States. The Greek revolutionary forces surrendered in October 1949.<br /> <br /> By the 1950s, Greece was an [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] US-backed police state and a member of NATO. Greece sent troops to fight against the [[Korean People's Army]] during the [[Fatherland Liberation War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Military junta (1967-1974) ===<br /> Liberal [[Georgios Papandreou]] won the February 1964 election, but King [[Constantine II|Constantine]] removed him from power in July 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2003|title=Killing Hope|chapter=Greece 1964-1974: &quot;Fuck your Parliament and your Constitution,&quot; said the President of the United States|page=215|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedfo2kzml5sodng4rtlybjdvertim3nybowazzlo6rztq6khixbv4?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Killing%20Hope_%20US%20Military%20and%20CIA%20Interventions%20Since%20World%20War%20II-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282003%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1842773682}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 1967, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] overthrew the Greek government and installed the Nazi-aligned CIA agent [[Georgios Papadopoulos]] as the military dictator of Greece. Papadopoulos banned all political parties and killed 8,000 people in the first month of his rule.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=1995|title=Killing Hope|chapter=|section=|page=219|quote=|pdf=|city=Monroe|publisher=|isbn=1567510523|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0/page/219/mode/2up|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}&lt;/ref&gt; He sent over 6,000 suspected communists to prisons or remote islands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{News citation|journalist=|date=1975-09-01|title=Answering to History|url=|newspaper=Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212222634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html|archive-date=|retrieved=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The CIA gave the junta 74,000 tons of military equipment to defend U.S. interests. After a failed coup in Cyprus which pursued to annex the island into Greece, the Junta collapsed.<br /> <br /> === Third Hellenic Republic (1974-present) ===<br /> <br /> ==== First and second government (1974-1981) ====<br /> During this time, the first Greek Prime Minister, Konstantinos Karamanlis, leading the [[New Democracy (political party in the Hellenic Republic)|New Democracy]] legalized the Communist Party of Greece, but left-wingers were still very marginalized. Aside from this and the establishment of a republican system, nothing else changed significantly.<br /> <br /> Greece entered the EU in early 1981.<br /> <br /> ==== First PASOK governments (1981-1989) ====<br /> As Greeks became increasingly disappointed with the government, they voted for the [[Social democracy|social-democratic]] [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement|PASOK]], led by [[Andreas Papandreou]]. During Papandreou's first two terms, many significant changes happened, even though Greece remained a [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois republic]]. Some enterprises were [[Nationalization|nationalized]] during this time and as such, the public sector was expanded. Communists that fought with KKE's side in the Greek Civil War were allowed to return in Greece and received special pensions. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wED8PRhve6aLndtvSoClrL88VQbDIJsbtp5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuWOCH0GRt-K2xNttmT5_Xib4r8XJBXogZSz4_0UkwyOn|title= ΦΕΚ 115Α/20-09-1982, Νόμος 1285&quot;Για την αναγνώριση της Εθνικής Αντίστασης του Ελληνικού Λαού εναντίον των στρατευμάτων κατοχής 1941-1944&quot;|language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wH6SCddhZcqgXdtvSoClrL8LCLHE8WeG_Z5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuaoZ1MEDTB99sift1pNJaQOCmwcNyY_dWR0qaCJM3ZsQ|title= ΦΕΚ A 105/1949, Α.Ν. 971(Αναγκαστικός Νόμος 971, 29 Απριλίου 1949, &quot;Περί απονομής ηθικών αμοιβών εις τας εθνικάς αντάρτικας ομάδας και Εθνικάς Οργανώσεις εσωτερικής αντιστάσεως&quot;|language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Universal healthcare|free and universal healthcare system]] was established during the 80s, whereas living conditions improved, as the purchase power of Greeks increased by 26% during the course of the decade. &lt;ref&gt;Sassoon, Donald (1997) ''Looking left: European socialism after the Cold War''. I.B. Taurus. {{ISBN|1860641792}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Trade union|Trade unions]] and work counclis also received rights, shops had fixed opening and closing times, and social security was established. Safety and education were also improved during this time. &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=4KW4ePkLPg8C&amp;dq=greece+1988+budget+unemployment&amp;pg=RA25-PP14 Foreign Labor Trends 1986]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=0sUYgpvYQtcC&amp;dq=Foreign+Labor+Trends+Report+Greece+1988&amp;pg=RA20-PP5 Foreign Labor Trends Report Greece 1988]&lt;/ref&gt; A more progressive taxation was introduced. Finally, parental leave was introduced, albeit in a limited scale.