ProleWiki - User contributions [en]

Winston Churchill

2024-12-06T05:08:36Z

Fridtkopf:

{{Infobox politician|name=Winston Churchill|image_size=260px|birth_date=30 November 1874|death_date=24 January 1965 (age 90)|death_place=[[London]], England, United Kingdom|birth_place=Blenheim, [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]|image=Picture of Winston Churchill.jpg|nationality=British|political_orientation=[[Liberalism]] [[Imperialism]]|political_party=[[Conservative and Unionist Party|Conservative]] (1900–1904, 1924–1964) [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] (1904–1924)}}

'''Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill''' (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] [[Conservative and Unionist Party|Conservative Party]] politician who served as the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] twice, first from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. He presided over Britain throughout most of the [[Second World War]], the [[Bengal famine of 1943]] (a man-made [[famine]] in present-day [[Republic of India|India]] and [[People's Republic of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] which killed an estimated 3 million people), and the accession and coronation of [[Monarch of the United Kingdom|Queen]] [[Elizabeth Windsor|Elizabeth II]].

Churchill was a [[Racism|racist]], an [[Antisemitism|antisemite]],<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Winston Churchill|newspaper=Illustrated Sunday Herald|title=Zionism versus Bolshevism|date=1920-2-8|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Zionism_versus_Bolshevism}}</ref> and an [[Imperialism|imperialist]]. He defended the [[Settler colonialism|colonisation]] of [[Australia]] and the [[Americas]], stating that the indigenous peoples were racially inferior to the settler .<ref>{{Citation|author=Martin Gilbert|year=1967|title=Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume|title-url=https://archive.org/details/winstonschurchil5pt3chur/|chapter=The Coming of War, 1936–1939|page=616|quote=I do not admit, for instance, that a great wrong has been done to the Red Indians of America, or the black people of Australia. I do not admit that a wrong has been done to these people by the fact that a stronger race, a higher grade race, or, at any rate, a more worldly-wise race, to put it that way, has come in and taken their place.|city=London|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=0395245850|volume=5}}</ref> During the 1943 famine in British-ruled Bengal, he blamed the Bengalis for "breeding like rabbits."<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Rakhi Chakraborty|newspaper=Yourstory|title=The Bengal Famine: How the British engineered the worst genocide in human history for profit|date=2014-08-15|url=https://yourstory.com/2014/08/bengal-famine-genocide/amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102133617/https://yourstory.com/2014/08/bengal-famine-genocide/amp|archive-date=2022-01-02|retrieved=2022-05-15}}</ref> Churchill was also sympathetic to [[National Socialism|Nazism]], complaining during the [[Tehran Conference]] that the execution of 100,000 of Nazi officers proposed by [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] was a "cold-blooded execution of soldiers who fought for their country."<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Politico|title=FDR attends Tehran conference: Nov. 28, 1943|date=2016-11-27|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/fdr-attends-tehran-conference-nov-28-1943-231852|retrieved=2024-04-27|quote=At a dinner meeting of the Big Three on Nov. 29, Stalin proposed executing 50,000 to 100,000 German officers so that Germany could not plan another war. Roosevelt, believing Stalin was not serious, quipped that “maybe 49,000 would be enough.”

Churchill, however, was outraged and denounced “the cold-blooded execution of soldiers who fought for their country.” Before storming out of the room, he said that only war criminals should be put on trial. Stalin brought him back after saying that he was only joking.}}</ref>

== Early Life ==

=== Childhood ===
On November 30, 1874 Winston Churchill was born at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, the [[aristocratic]] family of Spencer's ancestral home. His parents were [[Randolph Churchill]], a Tory MP and Jennie Jerome, a [[United States of America|Statesian]] heiress and Winston was the eldest of two brothers.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=Tariq Ali|year=2022|title=Winston Churchill: His Times, His Crimes|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/7d24a84f0982a830ce01cdd0cd9fc819|chapter=Chronology|publisher=Verso Books}}</ref> Churchill spent much of his formulative years in [[Dublin]] in the British colony of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], where his grandfather served as Viceroy of Ireland and as such, imperialism and colonialism were drilled into him at an early age.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|author=Tariq Ali|year=2022|title=Winston Churchill: His Times, His Crimes|title-url=https://annas-archive.org/md5/7d24a84f0982a830ce01cdd0cd9fc819|chapter=A World of Empires|publisher=Verso Books}}</ref>

Churchill's parents paid little attention to him and sent him away to boarding school at Harrow. Churchill developed an interest in being a solider at an early age that was enhanced by being in the school cadet corps and led him to prepare to enter the Sandhurst military academy, much to the displeasure of his father who would have preferred him to join a financial firm. After two failed attempts Churchill entered Sandhurst in 1893, however, due to his poor marks he was assigned to the cavalry rather than the infantry.<ref name=":3" />

=== Military service ===
In 1895 Churchill was commissioned to the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, however, with no British colonial war on the horizon Churchill was soon bored and decided to travel to [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] instead to witness imperialism at work first hand in the [[Cuban War of Independence]]. Arriving in [[Havana]] in November 1895, Churchill naturally supported the [[Kingdom of Spain (1874–1931)|Spanish]] colonialists and thought of the Cuban people as savages, completely disregarding the horrors that resulted from the war. Churchill lamented that Cuba would have been so much better had the British remained in control of the island and ended up leaving the island after only a few months, not staying to witness the conclusion of the war.<ref name=":3" />

Returning to Britain in 1896, Churchill was eager to depart to [[Africa]] to take part in the slaughter of Africans in British controlled [[Matabeleland]] in modern day [[Republic of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], however, his superiors instead dispatched him to [[British Raj (1858–1947)|India]] despite Churchill's complaints.<ref name=":3" />

== Premiership ==
Churchill took over as Prime Minister from the ineffectual [[Neville Chamberlain]] in 1939 and served for the majority of the remainder of the war until being forced out by [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]'s [[Clement Attlee]] in 1945. He would return to power again in 1951, serving as Prime Minister until 1955 when he retired and was replaced by [[Anthony Eden]].<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==

