ProleWiki - User contributions [en]

Linux

2023-06-05T04:41:44Z

CrimsonCommie: Redlinked Alpine Linux

[[Image:Tux.svg|200px|thumb|Tux, the communal mascot of Linux.]]
'''Linux''' is a [[Free and open-source software|free and open-source]] [[UNIX]]-like monolithic kernel created by [[Linus Torvalds]] and developed by the linux community. Linux is managed with the version control system <code>git</code> and licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] version 2.

Linux is often bundled with the [[GNU]] utilities. Although, this is not always the case, as can be seen by distributions like [[Alpine Linux]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Alpine Linux Developers|newspaper=Alpine Linux|title=Main Page|date=2023-5-24|url=https://www.alpinelinux.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520235223/https://www.alpinelinux.org/|archive-date=2023-5-20|retrieved=2023-5-24|quote=Alpine Linux is a security-oriented, lightweight Linux distribution based on musl libc and busybox.}}</ref>

==History==

Linus Torvalds released the Linux Kernel in source-code form in 1991.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.01 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.01/docs/}}</ref> The next year, in February 1992, Linux was released under the GNU General Public License.<ref>{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.12 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.12/docs/}}</ref>

===NVIDIA's Open-Source Boycott on Linux===

In 2011, the [[NVIDIA Corporation]] refused to provide open-source <abbr title='Graphical Processing Unit'>GPU</abbr> drivers;<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/427004/why-nvidia-graphics-cards-are-the-worst-for-open-source-but-the-best-for-linux-gaming.html|title=Why Nvidia graphics cards are the worst for open-source, but the best for Linux gaming|newspaper=PCWorld|author=Chris Hoffman|date=2015-04-17}}</ref> Linux developers were forced to reverse engineer proprietary NVIDIA GPUs to develop open-source drivers, to which NVIDIA provided horrendous support.{{helper}}

Linus Torvalds famously responded to the boycott with a middle finger and a curse word: "NVIDIA, Fuck you!"<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=_36yNWw_07g|channel=Kuttofos|date=2012-06-17|title=Linus Torvalds To Nvidia - "Fuck You"}}</ref>

===NSA Interrogation===

In 2013, [[Nils Torvalds]] reported that the [[National Security Agency]] contacted Linus Torvalds with a request to add backdoors into Linux.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://falkvinge.net/2013/11/17/nsa-asked-linus-torvalds-to-install-backdoors-into-gnulinux/|title=[[National Security Agency|NSA]] Asked Linus Torvalds To Install Backdoors Into GNU/Linux}}</ref>

==Linux distributions==

Linux distributions (operating systems that use Linux) often use the [[GNU coreutils]]. Although, many alternatives to the GNU coreutils exist, such as [[Uutils]] and [[Busybox]].

===State-developed===

Many [[State|states]] have developed a Linux-based operating system to develop sovereign economies and break dependence on [[Microsoft Windows]], which has backdoors usable by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].

* The [[Russian Federation]] developed and is transitioning to [[Astra Linux]],<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru|title=Российские операционные системы (ОС), отечественное ПО для виртуализации и резервного копирования | Astra Linux (Russian operating system, home virtualization, and reserve software | Astra Linux)}}</ref> due to it's compliance to state orders for use of domestic software.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru/main-government|title=Государственный сектор}}</ref>
* The [[Republic of Cuba]] developed [[Nova]].<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.nova.cu/|title=Nova | Portal Web}}</ref>
* The [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] (through the Korea Computer Center) developed [[Red Star OS]].{{helper|helper-text=Confirm Linux heritage|hover-text=Find sources confirming that Red Star OS is based off Linux.}}

==Attacks by Microsoft==

==External Links==
* [https://kernel.org kernel.org]
* [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/ Torvalds Linux repository]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Computer operating systems]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software]]

Russian Federation

2023-05-30T02:06:41Z

CrimsonCommie: /* Russian "imperialism" */ Added bluelink to imperialism.

{{Infobox country
| name = Russian Federation
| native_name = Российская Федерация
| image_flag = Flag of Russia.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of the Russian Federation.svg
| image_map = Map_of_Russia.svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = Moscow
| largest_city = capital
|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]| government_type = Federal semi-presidential republic
| established_event1 = Proclamation of the Russian Empire
| established_date1 = 2 November 1721
| established_event2 = [[Declaration and Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Establishment of the USSR]]
| established_date2 =30 December 1922
| population_estimate = 146,171,015
| population_estimate_year = 2021
| leader_title1 = President
| leader_name1 = [[Vladimir Putin]]
| leader_title2 = Prime minister
| leader_name2 = Mikhail Mishustin
|established_date3=12 December 1991
|established_event3=Establishment of the Russian Federation}}
The '''Russian Federation''' is a [[Bourgeois state|bourgeois]] republic established in December 12th, 1991 that was established during the [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union|counter-revolution in the Soviet Union]].
==History==
The [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] declared sovereignty on December 12, 1991<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=1991-12-12|title=Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 12.12.1991 № 2015-I|url=https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907|newspaper=Сейчас.ру|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=}}</ref>, even though 73% of the population had voted to remain in the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]] earlier that year.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2020-10-07|title=Sowjetunion, 17. März 1991 : Weiterbestand der UdSSR als Föderation gleichberechtigter und souveräner Staaten|url=https://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=su011991|newspaper=Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2021-12-29}}</ref> On December 25, [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] resigned and the Soviet Union was dissolved the next day.<ref>{{Citation|author=Zbigniew K. Brzezinski|year=1997|title=Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis|chapter=|section=|page=50|quote=|pdf=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=26%20december%201991%20ussr&f=false|city=London|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|isbn=1563246376|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref>

In 2014, Russia annexed [[Crimea]], a peninsula that was previously administered by [[Ukraine]].

=== Russo-Ukrainian War ===
The annexation of Crimea, combined with pro-Russian insurgencies in the [[Donbass]] region of Ukraine, started the [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict|Russo-Ukrainian war]], which was escalated by Russia on the 24 February 2022 when it mounted a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The war is negatively affecting Russian economy and stability, and some have theorized that a Russian defeat in the Russo-Ukrainian war would mean the collapse and [[Balkanization]] of the Russian Federation. Following the invasion, the [[Donetsk People's Republic (2014–2022)|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic (2014–2022)|Lugansk People’s Republics]] and the Ukrainian regions of Zaporozhye and Kherson voted to join Russia in a referendum.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Wayne Cristaudo|newspaper=The Postil Magazine|title=The Narrative of Sham Elections|date=2022-11-01|url=https://www.thepostil.com/the-narrative-of-sham-elections/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117121827/https://www.thepostil.com/the-narrative-of-sham-elections/|archive-date=2022-11-17|retrieved=2022-12-01}}</ref>

==Economy==
After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian economy was in deep turmoil, during which time it was exploited by Western imperialist parasites.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Darya Sinusoid|date=2021-08-25|title=Russia’s Shock Therapy: Neoliberalizing Russia|url=https://www.shortform.com/blog/russia-shock-therapy/}}</ref>

[[Vladimir Putin]]'s presidency marked a turning point in the Russian economy, his ascension was preceded by an academic paper he wrote where he proposed that Russia use its vast natural resources to restructure and revitalize the economy around major state-owned enterprises.<ref>{{News citation|title=What did Putin bring to the Russian economy after 20 years in office?|url=https://ycnews.com/what-did-putin-bring-to-the-russian-economy-after-20-years-in-office/}}</ref> It was only after Russia again asserted its economic independence that it became demonized by Western [[bourgeois media]] yet again, in a fashion reminiscent of [[Cold War]] histrionics.