<br /> <br /> During this time, Papandreou tried to pull Greece out of NATO and the EU but failed, as the majority of the party supported to remain in both. However, he did challenge the US imperialist narrative and somewhat de-puppetize Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=John C. Loulis|newspaper=Foreign Affairs Magazine|title=Papandreou's Foreign Policy|date=1984-12-01|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029202002/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19841201faessay8413/john-c-loulis/papandreou-s-foreign-policy.html|archive-url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19841201faessay8413/john-c-loulis/papandreou-s-foreign-policy.html|archive-date=2008-10-29|retrieved=2014-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also condemned [[State of Israel|&quot;Israel&quot;]]'s policies in the occupied [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] territories. However, he supported a two-state solution and not an entirely free Palestine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Spyros Kaminaris|newspaper=Middle East Review of International Affairs|title=Greece and the Middle East|date=1999-06|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201100748/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1999/issue2/jv3n2a4.html|archive-url=http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1999/issue2/jv3n2a4.html|archive-date=2012-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== 1989-2004 ====<br /> In 1989, a scandal got revealed in Greece and Papandreou was accused of involvement. This led to an electoral decline of PASOK and after three subsequent elections, New Democracy (led by Konstantinos Mitsotakis) formed a cabinet. As the [[counterrevolutions of 1989]] and the [[overthrow of the Soviet Union]] took place during this time, Mitsotakis [[Privatization|privatized]] many enterprises. He also cut government spending, formally recognized Israel as a country and aligned Greece more with the US once again, as he negotiated about re-opening NATO bases. He also attempted to pass a [[reactionary]] bill concerning education, which caused widespread student protests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|title=ΦΕΚ A 156/1990|title-url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFWwnXHUzxPWXdtvSoClrL8oegNlWStPL95MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyIq-BTkXB0ftEAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIud2vs3dpVqYulrW5RWTsoeSfTZU2aJn-ImeQvVJgAXhw}}&lt;/ref&gt; The police assassinated a teacher during the protests.<br /> <br /> Andreas Papandreou got re-elected in 1993, but passed away in 1996 and got succeeded by the new president of PASOK, Costas Simitis. <br /> <br /> During Simitis, while infrastructure was upgraded (the so-called &quot;Modernization&quot;), Greece adopted the Euro as official currency and abolished the Drachma in 2001-02, causing a big rise in prices and crippling the purchase power of Greek citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFmadq2MKzY|channel=Nikolas Angelidis|title=Ρεπορτάζ Tempo Αλλαγή από δραχμή σε Ευρώ, 2001|date=2021-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1997, the International Olympic Committee selected Athens to organize the 2004 Summer Olympics.<br /> <br /> ==== 2004-2009 ====<br /> Kostas Karamanlis (the nephew of Konstantinos Karamanlis) won the 2004 elections. During his term, the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in Athens.<br /> <br /> In December 2008, a 15-year old student, Alexandros Grigoropoulos was killed by a policeman. Violent protests occurred in Athens which lasted until January 2009.<br /> <br /> ==== Acute Financial Crisis (2009-2015) ====<br /> <br /> ===== 2009 =====<br /> Karamanlis resigned in 2009, as the CIA allegedly plotted to assassinate him, as he planned the participation of Greece in the construction of South Stream, a [[Russian Federation|Russian]] gas pipeline connecting Burgas with Alexandroupoli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=CNN (although the sources for the claim are provided by Russian State Television)|title=Ντοκιμαντέρ για το σχέδιο δολοφονίας του Κώστα Καραμανλή έπαιξε η ρωσική τηλεόραση (vid)|url=https://www.cnn.gr/kosmos/story/102050/ntokimanter-gia-to-sxedio-dolofonias-toy-kosta-karamanli-epaixe-i-rosiki-tileorasi-vid}}&lt;/ref&gt; In order to lose the elections, he told people the actual economic state of Greece and proclaimed austerity measures, whereas PASOK leader George Papandreou (the son of Andreas Papandreou), proclaimed social expenditures that Greece could not actually afford. This led to a financial crisis.<br /> <br /> The social expenditures that Papandreou proclaimed caused a deficit in the Greek economy, which made Greece turn to the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] to get a loan. IMF required Greece to take harsh austerity measures.<br /> <br /> ===== 2010 =====<br /> The first austerity package got approved on 9 February 2010. It froze all wages of government employees, cut 10% of bonuses and overtime workers' and public employees wages and work-related travel subsidies. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&amp;id=130472 |title=Πάγωμα μισθών και περικοπές επιδομάτων ανακοίνωσε η κυβέρνηση |trans-title=Government announced cuts and a freeze in salaries |date=9 February 2010 |publisher=enet.gr |access-date=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another austerity package was approved just a month later, in March 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=issue.el.home&amp;date=04/03/2010&amp;id=137789 |title=Αξέχαστη (!) και δυσοίωνη η 3η Μαρτίου |trans-title=An unforgettable (!) and ominous 3 March |date=4 March 2010 |publisher=enet.gr |access-date=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2 May 2010, the first IMF/EU loan known as the First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece and commonly referred to as the &quot;first memorandum&quot; got signed, after a request on 23 April of the same year. &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |title= Greece, Out of Ideas, Requests Global Aid |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/business/global/24drachma.html |work= The New York Times |access-date=11 August 2013|first1=Niki |last1= Kitsantonis |first2=Matthew |last2= Saltmarsh |date=23 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|title=EU, IMF agree $147 billion bailout for Greece|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-idUSTRE6400PJ20100502|work=Reuters|access-date=11 August 2013|date=2 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The European Commission, European Central Bank and the IMF formed the so-called Troika. These measures led to massive protests in Greece and the rise of the so-called anti-austerity movement. 2 days after the memorandum got signed, massive protests happened where 3 people died during the arson of a bank.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation |date=2010-05-08 |title=The Greek spirit of resistance turns its guns on the IMF |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/09/greece-debt-crisis-euro-imf |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another austerity package was approved by the Parliament in 6 May 2010, privatizing 4,000 companies, cutting wages and pensions and increasing taxes. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Greek Bailout Talks Could Take Three Weeks|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-20/greek-bailout-talks-could-take-three-weeks-bond-payment-looms.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422033111/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-20/greek-bailout-talks-could-take-three-weeks-bond-payment-looms.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 22, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== 2011 =====<br /> In February 2011, massive protests occurred again in all major Greek cities. Protests re-began in May and happened continuously until December 2011. Many [[Bourgeois media|private TV channels]] did not cover the protests during their early days. During May-August 2011, an &quot;Indignant Citizens Movement&quot; emerged, inspired by the 15-M Spanish movement. In late May, a &quot;Real Democracy Now!&quot; movement emerged inspired by the Spanish one. The first vote of the People's Assembly in Greece got signed in 27 May 2011. The proceedings were:<br /> <br /> * Any corrupt politician should either be sent home or to jail.<br /> * When we, the people, start discussions without fear, fear grips them, inside the parliament building.<br /> * This is not just the politician's fault. It's all our faults, with our selfish attitudes.<br /> * Demonstrations should take place every evening at 6 pm and an assembly at 9 pm.<br /> * Their democracy guarantees neither Justice nor Equality.<br /> * The taxation system is not the same for the rich and the poor. Equal rights for everyone.<br /> <br /> A fourth austerity package got signed in June 2011, further cutting wages and pensions and doing more privatizations. Another one got signed in October 2011, reducing the tax-free threshold from 12,000€ to only 5,000€, as well as closing schools and cutting pensions, as well as other measures. In the protests during the same month, there were violent demonstrations and [[strikes]], inspired by the Statesian [[Occupy Wall Street]] movement. Communist Party of Greece members and hard-line protesters tried to invade the parliament, resulting in the death of one KKE member.<br /> <br /> In 28 October, a national holiday about Greece's refusal to be used as a base for [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]], the military parade officially got cancelled due to protests. The then-President of the Hellenic Republic, Karolos Papoulias, was forced to leave.<br /> <br /> Papandreou resigned on 11 November 2011, due to the protests that happened. A provisional government was formed, led by [[Lucas Papademos]].