* [[Quotes:Winston Churchill|Quotes by Winston Churchill]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:24 January deaths]]
[[Category:30 November births]]
[[Category:British agnostics]]
[[Category:British anti-communists]]
[[Category:British antisemites]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Mahdist War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British artists]]
[[Category:British Freemasons]]
[[Category:British historians]]
[[Category:British imperialists]]
[[Category:British journalists]]
[[Category:British knights]]
[[Category:British monarchists]]
[[Category:British painters]]
[[Category:British people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:British people of Statesian descent]]
[[Category:British politicians]]
[[Category:British racists]]
[[Category:British writers]]
[[Category:British Zionists]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the University of Bristol]]
[[Category:Deaths at the age of 90]]
[[Category:English agnostics]]
[[Category:English anti-communists]]
[[Category:English antisemites]]
[[Category:English artists]]
[[Category:English Freemasons]]
[[Category:English historians]]
[[Category:English imperialists]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:English knights]]
[[Category:English monarchists]]
[[Category:English painters]]
[[Category:English people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:English people of Statesian descent]]
[[Category:Fathers of the House (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:First Lords of the Admiralty]]
[[Category:Genocide perpetrators]]
[[Category:Honourary citizens of Antwerp]]
[[Category:Honourary citizens of Paris]]
[[Category:Honourary citizens of Strasbourg]]
[[Category:Honourary citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)]]
[[Category:Leaders of the House of Commons]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports]]
[[Category:Members of Parliament for Dundee]]
[[Category:Members of Parliament for Manchester North West]]
[[Category:Members of Parliament for Oldham]]
[[Category:Members of the Conservative Party (UK)]]
[[Category:Members of the Liberal Party (UK)]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit (Commonwealth of Nations)]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council (Canada)]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium]]
[[Category:Ministers of Defence (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Ministers of Munitions]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]
[[Category:People from Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Board of Trade]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Recipients of the 1914–15 Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the 1939–1945 Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Africa Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the British War Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Defence Medal (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the France and Germany Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the India Medal with the Punjab Frontier 1897–98 clasp]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Italy Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the King George V Coronation Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the King George VI Coronation Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Queen's South Africa Medal with the Cape Colony clasp]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Queen's South Africa Medal with the Diamond Hill clasp]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Queen's South Africa Medal with the Johannesburg clasp]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Queen's South Africa Medal with the Orange Free State clasp]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Queen's South Africa Medal with the Relief of Ladysmith clasp]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Queen's South Africa Medal with the Tugela Heights clasp]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Queen's Sudan Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Territorial Decoration]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Victory Medal (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the War Medal 1939–1945]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Secretaries of State for Air]]
[[Category:Secretaries of State for the Colonies]]
[[Category:Secretaries of State for the Home Department]]
[[Category:Secretaries of State for War]]
[[Category:Senior Privy Counsellors (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Under-Secretaries of State for the Colonies]]

Template:History calendar/11/29

2024-11-29T01:11:27Z

Fridtkopf: Created page with "'''1945''' The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is proclaimed under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito."

'''1945'''
The [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] is proclaimed under the leadership of [[Josip Broz Tito]].

Essay:ProleWiki film recommendations

2024-10-02T17:47:02Z

Fridtkopf: /* Documentaries */

{{Infobox essay|title=ProleWiki film recommendations|author=Open source|date=2024-10-01|excerpt=Recommended socialist films from ProleWiki's editors|image=Salt_of_the_Earth_(1954_film_poster).jpg}}All editors are encouraged to add to this list!

== Socialist films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|''Salt of the Earth''
|1954
|Herbert J. Biberman
|Mexican workers at a zinc mine call a general strike. It is only through the solidarity of the workers, and importantly the indomitable resolve of their wives, mothers, and daughters, that they eventually triumph. This movie was banned in the US upon release and the director blacklisted
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE1oKQCwwo4 Youtube]
|-
|''Battle of Algiers''
|1966
|Gillo Pontecorvo
|Filmed in a semi-documentary format, this film deals with the battle of Algiers (1956-57) part of the broader fight for Algerian independence (1954-62) from French colonial rule. This film was banned in France for decades.
|
|-
|''Battleship Potemkin''
|1925
|Sergei Eisenstein
|Odessa, 1905. The crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin mutiny against their uncaring, sadistic officers and take over the ship. The mutiny starts an uprising against the tsarist government among the people of Odessa. Silent film.
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_bkBbrdyyw Youtube]
|-
|''Black Girl''
|1966
|Ousmane Sembène
|A young Senegalese maid follows her French employers as they return to their home in Antibes, in the south of France. The pleasure of discovering this new world quickly turns into deep disappointment. Isolation, contempt from her employers, pervasive racism, and endless household chores become her daily life.
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojfaATzCvd4 Youtube]
|-
|''Soy Cuba''
|1964
|Mikhaïl Kalatozov
|Four vignettes about the lives of the Cuban people set during the pre-revolutionary era.
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3HpI898dwg Youtube]
|-
|''Calcutta '71''
|1972
|Mrinal Sen
|Four stories of people of four different generations in India, all struggling for survival in this gritty meditation on poverty, natural disaster and political strife.
|
|-
|''Do Bigha Zamin''
|1953
|Bimal Roy
|A struggling farmer and his young son travel to Calcutta to look for work, in order to make money that’ll save their ancestral land from being seized by the landlord and sold to a corporation.
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLvP-G9AIas Youtube]
|-
|''Strike''
|1925
|Sergei Eisenstein
|Arranged in six parts, the film depicts a strike in 1903 by the workers of a factory in pre-revolutionary Russia and the subsequent suppression of their protests by the state.
|
|}

== Anti-imperialist films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Films tackling social issues ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|''Bacurau''
|2019
|Kleber Mendonça Filho, Juliano Dornelles
|Bacurau, a small village in the Brazilian sertão, mourns the loss of its matriarch, Carmelita, who lived to be 94. Days later, its inhabitants notice that their village has literally vanished from online maps and a UFO-shaped drone is seen flying overhead. Soon after, a band of armed mercenaries arrive in town picking off the inhabitants one by one.
|
|-
|''La Haine''
|1995
|Mathieu Kassovitz
|Vinz, Hubert and Said live in the poorer part of Paris and have to use all their street smarts to get by. After an incident in which the police assaulted a friend of theirs, tensions between police and young working-class men, such as themselves, escalate. Incensed at the potential death of his friend, Vinz is out for revenge. The film follows the next 24 hours of their lives.
|
|-
|''The Circus''
|1936
|Grigori Aleksandrov
|In the mid-1930s, circus actress Marion Dixon flees the United States with her young black son. Arriving with an original attraction in the USSR, she finds friends here and decides to stay forever.
|[https://youtu.be/FVAN0A6OWE4 Youtube]
|-
|''Pratidwandi''
|1970
|Satyajit Ray
|Siddharta, an educated middle-class man is unable to find a job to earn a living. He is caught up in rampant corruption and unemployment of 1970s India are rampant. Unable to align himself with either his Naxalite brother or his career-oriented sister, he starts hallucinating.
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=enjp-LfY33s&t=1520s Youtube]
|}

== Documentaries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|''Red Army/PFLP: Declaration Of World War''
|1971
|Masao Adachi, Koji Wakamatsu
|A newsreel film depicting the everyday activities of Arab guerrillas as a cinematic narrative on the world revolution
|
|-
|''Jenin, Jenin''
|2003
|Mohammed Bakri
|A heart-rending depiction of the aftermath of Israel’s destruction of Jenin refugee camp in 2002.
|
|}
[[Category:Open source essays]]
[[Category:Essays]]

Essay:ProleWiki film recommendations

2024-10-02T15:45:54Z

Fridtkopf: /* Documentaries */

{{Infobox essay|title=ProleWiki film recommendations|author=Open source|date=2024-10-01|excerpt=Recommended socialist films from ProleWiki's editors|image=Salt_of_the_Earth_(1954_film_poster).jpg}}All editors are encouraged to add to this list!