In 2022, US sanctions against Russia backfired against the US, resulting in immense gains for the Russian state-owned oil and gas sector.<ref>{{News citation|author=[[Richard Medhurst]]|newspaper=[[Richard Medhurst]]|title=Russian Oil Revenue SOARS After Sanctions|date=2022-06-15|url=https://youtu.be/QsiYMfQDqUA}}</ref>

Less than a quarter of the Russian population supports [[capitalism]] and 62% prefer a centrally [[Planned economy|planned]] [[Socialism|socialist]] economy similar to their Soviet predecessor .<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=Levada-Center|title=What Do Russians Think Russia Should Be Like?|date=2021-10-05|url=https://www.levada.ru/en/2021/10/05/what-do-russians-think-russia-should-be-like/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428191957/https://www.levada.ru/en/2021/10/05/what-do-russians-think-russia-should-be-like/|archive-date=2022-04-28|retrieved=2022-08-01}}</ref>

=== Russian "imperialism" ===
Russia does not fit [[Vladimir Lenin]]'s definition of [[imperialism]] and lacks finance capital and division of the world's resources. It only has 4 of the top 100 corporations in the world and 6 of the top 500. 82% of Russian exports are raw materials, including 58% oil, 11% metal, and 6% food. In 2017, Russia imported $106.2 billion worth' of machine goods and only exported $12.8 billion. Russia does not have any of the top 100 corporations in terms of [[capital]] export, and most Russian capital export is capital flight to tax havens. Russia only controls 0.7% of the world's wealth and has much less wealth per adult than the [[United States of America|United States]] ($8,843 vs $336,528). Russia has intervened militarily in other countries such as [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2006)|Yugoslavia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], Ukraine, and [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]], but not to seize natural resources like imperialist countries do.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Stansfield Smith|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Is Russia imperialist?|date=2019-01-02|url=https://mronline.org/2019/01/02/is-russia-imperialist/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315020644/https://mronline.org/2019/01/02/is-russia-imperialist/|archive-date=2023-03-15|retrieved=2023-03-22}}</ref>

==Politics==
The ruling party of the Russian Federation is the nationalist party [[United Russia]], which has the majority of seats in the parliament. Vladimir Putin was formerly a member of the party but is now an independent.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2012-04-24|title=Vladimir Putin quits as head of Russia's ruling party|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/9223621/Vladimir-Putin-quits-as-head-of-Russias-ruling-party.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=}}</ref> Other major parties are the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]], the social democratic party [[A Just Russia – For Truth]], and the far-right [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia|Liberal Democratic Party]].

18% of Russians prefer the current political system and only 16% support a Western-style [[Liberalism|liberal]] democracy. Almost half (49%) prefer the Soviet system with a [[vanguard party]], including 62% of Russians aged 55 or older.<ref name=":0" />

=== LGBT discrimination ===
In November 30, a law prohibiting "[[LGBT+|LGBT]] propaganda" was unanimously approved by the Russian [[Federal Council]] after the bill was passed in [[State Duma]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=TASS Russian News Agency|title=State Duma passes bill banning LGBT, pedophilia propaganda|date=2022-11-23|url=https://tass.com/politics/1541001}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|url=https://tass.com/politics/1543895|newspaper=TASS Russian News Agency|date=2022-11-23|title=Federation Council unanimously approves law banning LGBT propaganda}}</ref> The bill implicitly associates LGBT people with [[pedophilia]] and introduces a ban on "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships."<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://tass.com/politics/1543895|newspaper=TASS Russian News Agency|date=2022-11-23|title=Federation Council unanimously approves law banning LGBT propaganda|quote=The law introduces a ban on propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships, pedophilia and the dissemination of information about LGBT people in the media, the Internet, ads, literature and movies. It also bans calls for gender transition among teenagers: on the Internet, in the media, books, audiovisual sources, movies and advertisements.}}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
[[File:Russian relations poll.png|thumb|Poll showing attitudes towards Russia in the [[Imperial core|West]] compared to [[Republic of India|India]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], and [[Republic of Turkey|Turkey]]]]
The majority of people in India, China, and Turkey see Russia as an ally or necessary partner, but most westerners see it as an enemy.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|title=West is out of touch with rest of world politically, EU-funded study admits|date=2023-02-25|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/02/25/west-rest-world-eu-study/|retrieved=2023-02-25}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
The Russian Federation inherited a well-developed infrastructure network from the USSR, with air and rail travel now forming the backbone of the Russian infrastructure and economy. Though the Russian railways are state-owned, the main air carrier, Aeroflot, was privatized by Boris Yeltsin in the 1990s, leading to a significant drop in service quality and carrying capacity.

==Demographics==
Russia is suffering from a demographic crisis. The country is considered to still be suffering from the massive loss in population during the Great Patriotic War. In addition to this, many Russians fell into poverty during the capitalist counter-revolution of Gorbachev and Yeltsin, causing the birth rate to fall. All this means the Russian population has been in decline for many years, with the remaining population aging rapidly. Mass emigration from Russia since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine is expected to exacerbate the demographic problem.

==Culture==

== See also ==

* [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]
* [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]]
* [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]]

== References ==
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:European countries]]
[[Category:Asian countries]]
[[Category:Outline needs additional content]]
<references />

Topic:Xiptfmzz2907jm77

2023-05-25T00:02:08Z

CrimsonCommie (talk | contribs) commented on "Bluelinking" (Yeah this looks good, i agree with this)

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

2023-05-24T23:57:09Z

CrimsonCommie: Removed the unnecessary bluelinks which linked back to this same article.

<blockquote>''"England" redirects here. For pre-1707 history of England, see [[Kingdom of England (927–1707)]].''</blockquote>{{
Infobox country
| name = United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| native_name = Ruvaneth Unys Breten Veur hag Iwerdhon Gledh Reeriaght Unnaneysit y Vretyn Vooar as Nerin Hwoaie An Rìoghachd Aonaichte na Breatainn Mhòr agus Eirinn a Tuath Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon| image_flag = File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
| image_map = File:United Kingdom (orthographic projection).svg
| map_width = 220px
| image_coat = British coat of arms.svg| capital = London
| largest_city = London
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Bourgeois state|bourgeois state]]
| leader_title1 = Monarch
| leader_name1 = [[Charles Windsor]]
| leader_title2 = Prime Minister
| leader_name2 = [[Rishi Sunak]]
| sovereignty_type = Formation
| established_event1 = Annexation of Wales by the Kingdom of England
| established_date1 = 1536
| area_km2 = 242,495
| area_rank = 78th
| population_estimate = 67,886,004
| population_estimate_year = 2020
| labour_force = 34,708,550<ref>World Bank (2020). ''[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=GB Labour force total – United Kingdom]''.</ref>
| labour_force_participation = 78.1%<ref>World Bank (2019). ''[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.ACTI.ZS?locations=GB Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate) - United Kingdom]'' </ref>
| labour_occupation = agriculture: 1.3% industry: 15.2% services: 83.5%<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy">CIA World Factbook (2020). ''[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/#Economy United Kingdom – The world factbook (economy)]''</ref>
| unemployment = 4.8%<ref>Trading economics (2021). ''[https://tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/unemployment-rate United Kingdom unemployment rate]''</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2021
| GDP_nominal = $3.124 trillion<ref name="imf-2021">International Monetary Fund (2021). ''[https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report?c=112,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 World Economic Outlook database: April 2021]''</ref>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $46,344<ref name ="imf-2021"/>
| export_year = 2019
| export = $894.077 billion<ref>World Bank (2019). ''[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD?locations=GB Exports of goods and services (current US$) - United Kingdom]''</ref>
| export_commodities = cars, gas turbines, gold, crude petroleum, packaged medicines<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy"/>
| export_partners = [[United States of America|United States]] (15%), [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]] (10%), [[People's Republic of China|China]] (7%)<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy"/>
| import_year = 2019
| import = $924.69 billion<ref>World Bank (2019). ''[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.CD?locations=GB Imports of goods and services (current US$) - United Kingdom]''</ref>
| import_commodities = gold, cars, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy"/>
| import_partners = [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]] (13%), [[People's Republic of China|China]] (10%), [[Netherlands]] (7%)
| external_debt = $8.721 trillion<ref name="CIA-factbook-economy"/>
| external_debt_rank = 2nd
| Gini = 33.5%
| Gini_year = 2018
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.932
| HDI_year = 2019
| HDI_rank =
| currency = Pound sterling
| mode_of_production = [[Capitalism]]
| currency_code = GBP
}}
The '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''', often shortened to the '''United Kingdom''' or '''UK''', is an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] island country located in [[Europe]]. It comprises England, Scotland, and Wales and is also currently occupying six counties of [[Ireland]]. The UK was a founding member of [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] and [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]]. It has the fourth largest military budget in the world and the second most foreign military bases behind the [[United States of America]]. [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]], the British secret police, has connections to the [[National Security Agency|NSA]] and [[Five Eyes]].<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Australian Marxist Review]]|title=British Imperialism – A Threat to World Peace|date=2022-09-28|url=https://cpa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/AMR73_2022-09.pdf|retrieved=2022-11-27|author=Kenny Coyle}}</ref> The British Empire was a major [[Colonialism|colonial]] power and was responsible for over 160 million deaths in [[India]] alone.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]|title=British empire killed 165 million Indians in 40 years: How colonialism inspired fascism|date=2022-12-12|url=https://multipolarista.com/2022/12/12/britain-100-million-india-deaths-colonialism/|retrieved=2022-12-16}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Great Britain ===
Following the [[Glorious Revolution|bourgeois revolution of 1688]], the number of capital crimes rose from 50 to over 200, and most of the new additions were minor property crimes. Stealing a single shilling was punishable by death. The bourgeoisie also enclosed and privatized common lands held by the [[peasantry]]. Beginning in 1717, Britain began mass deportations of (usually poor) convicts to the colonies.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=White Servants|page=77–79|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref>