<br /> <br /> ===== 2012 =====<br /> In February 2012, another wave of protests started against the provisional government, since in the 13th day of the same month the parliament approved the sixth package of austerity measures. In fact, the passing of the austerity measures was a precondition for the next €130 billion lending package from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund to the Greek government, without which the country would have faced sovereign default by 20 March. The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, usually referred to as the &quot;second memorandum&quot; was signed in 1 March. In 20 March, the government finally announced they had defaulted and had rejected another package from Brussels Bailout and were starting to reform the system. On 5 April, people once again demonstrated against the government after a pensioner named Dimitris Christoulas committed suicide by shooting himself, refusing to share the fate of those people who have had to search for food in garbage.<br /> <br /> The two major labor unions of Greece warned that the harsh austerity measures would &quot;drive Greece to despair&quot;.<br /> <br /> In May 2012, elections happened, but no government was formed, so new elections happened in June. New Democracy (the first party, acquiring almost 30% of the votes), PASOK (having fallen at less than 12.3%) and Democratic Left (a social democratic party, which took 6.25% of the votes), formed the government. [[Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance|Syriza]] came second with almost 26.9% of the votes and was the main opposition party. However, the [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[Popular Association – Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]] party received more than 6.97% of the votes (from 0.29% in 2009) entering the Parliament for the first time. KKE was crippled at 4.5% and became the seventh (and last) party to enter the parliament, even though it received almost 4% more in the May 2012 elections.<br /> <br /> As such, [[Antonis Samaras]] became the new Prime Minister.<br /> <br /> A new austerity package was approved in October-November 2012.<br /> <br /> ===== 2013 =====<br /> On 28 April, a new austerity package was signed. The law created a new tax for immovable property that would be defined later. The teachers reacted to the bill by declaring strikes. However, the government prohibited the strikes, proceeding to implement Civil mobilization. The package was finalized on 17 July. The package laid off another 15,000 public employees, among them high school teachers, school guards and municipal policemen.<br /> <br /> On 11 June 2013, Simos Kedikoglou, the government's spokesman, at approximately 17:45 EEST announced the shutdown of the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT), which would make almost 3,000 employees reduntant. This closure was undemocratic.<br /> <br /> ERT was dissolved by a Common Ministerial Decision that was enacted by virtue of Article 14B of Law 3429/2005 (regarding the dissolution, merger and restructuring of public companies) as amended by an urgent government Legislative Ordinace (FEK 139/11.06.2013, Issue A').<br /> <br /> NET (the main channel) and ET1, which were based in Athens, interrupted programming. So did ET3, which is based in Thessaloniki. Thousands of people gathered in the Radio Hall, the building where ET1 and NET were based and practically ERT's main headquarters, and protested against the decision. This happened in Thessaloniki as well. Analog signal ceased at 22:54 EEST. The last (digital terrestrial television) ERT transmitters were closed at 23:17 EEST. However, 20 seconds later, 902TV, controlled by the KKE, retransmitted the signal and as such got shut down as well. Radio signals stopped at 23:22 EEST. Later on, the ERT World feed got shut down as well. On 12 June, all internet assets of ERT got erased from the Greek internet registry. Massive strikes happened the same day.<br /> <br /> However, with the help of EBU initially, ERT's employees, now integrated into the ERT Open initiative, continued to broadcast two of the three channels (NET and ET3) via Internet and satellite signals, and even reopened some analog transmitters. On 24 October, EBU ceased its aid to ERT and as such most signals ceased. ERT continued to broadcast via Internet only. On 7 November, police invaded the Radio Hall (prosecuting 4 people) and later that day, NET ceased broadcasting. Until its reopening on 11 June 2015, ET3 and some radio stations were the only services that never stopped broadcasting.<br /> <br /> Democratic Left exited the coalition because of this decision.<br /> <br /> In place of ERT, a new organization, NERIT, was expected to start broadcasting on 29 August. However, a transitional and terribly designed one, called Public Television was launched on 10 July instead and got replaced by NERIT on 4 May 2014.<br /> <br /> It should be noted that Public Television changed its name within just the first day (as it was called Hellenic Public Television) and changed logos 4 times during its first 2 months of operation. It started normal programming only on 21 August. Before then, the programming did not cover all 24 hours (akin to pre-1996 ERT).<br /> <br /> In fact, up until 7 November, Public Television broadcasted from a private studio and it also did not legally exist, as it did not have a VAT.<br /> <br /> ===== 2014 =====<br /> In 2014, a new austerity package was approved. The bill froze wages and pensions until 2018. It cut public sector expenses, such as the Ministry of Health. It provided that the primary surplus in 2014 would be 2.3% of GDP (€4.19 billion) 5.3% (€11.585 billion) in 2018.