== Socialist films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|''Salt of the Earth''
|1954
|Herbert J. Biberman
|Mexican workers at a zinc mine call a general strike. It is only through the solidarity of the workers, and importantly the indomitable resolve of their wives, mothers, and daughters, that they eventually triumph. This movie was banned in the US upon release and the director blacklisted
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE1oKQCwwo4 Youtube]
|-
|''Battle of Algiers''
|1966
|Gillo Pontecorvo
|Filmed in a semi-documentary format, this film deals with the battle of Algiers (1956-57) part of the broader fight for Algerian independence (1954-62) from French colonial rule. This film was banned in France for decades.
|
|-
|''Battleship Potemkin''
|1925
|Sergei Eisenstein
|Odessa, 1905. The crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin mutiny against their uncaring, sadistic officers and take over the ship. The mutiny starts an uprising against the tsarist government among the people of Odessa. Silent film.
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_bkBbrdyyw Youtube]
|-
|''Black Girl''
|1966
|Ousmane Sembène
|A young Senegalese maid follows her French employers as they return to their home in Antibes, in the south of France. The pleasure of discovering this new world quickly turns into deep disappointment. Isolation, contempt from her employers, pervasive racism, and endless household chores become her daily life.
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojfaATzCvd4 Youtube]
|-
|''Soy Cuba''
|1964
|Mikhaïl Kalatozov
|Four vignettes about the lives of the Cuban people set during the pre-revolutionary era.
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3HpI898dwg Youtube]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Anti-imperialist films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Films tackling social issues ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|''Bacurau''
|2019
|Kleber Mendonça Filho, Juliano Dornelles
|Bacurau, a small village in the Brazilian sertão, mourns the loss of its matriarch, Carmelita, who lived to be 94. Days later, its inhabitants notice that their village has literally vanished from online maps and a UFO-shaped drone is seen flying overhead. Soon after, a band of armed mercenaries arrive in town picking off the inhabitants one by one.
|
|-
|''La Haine''
|1995
|Mathieu Kassovitz
|Vinz, Hubert and Said live in the poorer part of Paris and have to use all their street smarts to get by. After an incident in which the police assaulted a friend of theirs, tensions between police and young working-class men, such as themselves, escalate. Incensed at the potential death of his friend, Vinz is out for revenge. The film follows the next 24 hours of their lives.
|
|-
|The Circus
|1936
|Grigori Aleksandrov
|In the mid-1930s, circus actress Marion Dixon flees the United States with her young black son. Arriving with an original attraction in the USSR, she finds friends here and decides to stay forever.
|[https://youtu.be/FVAN0A6OWE4 Youtube]
|}

== Documentaries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|''Red Army/PFLP: Declaration Of World War''
|1971
|Masao Adachi, Koji Wakamatsu
|A newsreel film depicting the everyday activities of Arab guerrillas as a cinematic narrative on the world revolution
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}
[[Category:Open source essays]]
[[Category:Essays]]

Essay:ProleWiki film recommendations

2024-10-02T15:45:35Z

Fridtkopf: /* Documentaries */

{{Infobox essay|title=ProleWiki film recommendations|author=Open source|date=2024-10-01|excerpt=Recommended socialist films from ProleWiki's editors|image=Salt_of_the_Earth_(1954_film_poster).jpg}}All editors are encouraged to add to this list!

== Socialist films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|''Salt of the Earth''
|1954
|Herbert J. Biberman
|Mexican workers at a zinc mine call a general strike. It is only through the solidarity of the workers, and importantly the indomitable resolve of their wives, mothers, and daughters, that they eventually triumph. This movie was banned in the US upon release and the director blacklisted
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE1oKQCwwo4 Youtube]
|-
|''Battle of Algiers''
|1966
|Gillo Pontecorvo
|Filmed in a semi-documentary format, this film deals with the battle of Algiers (1956-57) part of the broader fight for Algerian independence (1954-62) from French colonial rule. This film was banned in France for decades.
|
|-
|''Battleship Potemkin''
|1925
|Sergei Eisenstein
|Odessa, 1905. The crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin mutiny against their uncaring, sadistic officers and take over the ship. The mutiny starts an uprising against the tsarist government among the people of Odessa. Silent film.
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_bkBbrdyyw Youtube]
|-
|''Black Girl''
|1966
|Ousmane Sembène
|A young Senegalese maid follows her French employers as they return to their home in Antibes, in the south of France. The pleasure of discovering this new world quickly turns into deep disappointment. Isolation, contempt from her employers, pervasive racism, and endless household chores become her daily life.
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojfaATzCvd4 Youtube]
|-
|''Soy Cuba''
|1964
|Mikhaïl Kalatozov
|Four vignettes about the lives of the Cuban people set during the pre-revolutionary era.
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3HpI898dwg Youtube]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Anti-imperialist films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Films tackling social issues ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|''Bacurau''
|2019
|Kleber Mendonça Filho, Juliano Dornelles
|Bacurau, a small village in the Brazilian sertão, mourns the loss of its matriarch, Carmelita, who lived to be 94. Days later, its inhabitants notice that their village has literally vanished from online maps and a UFO-shaped drone is seen flying overhead. Soon after, a band of armed mercenaries arrive in town picking off the inhabitants one by one.
|
|-
|''La Haine''
|1995
|Mathieu Kassovitz
|Vinz, Hubert and Said live in the poorer part of Paris and have to use all their street smarts to get by. After an incident in which the police assaulted a friend of theirs, tensions between police and young working-class men, such as themselves, escalate. Incensed at the potential death of his friend, Vinz is out for revenge. The film follows the next 24 hours of their lives.
|
|-
|The Circus
|1936
|Grigori Aleksandrov
|In the mid-1930s, circus actress Marion Dixon flees the United States with her young black son. Arriving with an original attraction in the USSR, she finds friends here and decides to stay forever.
|[https://youtu.be/FVAN0A6OWE4 Youtube]
|}

== Documentaries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|''Red Army/PFLP: Declaration Of World War''
|1971
|Masao Adachi, Koji Wakamatsu
|A newsreel film depicting the everyday activities of Arab guerrillas as a cinematic narrative on the world revolution
|
|-
|' ' Jenin, Jenin ' '
|
|
|
|
|}
[[Category:Open source essays]]
[[Category:Essays]]

Essay:ProleWiki film recommendations

2024-10-02T15:43:01Z

Fridtkopf: /* Socialist films */

{{Infobox essay|title=ProleWiki film recommendations|author=Open source|date=2024-10-01|excerpt=Recommended socialist films from ProleWiki's editors|image=Salt_of_the_Earth_(1954_film_poster).jpg}}All editors are encouraged to add to this list!