[[Slavery]] was banned within England in 1772 but continued to exist in its colonies. Free Africans fought for the British during the [[Statesian Revolution]], but many were deported to [[Sierra Leone]] afterwards.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=Liberalism and Racial Slavery: A Unique Twin Birth|page=48–52|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref>

=== Great Britain and Ireland ===
During the late 19th century, [[Benjamin Disraeli]], despite his pro-slavery views, expanded voting rights to sections of the [[Proletariat|working class]].<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=Liberalism and Racial Slavery: A Unique Twin Birth|page=63|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref> His 1867 Reform Act allowed non-Anglicans (including [[Catholicism|Catholics]], [[Judaism|Jews]], and some [[Protestantism|Protestants]]) to vote.<ref name=":12">{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=Were Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century England and America Liberal?|page=117–120|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref>

=== Great Britain and Northern Ireland ===
In 1939, the British made a secret agreement with [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] to stay out Germany's spheres of influence in Eastern Europe and avoid an alliance with the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] in exchange for Germany not attacking the British Empire.<ref name=":022332">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=187}}</ref>

Following the loss of its colonial empire, the UK was in a severe economic crisis by the early 1970s. Dockworkers and miners organized large [[Strike action|strikes]] in 1972 and 1974. The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government of [[James Callaghan]] applied for an [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] loan in 1976 and imposed [[austerity]] on the working people.

[[Margaret Thatcher]] blamed [[Trade union|unions]] for the crisis and took power in 1979. She introduced mass [[Privatization|privatisation]] and strengthened monopolies while increasing imperialist aggression against Ireland. Under Thatcher's rule, [[unemployment]], [[crime]], and [[poverty]] increased. Both the [[Conservative and Unionist Party|Conservative]] and Labour parties opposed the [[1984–85 British miners' strike|1984–85 miners' strike]].

When [[Tony Blair]] came to power in 1997, he continued many of Thatcher's policies while creating [[Social democracy|social democratic]] reforms to weaken the revolutionary movement.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2023-04-15|title=Margaret Thatcher: Symbol of Capitalist Barbarism|url=http://www.idcommunism.com/2023/04/margaret-thatcher-symbol-of-capitalist-barbarism.html|newspaper=[[In Defense of Communism]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415175041/http://www.idcommunism.com/2023/04/margaret-thatcher-symbol-of-capitalist-barbarism.html|archive-date=2023-04-15|retrieved=2023-04-16|author=[[Nikos Mottas]]}}</ref>

== Colonialism ==
The [[British Empire]] colonized parts of [[North America]], [[Africa]], [[Asia]], and [[Oceania]] and controlled nearly 25% of the world's land area at its peak.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Larry Holzwarth|newspaper=History Collection|title=10 Atrocities Committed by the British Empire that They Would Like to Erase from History Books|date=2018-03-17|url=https://historycollection.com/10-atrocities-committed-by-the-british-empire-that-they-would-like-to-erase-from-history-books/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616103933/https://historycollection.com/10-atrocities-committed-by-the-british-empire-that-they-would-like-to-erase-from-history-books/|archive-date=2021-06-16|retrieved=2022-05-21}}</ref>

=== Africa ===
During the Boer Wars in [[Republic of South Africa|South Africa]], the British destroyed farms and dumped salt in wells. In the Second Boer War, between 1899 and 1902, they built over 100 concentration camps for Boers and Africans. 30,000 Boers died in these camps, mostly children, as well as 20,000 Africans who were not largely involved in the war.

During the [[Mau Mau Uprising]] of 1952 in [[Kenya]], nearly the entire civilian population of the Kikuyu was placed in work camps by the British. Some were dragged across the ground by military vehicles or mauled by guard dogs.<ref name=":0" />

=== Asia ===
Over five million Indians died in famines during the 1870s under the [[British Raj (1858–1947)|British Raj]]. During another famine in 1943, Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] blamed the Indians for the famine, saying "Famine or no famine, Indians will breed like rabbits."

In 1903, the [[British Indian Army]] invaded [[Tibet]] due to rumors that the [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Qing dynasty]] was going to allow [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russia]] to occupy Tibet. When they encountered 3,000 Tibetans blocking a road, they fired on them, killing over 700 people. Parts of Tibet were occupied by the British until 1908.

In Amritsar, [[Punjab]], in 1919, a large crowd gathered to celebrate the festival of Baisakhi. The British Indian Army blocked the exits and fired on the crowd, killing over a thousand and wounding 1,100 more.

During the [[Malayan Emergency]] of the 1950s, the British forcibly relocated Chinese people in [[Malaysia|Malaya]] into 450 "New Villages." No one was allowed in or out without the permission of the guards.<ref name=":0" />

==== Hong Kong ====
The British took control of the [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Chinese]] territory of [[Hong Kong]] in the 19th century following the [[Opium Wars]]. For 150 years, a British-appointed governor ruled the territory without being chosen by the people of Hong Kong. Hong Kong returned to [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] sovereignty on 1 July 1997 and is administered under [[One Country, Two Systems]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Ireland ===
In 1845, potato blight destroyed the potato harvest in Ireland, beginning a famine. The British appointed [[Charles Trevelyan]] to administer Ireland during the famine. Trevelyan adopted a [[Laissez-faire capitalism|laissez-faire]] attitude and wrote that the famine was an "effective mechanism for reducing surplus population" and "the judgement of God to teach the Irish a lesson." Exports of food from Ireland increased during the famine and over a million people starved to death.<ref name=":0" />

== Military ==
The UK has 145 military bases in 42 countries and territories, including five countries encircling [[People's Republic of China|China]]. The 15 British bases in [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]] are contributing the Saudi invasion of [[Republic of Yemen|Yemen]]. In 2021, the British government published a document saying it would expand its nuclear arsenal from 200 to 260 weapons, which is a violation of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]].<ref name=":1" />

== Politics ==
Until the late 19th century, the [[Landlord|landowning]] [[aristocracy]] completely controlled the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], the lower house of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]. In seven general elections from 1760 to 1800, less than 10% of rural seats were contested.<ref name=":12" /> From 1716 to 1911, Parliament members were elected every seven years.<ref name=":122">{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=Crisis of the English and American Models|page=136|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Imperialist countries]]
[[Category:Global north]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:European countries]]

Linux

2023-05-24T11:03:49Z

CrimsonCommie: Changed some of the wording to be more accurate.

[[Image:Tux.svg|200px|thumb|Tux, the communal mascot of Linux.]]
'''Linux''' is a [[Free and open-source software|free and open-source]] [[UNIX]]-like monolithic kernel created by [[Linus Torvalds]] and developed by the linux community. Linux is managed with the version control system <code>git</code> and licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] version 2.