<br /> <br /> On 4 May, NERIT was launched.<br /> <br /> On 31 December, the Parliament was dissolved.<br /> <br /> ==== Syriza Government and recovery (2015-2019) ====<br /> <br /> ==== Mitsotakis regime (2019-present) ====<br /> <br /> ===== Economic Policies =====<br /> The New Democracy political party, in government since July 2019, has applied [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] and quasi-[[Fascism|fascist]] policies. It has made massive privatizations in tourism and natural resources&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;. Workers' rights have also been severely limited, with strikes being mostly prohibited and with employers having the right to fire employees without giving any notice prior or to give any reason. Collective agreements have been abolished as well.<br /> <br /> [[Censorship]] in media has been increased, with [https://rsf.org/en/index even pro-capitalist western organizations ranking Greece very low in press freedom] and with [https://www.v-dem.net/documents/30/V-dem_democracyreport2023_highres.pdf also pro-capitalist western organizations claiming Greece has a &quot;democratic backsliding&quot; and is becoming increasingly authoritarian].<br /> <br /> ===== Government Surveillance =====<br /> [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]], the current Greek Prime Minister, has also put the National Information Service as well as the official Greek news agency under his complete control.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; New Democracy, with the support of the PASOK political party, amended a law (specifically 826/145 of the law 2472/1997), regarding wiretappings by the NIS, which practically removed citizens' right to be informed of their surveillance after it had been concluded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Ιn 2021 alone, 15,000 surveillance orders were issued.<br /> <br /> This led to a spying scandal ignited in July 2022, when opposition leader Nikos Androulakis, leader of PASOK, revealed he was being wiretapped by Greek authorities by the illegal [[Predator]] software.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Senior European Parliament Member Targeted as Spyware Abuse Spreads|date=2022-07-27|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/world/europe/eu-spyware-predator-pegasus.html|retrieved=2023-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The case reached media spotlight, however there have been active efforts from the government to not come to a conclusion. The revelations were followed by the -almost simultaneous- resignations of the head of the National Information Service, Panagiotis Kontoleon, and the General Secretary of the Prime Minister and his nephew, Grigoris Dimitriadis.<br /> <br /> Protests also need government approval.<br /> <br /> ===== 2023 Tempi Train Crash =====<br /> In the night of 28 February 2023, two trains collided with each other. The root cause of this tragic disaster was the lack of station masters (there was only one of them, near the crucial station of Larissa) and the lack of monitoring equipment for the trains. There has not been released any official document about the deaths, but the current information are 57 deaths and 53 missing, along with a lot more injuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Teddy Grant, Will Gretsky, Morgan Winsor, and Meredith Deliso|newspaper=ABC News|title=At least 57 dead, dozens more injured in Greek train derailment|date=2023-03-02|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/16-dead-85-injured-trains-collide-derail-greece/story?id=97538779|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301040059/https://abcnews.go.com/International/16-dead-85-injured-trains-collide-derail-greece/story?id=97538779|archive-date=2023-03-01|retrieved=2023-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== 2023 Natural Disasters =====<br /> In July, Greece was struck by a 15-day [[Climate change|heatwave]] which was the longest in their recorded history,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Tasos Kokkinidis|newspaper=Greek Reporter|title=Greece Heatwave: Record-breaking 46.4°C Recorded|date=2023-07-24|url=https://greekreporter.com/2023/07/24/greece-heatwave-record-breaking-46-4-recorded/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/knjSz|archive-date=2023-09-25|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; with some areas reaching highs of 46 °C.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Helena Smith|newspaper=The Guardian|title=‘Everyone is indoors’: life on pause on hottest day of Greek heatwave|date=2023-07-26|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/26/life-at-a-standstill-on-hottest-day-of-greek-heatwave-mystras|archive-url=https://archive.ph/TGlrb|archive-date=2023-07-26|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country was, in the summer, the victim of severe wildfires, particularly in the Dadia national park, in which over 70,000 hectares were incinerated, one of the worst in Europe up to this point.