== Socialist films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|''Salt of the Earth''
|1954
|Herbert J. Biberman
|Mexican workers at a zinc mine call a general strike. It is only through the solidarity of the workers, and importantly the indomitable resolve of their wives, mothers, and daughters, that they eventually triumph. This movie was banned in the US upon release and the director blacklisted
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE1oKQCwwo4 Youtube]
|-
|''Battle of Algiers''
|1966
|Gillo Pontecorvo
|Filmed in a semi-documentary format, this film deals with the battle of Algiers (1956-57) part of the broader fight for Algerian independence (1954-62) from French colonial rule. This film was banned in France for decades.
|
|-
|''Battleship Potemkin''
|1925
|Sergei Eisenstein
|Odessa, 1905. The crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin mutiny against their uncaring, sadistic officers and take over the ship. The mutiny starts an uprising against the tsarist government among the people of Odessa. Silent film.
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_bkBbrdyyw Youtube]
|-
|''Black Girl''
|1966
|Ousmane Sembène
|A young Senegalese maid follows her French employers as they return to their home in Antibes, in the south of France. The pleasure of discovering this new world quickly turns into deep disappointment. Isolation, contempt from her employers, pervasive racism, and endless household chores become her daily life.
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojfaATzCvd4 Youtube]
|-
|''Soy Cuba''
|1964
|Mikhaïl Kalatozov
|Four vignettes about the lives of the Cuban people set during the pre-revolutionary era.
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3HpI898dwg Youtube]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Anti-imperialist films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Films tackling social issues ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|''Bacurau''
|2019
|Kleber Mendonça Filho, Juliano Dornelles
|Bacurau, a small village in the Brazilian sertão, mourns the loss of its matriarch, Carmelita, who lived to be 94. Days later, its inhabitants notice that their village has literally vanished from online maps and a UFO-shaped drone is seen flying overhead. Soon after, a band of armed mercenaries arrive in town picking off the inhabitants one by one.
|
|-
|''La Haine''
|1995
|Mathieu Kassovitz
|Vinz, Hubert and Said live in the poorer part of Paris and have to use all their street smarts to get by. After an incident in which the police assaulted a friend of theirs, tensions between police and young working-class men, such as themselves, escalate. Incensed at the potential death of his friend, Vinz is out for revenge. The film follows the next 24 hours of their lives.
|
|-
|The Circus
|1936
|Grigori Aleksandrov
|In the mid-1930s, circus actress Marion Dixon flees the United States with her young black son. Arriving with an original attraction in the USSR, she finds friends here and decides to stay forever.
|[https://youtu.be/FVAN0A6OWE4 Youtube]
|}

== Documentaries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year of release
!Director
!Plot
!Link to watch
|-
|''Red Army/PFLP: Declaration Of World War''
|1971
|Masao Adachi, Koji Wakamatsu
|A newsreel film depicting the everyday activities of Arab guerrillas as a cinematic narrative on the world revolution
|
|-
|"Jenin, Jenin"
|
|
|
|
|}
[[Category:Open source essays]]
[[Category:Essays]]

Communist Party of India

2024-09-02T09:10:01Z

Fridtkopf: corrections in the ideology of the party

{{Infobox political party|name=Communist Party of India|native_name=भारतीय कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी|logo=CPI flag.png|founded=17 October 1920|general_secretary=[[D. Raja]]|youth_wing=All India Youth Federation|political_orientation=[[Marxism]] [[Parliamentarism]] [[Reformism]] 
Formerly: [[Marxism-Leninism]]|website=https://www.communistparty.in/}}{{Communist Parties}}
The '''Communist Party of India''' ('''CPI''') is a parliamentary communist political party in [[Republic of India|India]]. It is the oldest [[communist party]] of the country.

== History ==

=== Foundation ===
The Communist Party of India was founded on 17 October 1920 in [[Tashkent]], then the capital of the [[Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924)|Turkestan ASSR]] of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Russian SFSR]]. Only seven people were present at the founding conference. In 1921, a group of [[Communism|communists]] returning to India from Soviet Russia was arrested in [[Peshawar]]. In 1922, the CPI began a publication called the ''[[Vanguard of Indian Independence]]'' from [[Berlin]]. This newspaper was banned by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] and replaced by ''[[Mass of India]]'' in 1925. In 1923, the first [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] celebration in India was organized by [[Singaravelu Chettiar]].

In December 1925, a meeting of communist groups was held in [[Kanpur]] with about 500 delegates. At the congress, Chettiar was elected president and [[S. V. Ghate]] and [[J. P. Bagerhatta]] were elected general secretaries. Another meeting was held in [[Mumbai]] in 1927 and a new constitution was adopted. In 1929, the party congress adopted a resolution for the complete independence of India.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Brinda Karat|year=2020|title=100 Years of the Communist Party|chapter=Formation of CPI, 1920|page=5–30|pdf=https://www.cpim.org/sites/default/files/documents/100_year_of_formation-booklet.pdf}}</ref>

=== Suppression ===
On 20 March 1929, 31 communist and union leaders from across India were arrested by the British. The group included 13 CPI members as well as members of other communist parties, including two British communists. Their trial in Meerut would last until 1933, when eleven of them were sentenced to prison.