Linux is often bundled with the [[GNU]] utilities. Although, this is not always the case, as can be seen by distributions like Alpine Linux.<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Alpine Linux Developers|newspaper=Alpine Linux|title=Main Page|date=2023-5-24|url=https://www.alpinelinux.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520235223/https://www.alpinelinux.org/|archive-date=2023-5-20|retrieved=2023-5-24|quote=Alpine Linux is a security-oriented, lightweight Linux distribution based on musl libc and busybox.}}</ref>

==History==

Linus Torvalds released the Linux Kernel in source-code form in 1991.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.01 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.01/docs/}}</ref> The next year, in February 1992, Linux was released under the GNU General Public License.<ref>{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.12 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.12/docs/}}</ref>

===NVIDIA's Open-Source Boycott on Linux===

In 2011, the [[NVIDIA Corporation]] refused to provide open-source <abbr title='Graphical Processing Unit'>GPU</abbr> drivers;<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/427004/why-nvidia-graphics-cards-are-the-worst-for-open-source-but-the-best-for-linux-gaming.html|title=Why Nvidia graphics cards are the worst for open-source, but the best for Linux gaming|newspaper=PCWorld|author=Chris Hoffman|date=2015-04-17}}</ref> Linux developers were forced to reverse engineer proprietary NVIDIA GPUs to develop open-source drivers, to which NVIDIA provided horrendous support.{{helper}}

Linus Torvalds famously responded to the boycott with a middle finger and a curse word: "NVIDIA, Fuck you!"<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=_36yNWw_07g|channel=Kuttofos|date=2012-06-17|title=Linus Torvalds To Nvidia - "Fuck You"}}</ref>

===NSA Interrogation===

In 2013, [[Nils Torvalds]] reported that the [[National Security Agency]] contacted Linus Torvalds with a request to add backdoors into Linux.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://falkvinge.net/2013/11/17/nsa-asked-linus-torvalds-to-install-backdoors-into-gnulinux/|title=[[National Security Agency|NSA]] Asked Linus Torvalds To Install Backdoors Into GNU/Linux}}</ref>

==Linux distributions==

Linux distributions (operating systems that use Linux) often use the [[GNU coreutils]]. Although, many alternatives to the GNU coreutils exist, such as [[Uutils]] and [[Busybox]].

===State-developed===

Many [[State|states]] have developed a Linux-based operating system to develop sovereign economies and break dependence on [[Microsoft Windows]], which has backdoors usable by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].

* The [[Russian Federation]] developed and is transitioning to [[Astra Linux]],<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru|title=Российские операционные системы (ОС), отечественное ПО для виртуализации и резервного копирования | Astra Linux (Russian operating system, home virtualization, and reserve software | Astra Linux)}}</ref> due to it's compliance to state orders for use of domestic software.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru/main-government|title=Государственный сектор}}</ref>
* The [[Republic of Cuba]] developed [[Nova]].<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.nova.cu/|title=Nova | Portal Web}}</ref>
* The [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] (through the Korea Computer Center) developed [[Red Star OS]].{{helper|helper-text=Confirm Linux heritage|hover-text=Find sources confirming that Red Star OS is based off Linux.}}

==Attacks by Microsoft==

==External Links==
* [https://kernel.org kernel.org]
* [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/ Torvalds Linux repository]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Computer operating systems]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software]]

Topic:Xiptfmzz2907jm77

2023-05-24T10:50:11Z

CrimsonCommie (talk | contribs) commented on "Bluelinking" (I think bluelinking once in the infobox and then bluelinking another time in the paragraph is a good idea, some people might not read the...)

Leon Trotsky

2023-05-24T10:27:17Z

CrimsonCommie: Removed 1 unnecessary bluelink.

{{Infobox politician|name=Leon Trotsky|native_name=Лев Троцький|birth_name=Lev Davidovich Bronstein|birth_date=7 November 1879|birth_place=Yanovka, [[Kherson Governorate (1802–1920)|Kherson Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]|death_cause=Assassination via icepick|death_place=Mexico City, [[Mexico]]|death_date=21 August 1940|political_line=[[Trotskyism]]|image=Leon Trotsky picture.jpg}}

'''Lev Davidovich Bronstein''' (7 November 1879 – 21 August 1940), better known as '''Leon Trotsky''', was a controversial figure of the [[Russian Revolution]] who was later found to have disgraced himself by working in league with the [[Fascism|fascists]] and [[United States of America|U.S.]] intelligence services,<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[Stalin Society of Pakistan]]|title=Trotsky and Rivera were informants of the US government – American Researchers reveal|date=2015-06-20|url=https://stalinsocietypk.wordpress.com/2015/06/20/trotsky-rivera-were-informants-of-the-us-government-american-researchers-revealed/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715201956/https://stalinsocietypk.wordpress.com/2015/06/20/trotsky-rivera-were-informants-of-the-us-government-american-researchers-revealed/|archive-date=2022-07-15|retrieved=2022-07-31}}</ref> as revealed during the interrogations of the [[Moscow trials|Moscow Trials]].

== Biographical sketch ==
Trotsky was known to have a flair for making speeches and being a charismatic person. For instance, he was reported to have spoken in [[Russia|Russian]], [[France|French]] and [[Germany|German]] straight for an hour each when given an hour to defend his position. He was also known to have an aristocratic and condescending attitude, being described as a "loner" by [[M. N. Roy]].

== Pre-revolution ==

=== Early life ===
Trotsky was a [[Mensheviks|Menshevik]] from 1903 to 1905.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[TheFinnishBolshevik]]|newspaper=ML-Theory|title=Stalin & the myth of the ”Old Bolsheviks”|date=2016-12-20|url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2016/12/20/stalin-the-myth-of-the-old-bolsheviks/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622142456/https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2016/12/20/stalin-the-myth-of-the-old-bolsheviks/|archive-date=2022-06-22|retrieved=2022-08-07}}</ref> He supported the Russian imperial forces against [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]] in the [[Russo-Japanese War]], while [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] believed the defeat of the tsarist government would strengthen the revolutionary movement.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Russo-Japanese War and the First Russian Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm}}</ref> Trotsky organized the August Bloc in 1912, which included [[Liquidationism|liquidationists]], Mensheviks, and [[Otzovism|Otzovists]]. Trotsky himself was a liquidator during this period.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Stolypin Reaction. The Bolsheviks Constitute Themselves an Independent Marxist Party|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch04.htm}}</ref> During the [[First World War]], Trotsky promoted [[Class collaboration|class collaborationism]] between the Russian [[bourgeoisie]] and [[proletariat]] against other nations.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of the Imperialist War. The Second Revolution in Russia|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch06.htm}}</ref>

Trotsky joined the [[Mezhrayontsi]] group in 1913, which occupied a position between the [[Bolsheviks]] and Mensheviks. They were admitted to the Bolshevik Party in August 1917 at the 6th party congress.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Preparation and Realization of the October Socialist Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch07.htm}}</ref>

== Post-revolution ==
Trotsky opposed the [[New Economic Policy]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Transition to the Peaceful Work of Economic Restoration|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch09.htm}}</ref> He soon went in opposition to Lenin and formed an opposition bloc in 1926 with [[Grigory Zinoviev|Zinoviev]]. A joint meeting of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] and the Central Control Commission expelled Trotsky from the party in November 1927.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Struggle for the Socialist Industrialization of the Country|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch10.htm}}</ref> He argued that [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s government had entered a stage of bureaucracy and believed that terrorism against the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] was inevitable.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=[[TheFinnishBolshevik]]|newspaper=ML-Theory|title=Analyzing the Moscow Trials|date=2022-07-03|url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2022/07/03/analyzing-the-moscow-trials/|retrieved=2022-07-23}}</ref>

=== Exile ===
After being exiled from the Soviet Union, Trotsky offered to provide information to U.S. intelligence services in exchange for political asylum in the United States. The U.S. refused to give him asylum and he moved to Mexico. He gave U.S. officials in Mexico information about communists and [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Comintern]] agents and received financial contributions from wealthy Statesians.