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=Reuters|title=Greece wildfire 'worst on European soil in years', Copernicus says|date=2023-08-25|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/greece-wildfire-worst-european-soil-years-copernicus-says-2023-08-25/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/nhnxZ|archive-date=2023-08-25|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rhodes was particularly badly affected, with wildfires on [[Rhodes]] destroying towns and villages, resulting in the evacuation of nearly 20,000 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Anna Conkling|newspaper=Real News Network|title=Welcome to my burnt paradise’: Summer fires in Greece leave devastation in their wake|date=2023-09-19|url=https://therealnews.com/welcome-to-my-burnt-paradise-summer-fires-in-greece-leave-devastation-in-their-wake|archive-url=https://archive.ph/eY4mW|archive-date=2023-09-19|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Throughout Europe, the wildfires burned nearly 470,000 hectares of European land.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=European Commission|title=Wildfires in 2023: 41 % of the burnt area in the EU within Natura 2000 protected sites|date=2023-09-08|url=https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/wildfires-2023-41-burnt-area-eu-within-natura-2000-protected-sites-2023-09-08_en|archive-url=https://archive.ph/fxmmB|archive-date=2023-10-01|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; In early September, [[Thessaly]] was then flooded after 18 months of rainfall fell in 24 hours due to Storm Daniel,&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=World Metereological Organization|title=Storm Daniel leads to extreme rain and floods in Mediterranean, heavy loss of life in Libya|date=2023-09-12|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/storm-daniel-leads-extreme-rain-and-floods-mediterranean-heavy-loss-of-life-libya|archive-url=https://archive.ph/g36j7|archive-date=2023-09-20|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in late September, central Greece was once again struck by flooding due to Storm Elias.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|newspaper=TeleSUR|title=Central Greece Battered by Storm Elias|date=2023-09-28|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Central-Greece-Battered-by-Storm-Elias-20230928-0006.html|archive-url=https://archive.ph/9edce|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A quarter of Greece's agricultural yields were wiped out and will be degraded for several years due to silt and mud.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Web citation|author=Roberta Harrington|newspaper=Business News Europe|title=Greek agriculture devastated for five or more years|date=2023-09-25|url=https://www.intellinews.com/greek-agriculture-devastated-for-five-or-more-years-293963/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/4HEGL|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:&quot;Israel&quot; flag in the Hellenic Parliament building.png|thumb|The flag of the Zionist Entity in the Parliament building, Syntagma Square, Athens. |274x274px]]<br /> <br /> ===== Reaction to Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa =====<br /> Mitsotakis has supported [[&quot;Israel&quot;]] during the [[Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa]], implicitly calling Palestinians &quot;uncivilized people&quot;.<br /> == Politics ==<br /> The Hellenic Parliament is the legislative authority in Greece. The body of the parliament consists of representatives, which are elected every four years.<br /> <br /> In the current parliamentary body, which is a result of the June 2023 elections, the neoliberal centre-right party ''New Democracy'' has the majority of seats for second term in row, followed by Syriza, PASOK, the Communist Party and several right-wing parties.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;<br /> |+Final results of the last elections (June 2023)<br /> !Political party<br /> !Percent<br /> !Votes count<br /> !Parliament seats<br /> |-<br /> |'''''New Democracy (ND)'''''<br /> |'''''40.56'''''<br /> |'''''2,115,322'''''<br /> |'''''158'''''<br /> |-<br /> |Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance (SYRIZA)<br /> |17.83<br /> |930,013<br /> |47<br /> |-<br /> |Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK)<br /> |11.84<br /> |617,487<br /> |32<br /> |-<br /> |Communist Party of Greece (KKE)<br /> |7.69<br /> |401224<br /> |21<br /> |-<br /> |Spartans&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;Right-wing political party&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |4.68<br /> |243,922<br /> |12<br /> |-<br /> |Hellenic Solution&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;<br /> |4.44<br /> |231,491<br /> |12<br /> |-<br /> |Victory&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;<br /> |3.70<br /> |193,124<br /> |10<br /> |-<br /> |Sail of Freedom&lt;ref&gt;Left-wing nationalist party&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |3.17<br /> |165,523<br /> |8<br /> |-<br /> |Other (not in parliament)<br /> |6.07<br /> |317,101<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> |'''Blank votes'''<br /> |'''0.50'''<br /> |'''26,273'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Invalid votes'''<br /> |'''0.61'''<br /> |'''32,219'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Valid votes'''<br /> |'''98.89'''<br /> |'''5,215,207'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Turnout'''<br /> |'''53.74'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Neoliberal parties ===<br /> <br /> ==== New Democracy (ND) ====<br /> [[New Democracy (political party in the Hellenic Republic)|New Democracy]] (not to be confused with [[New Democracy|Mao's theory with the same name]]) is a neoliberal party in Greece currently led by Mitsotakis and is the currently governing one since the elections in July 2019.