In April 1930, revolutionaries raided an armoury in [[Chittagong]]. They were considered terrorists by the British and [[Bhagat Singh]] and his associates were hanged. Over 400 more were imprisoned on the [[Andaman Islands]], many of whom joined the CPI. In July 1934, the party was banned but it continued its activities. After the party was banned, the [[Congress Socialist Party]] was founded with [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] as its first general secretary. In 1935, delegates from the CPI participated in the seventh congress of the [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Comintern]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Second World War ===
The CPI initially opposed Indian involvement in the [[Second World War]]. The British arrested most of the party leadership by 1941. After [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] invaded the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], the CPI supported Soviet resistance against the Nazis and demanded the destruction of [[fascism]]. The British lifted the ban on the CPI in 1942.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=One Hundred Years of the Communist Movement in India|date=2020-09-01|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-32-communist-movement-in-india/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331190126/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-32-communist-movement-in-india/|archive-date=2022-03-31|retrieved=2022-11-12}}</ref>

=== Postwar period ===
From 1946 to 1950, the CPI led a [[Peasantry|peasant]] struggle against [[Feudalism|feudal]] [[Landlord|landlords]] in Bengal. At the same time, it rebelled against the Nizam who ruled the princely state of [[Telangana]] as a comprador. At the peak of the struggle, the CPI controlled 3,000 villages with a total population of over three million. This struggle led to land redistribution, higher wages, and the abolition of forced labor. In 1951, the Indian army put down the rebellion, killing 4,000 people.<ref name=":1" />
In 1957, the CPI ended its official support for the Soviet Union.<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2017|title=Red Star over the Third World|chapter=Polycentric Communism|page=119–120|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecu7gb2ei65us6ip3r2ugcgkblneqcftbm456mb6bzvprkbqk55qm?filename=Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20Red%20Star%20Over%20the%20Third%20World-LeftWord%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=New Delhi|publisher=LeftWord Books}}</ref>

=== Split ===
In 1964, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] split from the CPI. The CPI supported working with the post-independence government of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], which used [[State capitalism|economic planning]] and had an [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] foreign policy, while the CPI(M) refused to cooperate with them. In 1969, other communists formed the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|CPI(ML)]] which advocated for armed struggle against [[capitalism]].<ref name=":1" />

== Political Stances ==
=== Kashmiri Self-Determination ===
{{Main article|Kashmir Dispute}}
In 1955, CPI leader [[Ajoy Ghosh]] rejected the Marxist position of Kashmiri [[self-determination]] and provided "wholehearted support" to the Indian annexation of Kashmir with the belief that it would strengthen Indian [[liberal democracy]] and pave the way for a revolution.<ref name=":69">{{Web citation|author=[[Faizaan Bhat]]|newspaper=[[Maktoob]]|year=2022|title=
Paradox of Communism in Kashmir|quote=CPI took the Indian position on Kashmir, not the Right to Self Determination which communists are known for. CPI leader Ajoy Ghosh writes in a foreword of “Kashmir and its future” on February 25, 1955: “Wholehearted support to the limited accession which Kashmir has made to India……will enormously strengthen the democratic forces in Kashmir.”|url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/kashmir/paradox-of-communism-in-kashmir/}}</ref> In 1959, CPI officially released a statement declaring Kashmir to be rightful Indian territory. <ref name=":420">{{Web citation|author=[[Faizaan Bhat]]|newspaper=[[Maktoob]]|year=2022|title=
Paradox of Communism in Kashmir|quote=On 23 March 1959, CPI gave this statement to New Age “To deny that Kashmir is part of India is to deny India’s sovereignty over rightful Indian territory and to stick on the march of Mountbatten award.”|url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/kashmir/paradox-of-communism-in-kashmir/}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Communist parties]]

Narendra Modi

2024-04-25T11:13:44Z

Fridtkopf: /* Chief Minister of Gujarat (2001-2014) */

{{Infobox politician|name=Narendra Modi|native_name=નરેન્દ્ર મોદી नरेन्द्र मोदी|birth_date=17 September 1950|birth_place=Vadnagar, Bombay State, [[India]]|political_orientation=[[Hinduism|Hindu]] supremacy [[Neo-fascism]] [[Neoliberalism]]|political_party=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|image=Modi.png}}

'''Narendra Damodardas Modi''' (born 17 September 1950) is a right-wing Indian politician who has served as the 14th Prime Minister of the Republic of India since 2014. Modi was the chief minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 and is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Varanasi constituency. He is a member of the right-wing Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a far-right Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation. He is the longest-serving prime minister from outside the Indian National Congress. He has been described as a "semi-[[Fascism|fascist]]" leader.<ref>{{News citation|date=2022-07-14|title=‘India after Naxalbari: Unfinished History’|url=https://mronline.org/2022/07/14/india-after-naxalbari-unfinished-history/|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|retrieved=2022-07-14}}</ref>

==Chief Minister of Gujarat (2001-2014)==
Before becoming Prime Minister of India, Modi led the state of [[Gujarat]] and supported a pogrom that killed over 1,000 [[Islam|Muslims]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Mike Wang|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=The election of Narendra Modi and the dangerous rise of India’s far-right|date=2014-05-22|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/the-election-of-narendra-modi-and-the-dangerous-rise-of-indias-far-right/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714163244/https://www.liberationnews.org/the-election-of-narendra-modi-and-the-dangerous-rise-of-indias-far-right/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2023-02-11}}</ref> State textbooks in Gujarat praised [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] and describes supposed "Internal Achievements of [[National Socialism|Nazism]]".<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|title=US woos India’s far-right PM Modi to help wage new cold war on China|date=2023-06-23|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/06/23/us-india-far-right-modi-cold-war-china/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626071224/https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/06/23/us-india-far-right-modi-cold-war-china/|archive-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

=== 2002 Gujarat Riots ===

== Prime Minister (2014-Present) ==
Modi came to power at the beginning of an economic crisis by blaming the crisis on the previous UPA government led by [[Manmohan Singh]]. After taking power, Modi implemented neoliberal policies, decreasing employment and workers' incomes.<ref>{{News citation|author=Prabhat Patnaik|newspaper=Peoples Democracy|title='Heads I Win, Tails You Lose'|date=2022-06-19|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0619_pd/%E2%80%9Cheads-i-win-tails-you-lose%E2%80%9D|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622123801/https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0619_pd/%E2%80%9Cheads-i-win-tails-you-lose%E2%80%9D|archive-date=2022-06-22|retrieved=2022-06-25}}</ref> He promised to create 100 million jobs and increase manufacturing to 25% of GDP. Instead, India lost 24 million manufacturing jobs, and manufacturing dropped from 17% to 14% of India's GDP. In 2023, he pledged loyalty to the [[United States of America|USA]]'s [[New Cold War]] against [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Current heads of government]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Modi, Narendra}}

Category:Library works by Joseph Stalin

2024-04-22T07:10:04Z

Fridtkopf:

[[Category:Library works by author]]
Georgian Marxist–Leninist revolutionary, political theorist, and the elected leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 till his death in 1953. Stalin oversaw the transformation of the USSR from an underdeveloped non-industrialized backwater to a socialist superpower. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union played a principal role in the defeat of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in the Second World War.
{{Library cat|category=Library works by Joseph Stalin|type=works|pre=by|topic=Joseph Stalin}}

Republic of India

2024-04-22T07:08:38Z

Fridtkopf:

{{Infobox country|name=Republic of India|leader_title1=President|image_flag=Flag of India.svg|leader_name2=Jagdeep Dhankar|leader_name1=Droupadi Murmu|leader_name3=[[Narendra Modi]]|leader_title4=Chief Justice|leader_name4=Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud|leader_title3=Prime Minister|leader_title2=Vice President|government_type=Federal parliamentary bourgeois republic|native_name=भारत गणराज्य|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|area_km2=3,287,263|population_estimate_year=2018|currency=Indian rupee (₹) (INR)|population_estimate=1,352,642,280|image_coat=Emblem of India.svg|capital=New Delhi|largest_city=Mumbai|image_map=India_Map.svg|map_width=290|map_caption=|official_languages=Hindi English|religion=Religion (2011)

79.8% Hinduism
14.2% Islam
2.3% Christianity
1.7% Sikhism
0.7% Buddhism
0.4% Jainism
0.23% unaffiliated
0.65% other}}

'''India''', officially the '''Republic of India''', is a [[bourgeois]] country in [[South Asia]] and the second most-populated country in the world behind the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Philip B. Calkins|year=2022|title=India|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> Dozens of languages are spoken in India, and the country has a large [[Islam|Muslim]] minority that makes up 10% of the world's Muslim population.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2014-05-22|title=The election of Narendra Modi and the dangerous rise of India’s far-right|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/the-election-of-narendra-modi-and-the-dangerous-rise-of-indias-far-right/|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714163244/https://www.liberationnews.org/the-election-of-narendra-modi-and-the-dangerous-rise-of-indias-far-right/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2023-02-11|author=Mike Wang}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Bronze Age ===
An urban civilization developed in the Indus Valley around 2600 BCE. Its major cities included Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. The Indus civilization collapsed around 1900 BCE, and archaeologists found many unburied remains showing signs of violent death.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Class Societies|page=19–21|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref>

=== Iron Age ===
{{Main article|Maurya Empire}}16 states dominated northern India by 500 BCE, and the [[Kingdom of Magadha]] conquered the others by 321 BCE to form the Maurya Empire.<ref>{{Citation|author=Chris Harman|year=1999|title=A People's History of the World|page=49|chapter=Iron and empires|isbn=9781898876557|city=London|publisher=Bookmarks Publications Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=F247C9051030CCBA52C1E5A4468834E9|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacea6om2gf2ixovddv7moyuv3i4rj2ggii7gta4x4h4rk4ebpqdvd6i?filename=Chris%20Harman%20-%20A%20People%27s%20History%20of%20the%20World.pdf}}</ref>

=== Classical period ===
{{Main article|Gupta Empire}}

=== Early modern period ===
{{Main article|Mughal Empire}}

=== Colonization ===
{{Main article|British Raj}}
The [[British East India Company]] took control of India in 1765 and established a trade monopoly. The [[British Raj (1858–1947)|British Raj]] took control of India in 1847 and suppressed a rebellion in 1857. The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] stole at least $44.6 trillion from India, while the population of India dropped by 20% between 1870 and 1920 and tens of millions died from famine under British rule.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Jason Hickelby|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=How Britain Stole $45 Trillion From India And Lied About It|date=2019-01-09|url=https://blackagendareport.com/how-britain-stole-45-trillion-india-and-lied-about-it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106033311/https://blackagendareport.com/how-britain-stole-45-trillion-india-and-lied-about-it|archive-date=2022-01-06|retrieved=2022-09-08}}</ref>

==== Independence movement ====
In the early 1900s, following the defeat of the Swadeshi movement, Indians began boycotting British goods and picketing their shops. In 1908, the workers of Mumbai went on [[Strike action|strike]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2017|title=Red Star over the Third World|chapter=Follow the Path of the Russians!|page=|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecu7gb2ei65us6ip3r2ugcgkblneqcftbm456mb6bzvprkbqk55qm?filename=Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20Red%20Star%20Over%20the%20Third%20World-LeftWord%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=New Delhi|publisher=LeftWord Books}}</ref>:34 Following the [[Jallianwallah Bagh massacre]], the [[Indian National Congress]] met in 1919 at Amritsar. [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] wanted to redistribute land to the peasants, but [[Mohandas Gandhi|Gandhi]] prevented the Congress from following that path.<ref name=":0" />:40

=== Independence ===
Nehru's first two five-year plans, which ended in 1961, failed to lessen inequality.<ref name=":122">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Arusha|page=199|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> He ousted a [[Communist Party of India|Communist]] government from power in [[Kerala]].<ref name=":12222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Bali|page=162|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> India fought against [[People's Republic of China|China]] in 1962 and against [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Pakistan]] in 1965.<ref name=":1222" />:215

Nehru died in 1964, and [[Indira Gandhi]] became prime minister in 1966. She ruled under martial law from 1975 to 1977, when she left office. She returned to power in 1980. The INC lost the 1983 elections in several southern states, with [[N. T. Rama Rao]] taking power in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the [[Janata Party]] taking power in [[Karnataka]]. It won in [[Assam]], where only 2% of the population voted among widespread ethnic violence.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=New Delhi|page=|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>:208

In 1989, India introduced economic changes that allowed capitalists to take control of scarce natural resources.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=‘India after Naxalbari: Unfinished History’|date=2022-07-14|url=https://mronline.org/2022/07/14/india-after-naxalbari-unfinished-history/|retrieved=2022-07-14}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Global south]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Asian countries]]

Narendra Modi

2024-04-22T07:02:37Z

Fridtkopf: /* Chief Minister of Gujarat */

{{Infobox politician|name=Narendra Modi|native_name=નરેન્દ્ર મોદી नरेन्द्र मोदी|birth_date=17 September 1950|birth_place=Vadnagar, Bombay State, [[India]]|political_orientation=[[Hinduism|Hindu]] supremacy [[Neo-fascism]] [[Neoliberalism]]|political_party=[[Indian People's Party]]|image=Modi.png}}

'''Narendra Damodardas Modi''' (born 17 September 1950) is a right-wing Indian politician who has served as the 14th Prime Minister of the Republic of India since 2014. Modi was the chief minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 and is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Varanasi constituency. He is a member of the right-wing Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a far-right Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation. He is the longest-serving prime minister from outside the Indian National Congress. He has been described as a "semi-[[Fascism|fascist]]" leader.<ref>{{News citation|date=2022-07-14|title=‘India after Naxalbari: Unfinished History’|url=https://mronline.org/2022/07/14/india-after-naxalbari-unfinished-history/|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|retrieved=2022-07-14}}</ref>