In 1932, Trotsky organized an anti-[[Leninism|Leninist]] opposition bloc that included [[Trotskyists]], Zinovievites, and [[Left-communism|left-communists]].

In the 1930s, Trotsky argued that the Soviet Union would inevitably lose the upcoming [[Second World War]] to [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]] and [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]]. He believed that it was necessary to overthrow the Soviet government to save the country from encircling capitalist armies.<ref name=":0" /> He also blamed Stalin and the [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Comintern]] for [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s rise to power. He continued to consider the Soviet economy [[Socialism|socialist]] but believed the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] was [[Corruption|corrupt]] and [[reactionary]].<ref name=":0223">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=The Great Purge|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=120–121}}</ref>

Trotsky supported [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky|Tukhachevsky]]'s plot to overthrow Stalin and favored the military leadership of the [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] over the political commissars. By 1938, he was openly advocating the overthrow of the CPSU. He said that, "whoever defends, directly or indirectly, Stalin and the Bolshevik Party, is the worst enemy of socialism" and called for a fourth Russian revolution.<ref name=":022332">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Trotsky's role on the eve of the Second World War|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=177–181}}</ref>

== Theoretical criticisms ==
Trotsky claimed that [[socialism in one country]] was impossible.<ref name=":0" /> He underplayed the importance of the national question and rejected an alliance between the proletariat and the [[Peasantry|peasants]].<ref name=":1" />

== Legacy ==
[[Trotskyism]] has proven to be a major diversion in the workers' movement even after Trotsky's death.{{Helper|helper-text=Evidence?|hover-text=Give evidence for this claim.}}

== References ==
[[Category:Revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Trotskyism]]

Leon Trotsky

2023-05-24T10:23:33Z

CrimsonCommie: Removed 2 unnecessary bluelinks.

{{Infobox politician|name=Leon Trotsky|native_name=Лев Троцький|birth_name=Lev Davidovich Bronstein|birth_date=7 November 1879|birth_place=Yanovka, [[Kherson Governorate (1802–1920)|Kherson Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]|death_cause=Assassination via icepick|death_place=Mexico City, [[Mexico]]|death_date=21 August 1940|political_line=[[Trotskyism]]|image=Leon Trotsky picture.jpg}}

'''Lev Davidovich Bronstein''' (7 November 1879 – 21 August 1940), better known as '''Leon Trotsky''', was a controversial figure of the [[Russian Revolution]] who was later found to have disgraced himself by working in league with the [[Fascism|fascists]] and [[United States of America|U.S.]] intelligence services,<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[Stalin Society of Pakistan]]|title=Trotsky and Rivera were informants of the US government – American Researchers reveal|date=2015-06-20|url=https://stalinsocietypk.wordpress.com/2015/06/20/trotsky-rivera-were-informants-of-the-us-government-american-researchers-revealed/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715201956/https://stalinsocietypk.wordpress.com/2015/06/20/trotsky-rivera-were-informants-of-the-us-government-american-researchers-revealed/|archive-date=2022-07-15|retrieved=2022-07-31}}</ref> as revealed during the interrogations of the [[Moscow trials|Moscow Trials]].

== Biographical sketch ==
Trotsky was known to have a flair for making speeches and being a charismatic person. For instance, he was reported to have spoken in [[Russia|Russian]], [[France|French]] and [[Germany|German]] straight for an hour each when given an hour to defend his position. He was also known to have an aristocratic and condescending attitude, being described as a "loner" by [[M. N. Roy]].

== Pre-revolution ==

=== Early life ===
Trotsky was a [[Mensheviks|Menshevik]] from 1903 to 1905.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[TheFinnishBolshevik]]|newspaper=ML-Theory|title=Stalin & the myth of the ”Old Bolsheviks”|date=2016-12-20|url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2016/12/20/stalin-the-myth-of-the-old-bolsheviks/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622142456/https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2016/12/20/stalin-the-myth-of-the-old-bolsheviks/|archive-date=2022-06-22|retrieved=2022-08-07}}</ref> He supported the Russian imperial forces against [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]] in the [[Russo-Japanese War]], while [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] believed the defeat of the tsarist government would strengthen the revolutionary movement.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Russo-Japanese War and the First Russian Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm}}</ref> Trotsky organized the August Bloc in 1912, which included [[Liquidationism|liquidationists]], Mensheviks, and [[Otzovism|Otzovists]]. Trotsky himself was a liquidator during this period.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Stolypin Reaction. The Bolsheviks Constitute Themselves an Independent Marxist Party|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch04.htm}}</ref> During the [[First World War]], Trotsky promoted [[Class collaboration|class collaborationism]] between the Russian [[bourgeoisie]] and [[proletariat]] against other nations.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of the Imperialist War. The Second Revolution in Russia|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch06.htm}}</ref>

Trotsky joined the [[Mezhrayontsi]] group in 1913, which occupied a position between the [[Bolsheviks]] and [[Mensheviks]]. They were admitted to the Bolshevik Party in August 1917 at the 6th party congress.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Preparation and Realization of the October Socialist Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch07.htm}}</ref>

== Post-revolution ==
Trotsky opposed the [[New Economic Policy]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Transition to the Peaceful Work of Economic Restoration|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch09.htm}}</ref> He soon went in opposition to Lenin and formed an opposition bloc in 1926 with [[Grigory Zinoviev|Zinoviev]]. A joint meeting of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] and the Central Control Commission expelled Trotsky from the party in November 1927.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Struggle for the Socialist Industrialization of the Country|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch10.htm}}</ref> He argued that [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s government had entered a stage of bureaucracy and believed that terrorism against the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] was inevitable.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=[[TheFinnishBolshevik]]|newspaper=ML-Theory|title=Analyzing the Moscow Trials|date=2022-07-03|url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2022/07/03/analyzing-the-moscow-trials/|retrieved=2022-07-23}}</ref>

=== Exile ===
After being exiled from the Soviet Union, Trotsky offered to provide information to U.S. intelligence services in exchange for political asylum in the United States. The U.S. refused to give him asylum and he moved to Mexico. He gave U.S. officials in Mexico information about communists and [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Comintern]] agents and received financial contributions from wealthy Statesians.

In 1932, Trotsky organized an anti-[[Leninism|Leninist]] opposition bloc that included [[Trotskyists]], Zinovievites, and [[Left-communism|left-communists]].

In the 1930s, Trotsky argued that the Soviet Union would inevitably lose the upcoming [[Second World War]] to [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]] and [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]]. He believed that it was necessary to overthrow the Soviet government to save the country from encircling capitalist armies.<ref name=":0" /> He also blamed Stalin and the [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Comintern]] for [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s rise to power. He continued to consider the Soviet economy [[Socialism|socialist]] but believed the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] was [[Corruption|corrupt]] and [[reactionary]].<ref name=":0223">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=The Great Purge|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=120–121}}</ref>

Trotsky supported [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky|Tukhachevsky]]'s plot to overthrow Stalin and favored the military leadership of the [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] over the political commissars. By 1938, he was openly advocating the overthrow of the CPSU. He said that, "whoever defends, directly or indirectly, Stalin and the Bolshevik Party, is the worst enemy of socialism" and called for a fourth Russian revolution.<ref name=":022332">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Trotsky's role on the eve of the Second World War|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=177–181}}</ref>

== Theoretical criticisms ==
Trotsky claimed that [[socialism in one country]] was impossible.<ref name=":0" /> He underplayed the importance of the national question and rejected an alliance between the proletariat and the [[Peasantry|peasants]].<ref name=":1" />

== Legacy ==
[[Trotskyism]] has proven to be a major diversion in the workers' movement even after Trotsky's death.{{Helper|helper-text=Evidence?|hover-text=Give evidence for this claim.}}

== References ==
[[Category:Revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Trotskyism]]

Linux

2023-05-24T10:18:02Z

CrimsonCommie: Removed hyperlink for the second GNU coreutils

[[Image:Tux.svg|200px|thumb|Tux, the communal mascot of Linux.]]
'''Linux''' is a [[Free and open-source software|free and open-source]] [[UNIX]]-like monolithic kernel developed by [[Linus Torvalds]]. Linux is managed with the version control system <code>git</code> and licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] version 2.