<br /> <br /> ==== Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance (SYRIZA) ====<br /> [[SYRIZA]] is a de jure social-democratic but de facto neoliberal party (since September 2023).<br /> <br /> In September 2023, the party elected [[Stefanos Kasselakis]] as the leader of the [[Syriza|party]], to replace Alexis Tsipras. Kasselakis is a former shipping executive and [[Goldman Sachs]] trader, has worked for the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, and volunteered for [[Joe Biden]]'s 2008 presidential primary campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web citation|author=Thomas Scripps|newspaper=World Socialist Web Site|title=Syriza elects Goldman Sachs banker Stefanos Kasselakis as party leader|date=2023-09-27|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/09/27/frzy-s27.html|archive-url=https://archive.ph/W9tVT|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Social-democratic parties ===<br /> <br /> ==== Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) ====<br /> [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement|PASOK]] is a social-democratic party, currently led by [[Nikos Androulakis]].<br /> <br /> === Communist parties ===<br /> Communist parties in Greece include the [[Communist Party of Greece]], the [[Communist Organization of Greece]], the [[Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–55]], the [[Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece]] and the [[Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist)]].<br /> <br /> ==== Communist Party of Greece (KKE) ====<br /> The [[Communist Party of Greece]], abbreviated as KKE, is a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] (but also [[Dogmatism|dogmatic]]) communist party in Greece. It is led by [[Dimitris Koutsoumpas]].<br /> <br /> ==== Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece ====<br /> The [[Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece]], abbreviated as M-L KKE, is a Marxist-Leninist and [[Maoism|Maoist]] party formed after the death of [[Mao Zedong]] in 1976 triggered an internal conflict inside the Greek Organisation of Marxists-Leninists (OMLE), which resulted in a two-faction split. M-L KKE supports the [[Three Worlds Theory]]. It publishes the newspaper &quot;Laikos Dromos&quot; (The Popular Path).<br /> <br /> ==== Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist) ====<br /> The [[Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist)]], abbreviated as KKE (m-l), is a Marxist-Leninist and Maoist party. It was the second and largest faction that came out of the OMLE split. In contrast with M-L KKE, KKE (m-l) explicitly rejects the Three Worlds Theory. It publishes the newspaper &quot;Proletariaki Simaia&quot; (The Proletarian Flag).<br /> <br /> ==== Anti-Capitalist Left Cooperation for the Overthrow (ANTARSYA) ====<br /> [[ANTARSYA]] is a coalition of Greek [[Communist party|communist]] and [[Anti-capitalism|anti-capitalist]] political parties and organisations. It includes several currents of political thought and is governed by a commitee. As of 2024 it includes the following parties:<br /> <br /> * '''Communist Liberation youth (nKA)''' - Marxism<br /> * '''Federation of Ecologists and Alternative Groups (OE)''' ­- [[Eco-socialism]]<br /> * '''New Left Current for the Communist Liberation (NAR)''' ­- Communism<br /> * '''Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece - Spartacus (O.K.D.E. - Spartakos)''' - Trotskyism<br /> * '''Revolutionary Communist Movement of Greece (EKKE)''' ­- Maoism<br /> * '''Socialist Workers' Party (SEK) ­'''- Trotskyism<br /> <br /> ==== Communist Organisation of Greece (KOE) ====<br /> The Communist Organisation of Greece was a Marxist-Leninist and Maoist political party. Since 2017, it is a political organisation which supports its own revisionist version of Marxism that it calls &quot;creatively located Marxism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;https://koel.gr/anoichto-panelladiko-soma-koe-anakoi/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece (OKDE) ====<br /> The [[Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece (OKDE)]] ­is a Trotskyist political party. It was one of the founding parties of ANTARSYA, but left the coalition soon after it was founded. A faction split off in 1985 to create the Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece - Spartacus (O.K.D.E. - Spartakos), a group that is today part of ANTARSYA.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:Countries]]<br /> [[Category:Global north]]<br /> [[Category:Imperialist countries]]<br /> [[Category:European countries]]<br /> [[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]]<br /> [[Category:Pages needing references]]</div>

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