==Chief Minister of Gujarat (2001-2014)==
Before becoming Prime Minister of India, Modi led the state of [[Gujarat]] and supported a pogrom that killed over 1,000 [[Islam|Muslims]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Mike Wang|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=The election of Narendra Modi and the dangerous rise of India’s far-right|date=2014-05-22|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/the-election-of-narendra-modi-and-the-dangerous-rise-of-indias-far-right/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714163244/https://www.liberationnews.org/the-election-of-narendra-modi-and-the-dangerous-rise-of-indias-far-right/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2023-02-11}}</ref> State textbooks in Gujarat praised [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] and describes supposed "Internal Achievements of [[National Socialism|Nazism]]".<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|title=US woos India’s far-right PM Modi to help wage new cold war on China|date=2023-06-23|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/06/23/us-india-far-right-modi-cold-war-china/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626071224/https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/06/23/us-india-far-right-modi-cold-war-china/|archive-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

=== 2002 Gujarat Riots ===

== Prime Minister (2014-Present) ==
Modi came to power at the beginning of an economic crisis by blaming the crisis on the previous UPA government led by [[Manmohan Singh]]. After taking power, Modi implemented neoliberal policies, decreasing employment and workers' incomes.<ref>{{News citation|author=Prabhat Patnaik|newspaper=Peoples Democracy|title='Heads I Win, Tails You Lose'|date=2022-06-19|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0619_pd/%E2%80%9Cheads-i-win-tails-you-lose%E2%80%9D|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622123801/https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0619_pd/%E2%80%9Cheads-i-win-tails-you-lose%E2%80%9D|archive-date=2022-06-22|retrieved=2022-06-25}}</ref> He promised to create 100 million jobs and increase manufacturing to 25% of GDP. Instead, India lost 24 million manufacturing jobs, and manufacturing dropped from 17% to 14% of India's GDP. In 2023, he pledged loyalty to the [[United States of America|USA]]'s [[New Cold War]] against [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Current heads of government]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Modi, Narendra}}

Library:Karl Marx/Capital, vol. I/Wages/The transformation of the value (and respectively the price) of labour-power into wages

2023-10-02T17:59:40Z

Fridtkopf:

{{Capital, vol. I sidebar}}{{title|''Capital, vol. I'', Wages: The transformation of the value (and respectively the price) of labour-power into wages}}On the surface of bourgeois society the wage of the labourer appears as the price of labour, a certain quantity of money that is paid for a certain quantity of labour. Thus people speak of the value of labour and call its expression in money its necessary or natural price. On the other hand they speak of the market-prices of labour, i.e., prices oscillating above or below its natural price.

But what is the value of a commodity? The objective form of the social labour expended in its production. And how do we measure the quantity of this value? By the quantity of the labour contained in it. How then is the value, e.g., of a 12 hour working-day to be determined? By the 12 working-hours contained in a working-day of 12 hours, which is an absurd tautology. [1]

In order to be sold as a commodity in the market, labour must at all events exist before it is sold. But, could the labourer give it an independent objective existence, he would sell a commodity and not labour. [2]

Apart from these contradictions, a direct exchange of money, i.e., of realized labour, with living labour would either do away with the law of value which only begins to develop itself freely on the basis of capitalist production, or do away with capitalist production itself, which rests directly on wage-labour. The working-day of 12 hours embodies itself, e.g., in a money-value of 6s. Either equivalents are exchanged, and then the labourer receives 6s, for 12 hours’ labour; the price of his labour would be equal to the price of his product. In this case he produces no surplus-value for the buyer of his labour, the 6s. are not transformed into capital, the basis of capitalist production vanishes. But it is on this very basis that he sells his labour and that his labour is wage-labour. Or else he receives for 12 hours’ labour less than 6s., i.e., less than 12 hours’ labour. Twelve hours’ labour are exchanged against 10, 6, &c., hours’ labour. This equalization of unequal quantities not merely does away with the determination of value. Such a self-destructive contradiction cannot be in any way even enunciated or formulated as a law. [3]

It is of no avail to deduce the exchange of more labour against less, from their difference of form, the one being realized, the other living. [4] This is the more absurd as the value of a commodity is determined not by the quantity of labour actually realized in it, but by the quantity of living labour necessary for its production. A commodity represents, say, 6 working-hours. If an invention is made by which it can be produced in 3 hours, the value, even of the commodity already produced, falls by half. It represents now 3 hours of social labour instead of the 6 formerly necessary. It is the quantity of labour required for its production, not the realized form of that labour, by which the amount of the value of a commodity is determined.

That which comes directly face to face with the possessor of money on the market, is in fact not labour, but the labourer. What the latter sells is his labour-power. As soon as his labour actually begins, it has already ceased to belong to him; it can therefore no longer be sold by him. Labour is the substance, and the immanent measure of value, but has itself no value. [5]

In the expression “value of labour,” the idea of value is not only completely obliterated, but actually reversed. It is an expression as imaginary as the value of the earth. These imaginary expressions, arise, however, from the relations of production themselves. They are categories for the phenomenal forms of essential relations. That in their appearance things often represent themselves in inverted form is pretty well known in every science except Political Economy. [6]

Classical Political Economy borrowed from every-day life the category “price of labour” without further criticism, and then simply asked the question, how is this price determined? It soon recognized that the change in the relations of demand and supply explained in regard to the price of labour, as of all other commodities, nothing except its changes i.e., the oscillations of the market-price above or below a certain mean. If demand and supply balance, the oscillation of prices ceases, all other conditions remaining the same. But then demand and supply also cease to explain anything. The price of labour, at the moment when demand and supply are in equilibrium, is its natural price, determined independently of the relation of demand and supply. And how this price is determined is just the question. Or a larger period of oscillations in the market-price is taken, e.g., a year, and they are found to cancel one the other, leaving a mean average quantity, a relatively constant magnitude. This had naturally to be determined otherwise than by its own compensating variations. This price which always finally predominates over the accidental market-prices of labour and regulates them, this “necessary price” (Physiocrats) or “natural price” of labour (Adam Smith) can, as with all other commodities, be nothing else than its value expressed in money. In this way Political Economy expected to penetrate athwart the accidental prices of labour, to the value of labour. As with other commodities, this value was determined by the cost of production. But what is the cost of production – of the labourer, i.e., the cost of producing or reproducing the labourer himself? This question unconsciously substituted itself in Political Economy for the original one; for the search after the cost of production of labour as such turned in a circle and never left the spot. What economists therefore call value of labour, is in fact the value of labour-power, as it exists in the personality of the labourer, which is as different from its function, labour, as a machine is from the work it performs. Occupied with the difference between the market-price of labour and its so-called value, with the relation of this value to the rate of profit, and to the values of the commodities produced by means of labour, &c., they never discovered that the course of the analysis had led not only from the market-prices of labour to its presumed value, but had led to the resolution of this value of labour itself into the value of labour-power. Classical economy never arrived at a consciousness of the results of its own analysis; it accepted uncritically the categories “value of labour,” “natural price of labour,” &c., as final and as adequate expressions for the value-relation under consideration, and was thus led, as will be seen later, into inextricable confusion and contradiction, while it offered to the vulgar economists a secure basis of operations for their shallowness, which on principle worships appearances only.