Linux is often bundled with the [[GNU]] utilities. Although, this is not always the case, as can be seen by distributions like Alpine Linux.<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Alpine Linux Developers|newspaper=Alpine Linux|title=Main Page|date=2023-5-24|url=https://www.alpinelinux.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520235223/https://www.alpinelinux.org/|archive-date=2023-5-20|retrieved=2023-5-24|quote=Alpine Linux is a security-oriented, lightweight Linux distribution based on musl libc and busybox.}}</ref>

==History==

Linus Torvalds released the Linux Kernel in source-code form in 1991.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.01 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.01/docs/}}</ref> The next year, in February 1992, Linux was released under the GNU General Public License.<ref>{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.12 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.12/docs/}}</ref>

===NVIDIA's Open-Source Boycott on Linux===

In 2011, the [[NVIDIA Corporation]] refused to provide open-source <abbr title='Graphical Processing Unit'>GPU</abbr> drivers;<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/427004/why-nvidia-graphics-cards-are-the-worst-for-open-source-but-the-best-for-linux-gaming.html|title=Why Nvidia graphics cards are the worst for open-source, but the best for Linux gaming|newspaper=PCWorld|author=Chris Hoffman|date=2015-04-17}}</ref> Linux developers were forced to reverse engineer proprietary NVIDIA GPUs to develop open-source drivers, to which NVIDIA provided horrendous support.{{helper}}

Linus Torvalds famously responded to the boycott with a middle finger and a curse word: "NVIDIA, Fuck you!"<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=_36yNWw_07g|channel=Kuttofos|date=2012-06-17|title=Linus Torvalds To Nvidia - "Fuck You"}}</ref>

===NSA Interrogation===

In 2013, [[Nils Torvalds]] reported that the [[National Security Agency]] contacted Linus Torvalds with a request to add backdoors into Linux.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://falkvinge.net/2013/11/17/nsa-asked-linus-torvalds-to-install-backdoors-into-gnulinux/|title=[[National Security Agency|NSA]] Asked Linus Torvalds To Install Backdoors Into GNU/Linux}}</ref>

==Linux distributions==

Linux distributions (operating systems that use Linux) often use the [[GNU coreutils]]. Although, many alternatives to the GNU coreutils exist, such as [[Uutils]] and [[Busybox]].

===State-developed===

Many [[State|states]] have developed a Linux-based operating system to develop sovereign economies and break dependence on [[Microsoft Windows]], which has backdoors usable by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].

* The [[Russian Federation]] developed and is transitioning to [[Astra Linux]],<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru|title=Российские операционные системы (ОС), отечественное ПО для виртуализации и резервного копирования | Astra Linux (Russian operating system, home virtualization, and reserve software | Astra Linux)}}</ref> due to it's compliance to state orders for use of domestic software.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru/main-government|title=Государственный сектор}}</ref>
* The [[Republic of Cuba]] developed [[Nova]].<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.nova.cu/|title=Nova | Portal Web}}</ref>
* The [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] (through the Korea Computer Center) developed [[Red Star OS]].{{helper|helper-text=Confirm Linux heritage|hover-text=Find sources confirming that Red Star OS is based off Linux.}}

==Attacks by Microsoft==

==External Links==
* [https://kernel.org kernel.org]
* [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/ Torvalds Linux repository]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Computer operating systems]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software]]

Linux

2023-05-24T10:17:17Z

CrimsonCommie: Edited the alpine linux source name.

[[Image:Tux.svg|200px|thumb|Tux, the communal mascot of Linux.]]
'''Linux''' is a [[Free and open-source software|free and open-source]] [[UNIX]]-like monolithic kernel developed by [[Linus Torvalds]]. Linux is managed with the version control system <code>git</code> and licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] version 2.

Linux is often bundled with the [[GNU]] utilities. Although, this is not always the case, as can be seen by distributions like Alpine Linux.<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Alpine Linux Developers|newspaper=Alpine Linux|title=Main Page|date=2023-5-24|url=https://www.alpinelinux.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520235223/https://www.alpinelinux.org/|archive-date=2023-5-20|retrieved=2023-5-24|quote=Alpine Linux is a security-oriented, lightweight Linux distribution based on musl libc and busybox.}}</ref>

==History==

Linus Torvalds released the Linux Kernel in source-code form in 1991.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.01 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.01/docs/}}</ref> The next year, in February 1992, Linux was released under the GNU General Public License.<ref>{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.12 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.12/docs/}}</ref>

===NVIDIA's Open-Source Boycott on Linux===

In 2011, the [[NVIDIA Corporation]] refused to provide open-source <abbr title='Graphical Processing Unit'>GPU</abbr> drivers;<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/427004/why-nvidia-graphics-cards-are-the-worst-for-open-source-but-the-best-for-linux-gaming.html|title=Why Nvidia graphics cards are the worst for open-source, but the best for Linux gaming|newspaper=PCWorld|author=Chris Hoffman|date=2015-04-17}}</ref> Linux developers were forced to reverse engineer proprietary NVIDIA GPUs to develop open-source drivers, to which NVIDIA provided horrendous support.{{helper}}

Linus Torvalds famously responded to the boycott with a middle finger and a curse word: "NVIDIA, Fuck you!"<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=_36yNWw_07g|channel=Kuttofos|date=2012-06-17|title=Linus Torvalds To Nvidia - "Fuck You"}}</ref>

===NSA Interrogation===

In 2013, [[Nils Torvalds]] reported that the [[National Security Agency]] contacted Linus Torvalds with a request to add backdoors into Linux.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://falkvinge.net/2013/11/17/nsa-asked-linus-torvalds-to-install-backdoors-into-gnulinux/|title=[[National Security Agency|NSA]] Asked Linus Torvalds To Install Backdoors Into GNU/Linux}}</ref>

==Linux distributions==

Linux distributions (operating systems that use Linux) often use the [[GNU coreutils]]. Although, many alternatives to the [[GNU coreutils]] exist, such as [[Uutils]] and [[Busybox]].

===State-developed===

Many [[State|states]] have developed a Linux-based operating system to develop sovereign economies and break dependence on [[Microsoft Windows]], which has backdoors usable by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].

* The [[Russian Federation]] developed and is transitioning to [[Astra Linux]],<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru|title=Российские операционные системы (ОС), отечественное ПО для виртуализации и резервного копирования | Astra Linux (Russian operating system, home virtualization, and reserve software | Astra Linux)}}</ref> due to it's compliance to state orders for use of domestic software.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru/main-government|title=Государственный сектор}}</ref>
* The [[Republic of Cuba]] developed [[Nova]].<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.nova.cu/|title=Nova | Portal Web}}</ref>
* The [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] (through the Korea Computer Center) developed [[Red Star OS]].{{helper|helper-text=Confirm Linux heritage|hover-text=Find sources confirming that Red Star OS is based off Linux.}}

==Attacks by Microsoft==

==External Links==
* [https://kernel.org kernel.org]
* [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/ Torvalds Linux repository]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Computer operating systems]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software]]

Linux

2023-05-24T10:00:03Z

CrimsonCommie: Expanded upon "Linux Distributions", adding a clarification that coreutils alternatives exist.

[[Image:Tux.svg|200px|thumb|Tux, the communal mascot of Linux.]]
'''Linux''' is a [[Free and open-source software|free and open-source]] [[UNIX]]-like monolithic kernel developed by [[Linus Torvalds]]. Linux is managed with the version control system <code>git</code> and licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] version 2.