Let us next see how value (and price) of labour-power, present themselves in this transformed condition as wages.

We know that the daily value of labour-power is calculated upon a certain length of the labourer’s life, to which, again, corresponds a certain length of working-day. Assume the habitual working-day as 12 hours, the daily value of labour-power as 3s., the expression in money of a value that embodies 6 hours of labour. If the labourer receives 3s., then he receives the value of his labour-power functioning through 12 hours. If, now, this value of a day’s labour-power is expressed as the value of a day’s labour itself, we have the formula: Twelve hours’ labour has a value of 3s. The value of labour-power thus determines the value of labour, or, expressed in money, its necessary price. If, on the other hand, the price of labour-power differs from its value, in like manner the price of labour differs from its so-called value.

As the value of labour is only an irrational expression for the value of labour-power, it follows, of course, that the value of labour must always be less than the value it produces, for the capitalist always makes labour-power work longer than is necessary for the reproduction of its own value. In the above example, the value of the labour-power that functions through 12 hours is 3s., a value for the reproduction of which 6 hours are required. The value which the labour-power produces is, on the other hand, 6s., because it, in fact, functions during 12 hours, and the value it produces depends, not on its own value, but on the length of time it is in action. Thus, we have a result absurd at first sight that labour which creates a value of 6s. possesses a value of 3s. [7]

We see, further: The value of 3s. by which a part only of the working-day – i.e., 6 hours’ labour-is paid for, appears as the value or price of the whole working-day of 12 hours, which thus includes 6 hours unpaid for. The wage form thus extinguishes every trace of the division of the working-day into necessary labour and surplus-labour, into paid and unpaid labour. All labour appears as paid labour. In the corvée, the labour of the worker for himself, and his compulsory labour for his lord, differ in space and time in the clearest possible way. In slave labour, even that part of the working-day in which the slave is only replacing the value of his own means of existence, in which, therefore, in fact, he works for himself alone, appears as labour for his master. All the slave’s labour appears as unpaid labour. [8] In wage labour, on the contrary, even surplus-labour, or unpaid labour, appears as paid. There the property-relation conceals the labour of the slave for himself; here the money-relation conceals the unrequited labour of the wage labourer.

Hence, we may understand the decisive importance of the transformation of value and price of labour-power into the form of wages, or into the value and price of labour itself. This phenomenal form, which makes the actual relation invisible, and, indeed, shows the direct opposite of that relation, forms the basis of all the juridical notions of both labourer and capitalist, of all the mystifications of the capitalistic mode of production, of all its illusions as to liberty, of all the apologetic shifts of the vulgar economists.

If history took a long time to get at the bottom of the mystery of wages, nothing, on the other hand, is more easy to understand than the necessity, the raison d’etre, of this phenomenon.

The exchange between capital and labour at first presents itself to the mind in the same guise as the buying and selling of all other commodities. The buyer gives a certain sum of money, the seller an article of a nature different from money. The jurist’s consciousness recognizes in this, at most, a material difference, expressed in the juridically equivalent formula: “Do ut des, do ut facias, facio ut des, facio ut facias.” [9]

Furthermore, exchange-value and use-value, being intrinsically incommensurable magnitudes, the expressions “value of labour,” “price of labour,” do not seem more irrational than the expressions “value of cotton,” “price of cotton.” Moreover, the labourer is paid after he has given his labour. In its function of means of payment, money realizes subsequently the value or price of the article supplied – i.e., in this particular case, the value or price of the labour supplied. Finally, the use-value supplied by the labourer to the capitalist is not, in fact, his labour-power, but its function, some definite useful labour, the work of tailoring, shoemaking, spinning, &c. That this same labour is, on the other hand, the universal value-creating element, and thus possesses a property by which it differs from all other commodities, is beyond the cognizance of the ordinary mind.

Let us put ourselves in the place of the labourer who receives for 12 hours’ labour, say the value produced by 6 hours’ labour, say 3s. For him, in fact, his 12 hours’ labour is the means of buying the 3s. The value of his labour-power may vary, with the value of his usual means of subsistence, from 3 to 4 shillings, or from 3 to 2 shillings; or, if the value of his labour-power remains constant, its price may, in consequence of changing relations of demand and supply, rise to 4s. or fall to 2s. He always gives 12 hours of labour. Every change in the amount of the equivalent that he receives appears to him, therefore, necessarily as a change in the value or price of his 12 hours’ work. This circumstance misled Adam Smith, who treated the working-day as a constant quantity, [10] to the assertion that the value of labour is constant, although the value of the means of subsistence may vary, and the same working-day, therefore, may represent itself in more or less money for the labourer.

Let us consider, on the other hand, the capitalist. He wishes to receive as much labour as possible for as little money as possible. Practically, therefore, the only thing that interests him is the difference between the price of labour-power and the value which its function creates. But, then, he tries to buy all commodities as cheaply as possible, and always accounts for his profit by simple cheating, by buying under, and selling over the value. Hence, he never comes to see that, if such a thing as the value of labour really existed, and he really paid this value, no capital would exist, his money would not be turned into capital.

Moreover, the actual movement of wages presents phenomena which seem to prove that not the value of labour-power is paid, but the value of its function, of labour itself. We may reduce these phenomena to two great classes: 1.) Change of wages with the changing length of the working-day. One might as well conclude that not the value of a machine is paid, but that of its working, because it costs more to hire a machine for a week than for a day. 2.) The individual difference in the wages of different labourers who do the same kind of work. We find this individual difference, but are not deceived by it, in the system of slavery, where, frankly and openly, without any circumlocution, labour-power itself is sold. Only, in the slave system, the advantage of a labour-power above the average, and the disadvantage of a labour-power below the average, affects the slave-owner; in the wage-labour system, it affects the labourer himself, because his labour-power is, in the one case, sold by himself, in the other, by a third person.

For the rest, in respect to the phenomenal form, “value and price of labour,” or “wages,” as contrasted with the essential relation manifested therein, viz., the value and price of labour-power, the same difference holds that holds in respect to all phenomena and their hidden substratum. The former appear directly and spontaneously as current modes of thought; the latter must first be discovered by science. Classical Political Economy nearly touches the true relation of things, without, however, consciously formulating it. This it cannot, so long as it sticks in its bourgeois skin.