Linux is often bundled with the [[GNU]] utilities. Although, this is not always the case, as can be seen by distributions like Alpine Linux.<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Alpine Linux Developers|newspaper=Alpine Linux|title=Index|date=2023-5-24|url=https://www.alpinelinux.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520235223/https://www.alpinelinux.org/|archive-date=2023-5-20|retrieved=2023-5-24|quote=Alpine Linux is a security-oriented, lightweight Linux distribution based on musl libc and busybox.}}</ref>

==History==

Linus Torvalds released the Linux Kernel in source-code form in 1991.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.01 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.01/docs/}}</ref> The next year, in February 1992, Linux was released under the GNU General Public License.<ref>{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.12 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.12/docs/}}</ref>

===NVIDIA's Open-Source Boycott on Linux===

In 2011, the [[NVIDIA Corporation]] refused to provide open-source <abbr title='Graphical Processing Unit'>GPU</abbr> drivers;<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/427004/why-nvidia-graphics-cards-are-the-worst-for-open-source-but-the-best-for-linux-gaming.html|title=Why Nvidia graphics cards are the worst for open-source, but the best for Linux gaming|newspaper=PCWorld|author=Chris Hoffman|date=2015-04-17}}</ref> Linux developers were forced to reverse engineer proprietary NVIDIA GPUs to develop open-source drivers, to which NVIDIA provided horrendous support.{{helper}}

Linus Torvalds famously responded to the boycott with a middle finger and a curse word: "NVIDIA, Fuck you!"<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=_36yNWw_07g|channel=Kuttofos|date=2012-06-17|title=Linus Torvalds To Nvidia - "Fuck You"}}</ref>

===NSA Interrogation===

In 2013, [[Nils Torvalds]] reported that the [[National Security Agency]] contacted Linus Torvalds with a request to add backdoors into Linux.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://falkvinge.net/2013/11/17/nsa-asked-linus-torvalds-to-install-backdoors-into-gnulinux/|title=[[National Security Agency|NSA]] Asked Linus Torvalds To Install Backdoors Into GNU/Linux}}</ref>

==Linux distributions==

Linux distributions (operating systems that use Linux) often use the [[GNU coreutils]]. Although, many alternatives to the [[GNU coreutils]] exist, such as [[Uutils]] and [[Busybox]].

===State-developed===

Many [[State|states]] have developed a Linux-based operating system to develop sovereign economies and break dependence on [[Microsoft Windows]], which has backdoors usable by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].

* The [[Russian Federation]] developed and is transitioning to [[Astra Linux]],<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru|title=Российские операционные системы (ОС), отечественное ПО для виртуализации и резервного копирования | Astra Linux (Russian operating system, home virtualization, and reserve software | Astra Linux)}}</ref> due to it's compliance to state orders for use of domestic software.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru/main-government|title=Государственный сектор}}</ref>
* The [[Republic of Cuba]] developed [[Nova]].<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.nova.cu/|title=Nova | Portal Web}}</ref>
* The [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] (through the Korea Computer Center) developed [[Red Star OS]].{{helper|helper-text=Confirm Linux heritage|hover-text=Find sources confirming that Red Star OS is based off Linux.}}

==Attacks by Microsoft==

==External Links==
* [https://kernel.org kernel.org]
* [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/ Torvalds Linux repository]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Computer operating systems]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software]]

Linux

2023-05-24T09:21:58Z

CrimsonCommie: Added source to additions to paragraph, as well as better explaining certain things.

[[Image:Tux.svg|200px|thumb|Tux, the communal mascot of Linux.]]
'''Linux''' is a [[Free and open-source software|free and open-source]] [[UNIX]]-like monolithic kernel developed by [[Linus Torvalds]]. Linux is managed with the version control system <code>git</code> and licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] version 2.

Linux is often bundled with the [[GNU]] utilities. Although, this is not always the case, as can be seen by distributions like Alpine Linux.<ref>{{Web citation|author=The Alpine Linux Developers|newspaper=Alpine Linux|title=Index|date=2023-5-24|url=https://www.alpinelinux.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520235223/https://www.alpinelinux.org/|archive-date=2023-5-20|retrieved=2023-5-24|quote=Alpine Linux is a security-oriented, lightweight Linux distribution based on musl libc and busybox.}}</ref>

==History==

Linus Torvalds released the Linux Kernel in source-code form in 1991.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.01 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.01/docs/}}</ref> The next year, in February 1992, Linux was released under the GNU General Public License.<ref>{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.12 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.12/docs/}}</ref>

===NVIDIA's Open-Source Boycott on Linux===

In 2011, the [[NVIDIA Corporation]] refused to provide open-source <abbr title='Graphical Processing Unit'>GPU</abbr> drivers;<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/427004/why-nvidia-graphics-cards-are-the-worst-for-open-source-but-the-best-for-linux-gaming.html|title=Why Nvidia graphics cards are the worst for open-source, but the best for Linux gaming|newspaper=PCWorld|author=Chris Hoffman|date=2015-04-17}}</ref> Linux developers were forced to reverse engineer proprietary NVIDIA GPUs to develop open-source drivers, to which NVIDIA provided horrendous support.{{helper}}

Linus Torvalds famously responded to the boycott with a middle finger and a curse word: "NVIDIA, Fuck you!"<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=_36yNWw_07g|channel=Kuttofos|date=2012-06-17|title=Linus Torvalds To Nvidia - "Fuck You"}}</ref>

===NSA Interrogation===

In 2013, [[Nils Torvalds]] reported that the [[National Security Agency]] contacted Linus Torvalds with a request to add backdoors into Linux.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://falkvinge.net/2013/11/17/nsa-asked-linus-torvalds-to-install-backdoors-into-gnulinux/|title=[[National Security Agency|NSA]] Asked Linus Torvalds To Install Backdoors Into GNU/Linux}}</ref>

==Linux distributions==

Linux distributions (operating systems that use Linux) often use [[GNU coreutils]].

===State-developed===

Many [[State|states]] have developed a Linux-based operating system to develop sovereign economies and break dependence on [[Microsoft Windows]], which has backdoors usable by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].

* The [[Russian Federation]] developed and is transitioning to [[Astra Linux]],<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru|title=Российские операционные системы (ОС), отечественное ПО для виртуализации и резервного копирования | Astra Linux (Russian operating system, home virtualization, and reserve software | Astra Linux)}}</ref> due to it's compliance to state orders for use of domestic software.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru/main-government|title=Государственный сектор}}</ref>
* The [[Republic of Cuba]] developed [[Nova]].<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.nova.cu/|title=Nova | Portal Web}}</ref>
* The [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] (through the Korea Computer Center) developed [[Red Star OS]].{{helper|helper-text=Confirm Linux heritage|hover-text=Find sources confirming that Red Star OS is based off Linux.}}

==Attacks by Microsoft==

==External Links==
* [https://kernel.org kernel.org]
* [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/ Torvalds Linux repository]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Computer operating systems]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software]]

Linux

2023-05-24T09:16:11Z

CrimsonCommie:

[[Image:Tux.svg|200px|thumb|Tux, the communal mascot of Linux.]]
'''Linux''' is a [[Free and open-source software|free and open-source]] [[UNIX]]-like monolithic kernel developed by [[Linus Torvalds]]. Linux is managed with the version control system <code>git</code> and licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] version 2.

Linux is often bundled with the [[GNU]] utilities. Although, this is not always the case, as can be seen by distributions like Alpine Linux.<ref name=":0" />

==History==

Linus Torvalds released the Linux Kernel in source-code form in 1991.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.01 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.01/docs/}}</ref> The next year, in February 1992, Linux was released under the GNU General Public License.<ref>{{Web citation|title=Linux 0.12 Documentation|url=http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/Linux-0.12/docs/}}</ref>

===NVIDIA's Open-Source Boycott on Linux===

In 2011, the [[NVIDIA Corporation]] refused to provide open-source <abbr title='Graphical Processing Unit'>GPU</abbr> drivers;<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/427004/why-nvidia-graphics-cards-are-the-worst-for-open-source-but-the-best-for-linux-gaming.html|title=Why Nvidia graphics cards are the worst for open-source, but the best for Linux gaming|newspaper=PCWorld|author=Chris Hoffman|date=2015-04-17}}</ref> Linux developers were forced to reverse engineer proprietary NVIDIA GPUs to develop open-source drivers, to which NVIDIA provided horrendous support.{{helper}}

Linus Torvalds famously responded to the boycott with a middle finger and a curse word: "NVIDIA, Fuck you!"<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=_36yNWw_07g|channel=Kuttofos|date=2012-06-17|title=Linus Torvalds To Nvidia - "Fuck You"}}</ref>

===NSA Interrogation===

In 2013, [[Nils Torvalds]] reported that the [[National Security Agency]] contacted Linus Torvalds with a request to add backdoors into Linux.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://falkvinge.net/2013/11/17/nsa-asked-linus-torvalds-to-install-backdoors-into-gnulinux/|title=[[National Security Agency|NSA]] Asked Linus Torvalds To Install Backdoors Into GNU/Linux}}</ref>

==Linux distributions==

Linux distributions (operating systems that use Linux) often use [[GNU coreutils]].

===State-developed===

Many [[State|states]] have developed a Linux-based operating system to develop sovereign economies and break dependence on [[Microsoft Windows]], which has backdoors usable by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].

* The [[Russian Federation]] developed and is transitioning to [[Astra Linux]],<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru|title=Российские операционные системы (ОС), отечественное ПО для виртуализации и резервного копирования | Astra Linux (Russian operating system, home virtualization, and reserve software | Astra Linux)}}</ref> due to it's compliance to state orders for use of domestic software.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://astralinux.ru/main-government|title=Государственный сектор}}</ref>
* The [[Republic of Cuba]] developed [[Nova]].<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://www.nova.cu/|title=Nova | Portal Web}}</ref>
* The [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] (through the Korea Computer Center) developed [[Red Star OS]].{{helper|helper-text=Confirm Linux heritage|hover-text=Find sources confirming that Red Star OS is based off Linux.}}

==Attacks by Microsoft==

==External Links==
* [https://kernel.org kernel.org]
* [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/ Torvalds Linux repository]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Computer operating systems]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software]]

Leon Trotsky

2023-05-24T05:34:53Z

CrimsonCommie: Added hyperlinks to words that weren't hyperlinked.

{{Infobox politician|name=Leon Trotsky|native_name=Лев Троцький|birth_name=Lev Davidovich Bronstein|birth_date=7 November 1879|birth_place=Yanovka, [[Kherson Governorate (1802–1920)|Kherson Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]|death_cause=Assassination via icepick|death_place=Mexico City, [[Mexico]]|death_date=21 August 1940|political_line=[[Trotskyism]]|image=Leon Trotsky picture.jpg}}

'''Lev Davidovich Bronstein''' (7 November 1879 – 21 August 1940), better known as '''Leon Trotsky''', was a controversial figure of the [[Russian Revolution]] who was later found to have disgraced himself by working in league with the [[Fascism|fascists]] and [[United States of America|U.S.]] intelligence services,<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[Stalin Society of Pakistan]]|title=Trotsky and Rivera were informants of the US government – American Researchers reveal|date=2015-06-20|url=https://stalinsocietypk.wordpress.com/2015/06/20/trotsky-rivera-were-informants-of-the-us-government-american-researchers-revealed/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715201956/https://stalinsocietypk.wordpress.com/2015/06/20/trotsky-rivera-were-informants-of-the-us-government-american-researchers-revealed/|archive-date=2022-07-15|retrieved=2022-07-31}}</ref> as revealed during the interrogations of the [[Moscow trials|Moscow Trials]].

== Biographical sketch ==
Trotsky was known to have a flair for making speeches and being a charismatic person. For instance, he was reported to have spoken in [[Russia|Russian]], [[France|French]] and [[Germany|German]] straight for an hour each when given an hour to defend his position. He was also known to have an aristocratic and condescending attitude, being described as a "loner" by [[M. N. Roy]].

== Pre-revolution ==

=== Early life ===
Trotsky was a [[Mensheviks|Menshevik]] from 1903 to 1905.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[TheFinnishBolshevik]]|newspaper=ML-Theory|title=Stalin & the myth of the ”Old Bolsheviks”|date=2016-12-20|url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2016/12/20/stalin-the-myth-of-the-old-bolsheviks/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622142456/https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2016/12/20/stalin-the-myth-of-the-old-bolsheviks/|archive-date=2022-06-22|retrieved=2022-08-07}}</ref> He supported the Russian imperial forces against [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]] in the [[Russo-Japanese War]], while [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] believed the defeat of the tsarist government would strengthen the revolutionary movement.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Russo-Japanese War and the First Russian Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm}}</ref> Trotsky organized the August Bloc in 1912, which included [[Liquidationism|liquidationists]], [[Mensheviks]], and [[Otzovism|Otzovists]]. Trotsky himself was a liquidator during this period.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Stolypin Reaction. The Bolsheviks Constitute Themselves an Independent Marxist Party|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch04.htm}}</ref> During the [[First World War]], Trotsky promoted [[Class collaboration|class collaborationism]] between the Russian [[bourgeoisie]] and [[proletariat]] against other nations.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of the Imperialist War. The Second Revolution in Russia|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch06.htm}}</ref>

Trotsky joined the [[Mezhrayontsi]] group in 1913, which occupied a position between the [[Bolsheviks]] and [[Mensheviks]]. They were admitted to the [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] Party in August 1917 at the 6th party congress.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Preparation and Realization of the October Socialist Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch07.htm}}</ref>

== Post-revolution ==
Trotsky opposed the [[New Economic Policy]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Transition to the Peaceful Work of Economic Restoration|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch09.htm}}</ref> He soon went in opposition to Lenin and formed an opposition bloc in 1926 with [[Grigory Zinoviev|Zinoviev]]. A joint meeting of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] and the Central Control Commission expelled Trotsky from the party in November 1927.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Struggle for the Socialist Industrialization of the Country|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch10.htm}}</ref> He argued that [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s government had entered a stage of bureaucracy and believed that terrorism against the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] was inevitable.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=[[TheFinnishBolshevik]]|newspaper=ML-Theory|title=Analyzing the Moscow Trials|date=2022-07-03|url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2022/07/03/analyzing-the-moscow-trials/|retrieved=2022-07-23}}</ref>

=== Exile ===
After being exiled from the Soviet Union, Trotsky offered to provide information to U.S. intelligence services in exchange for political asylum in the United States. The U.S. refused to give him asylum and he moved to Mexico. He gave U.S. officials in Mexico information about communists and [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Comintern]] agents and received financial contributions from wealthy Statesians.

In 1932, Trotsky organized an anti-[[Leninism|Leninist]] opposition bloc that included [[Trotskyists]], Zinovievites, and [[Left-communism|left-communists]].

In the 1930s, Trotsky argued that the Soviet Union would inevitably lose the upcoming [[Second World War]] to [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]] and [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]]. He believed that it was necessary to overthrow the Soviet government to save the country from encircling capitalist armies.<ref name=":0" /> He also blamed Stalin and the [[Communist International (1919–1943)|Comintern]] for [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s rise to power. He continued to consider the Soviet economy [[Socialism|socialist]] but believed the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] was [[Corruption|corrupt]] and [[reactionary]].<ref name=":0223">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=The Great Purge|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=120–121}}</ref>

Trotsky supported [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky|Tukhachevsky]]'s plot to overthrow Stalin and favored the military leadership of the [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] over the political commissars. By 1938, he was openly advocating the overthrow of the CPSU. He said that, "whoever defends, directly or indirectly, Stalin and the Bolshevik Party, is the worst enemy of socialism" and called for a fourth Russian revolution.<ref name=":022332">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Trotsky's role on the eve of the Second World War|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=177–181}}</ref>

== Theoretical criticisms ==
Trotsky claimed that [[socialism in one country]] was impossible.<ref name=":0" /> He underplayed the importance of the national question and rejected an alliance between the proletariat and the [[Peasantry|peasants]].<ref name=":1" />

== Legacy ==
[[Trotskyism]] has proven to be a major diversion in the workers' movement even after Trotsky's death.{{Helper|helper-text=Evidence?|hover-text=Give evidence for this claim.}}

== References ==
[[Category:Revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Trotskyism]]

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