ProleWiki - User contributions [en]

State of Alaska

2024-05-29T08:50:03Z

Artels: added basic info

{{Infobox subdivision
|name=State of Alaska
|native_name=Alax̂sxax̂ (Aleut) Alaaskaq (Inupiaq) Alaskaq (Central Yupik) Anáaski (Tlingit) Alas'kaaq (Alutiiq) Аляска (Russian)
|image_map=Alaska in United States (US50).svg
|settlement_type=[[United States of America|U.S]] State
|image_seal = State Seal of Alaska.svg
|image_flag = Flag_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg
|nickname=The Last Frontier
| motto = North to the Future
| anthem = Alaska's Flag
| official_languages = [[Ahtna language|Ahtna]], [[Alutiiq language|Alutiiq]], [[Dena'ina language|Dena'ina]], [[Deg Xinag language|Deg Xinag]], [[English language|English]], [[Eyak language|Eyak]], [[Gwich'in language|Gwich'in]], [[Haida language|Haida]], [[Hän language|Hän]], [[Holikachuk language|Holikachuk]], [[Inupiat language|Inupiaq]], [[Koyukon language|Koyukon]], [[Lower Tanana language|Lower Tanana]], [[Central Siberian Yupik language|St. Lawrence Island Yupik]], [[Tanacross language|Tanacross]], [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]], [[Coast Tsimshian dialect|Tsimshian]], [[Aleut language|Unangax̂]], [[Upper Kuskokwim language|Upper Kuskokwim]], [[Upper Tanana language|Upper Tanana]], [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Yup'ik]]
| Languages = {{plainlist|
* English 86.3%
* [[Alaska Native languages]] 5.2%
* [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] 3.4%
* Spanish 2.9%
* Others 2.2%}}
| LargestCity = [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]]
| seat = [[Juneau, Alaska|Juneau]]
| area_rank = 1st
|population_demonym=Alaskian
| Latitude = 51°20'N to 71°50'N
| Longitude = 130°W to 172°E
| population_rank = 48th
| population_as_of = 2020<ref name="2020Census">{{News citation|title=2020 Census Apportionment Results |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html |website=census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426210008/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
[[File:Alaska natives map.png|thumb|Indigenous nations in Alaska]]
{{Message box/Stub}}

The '''State of Alaska''' is a state of the [[United States of America]], located on the northwest extremity of [[North America]]. Alaska borders the [[Yukon|Yukon territory]] and the province of [[British Columbia]] of [[Canada]] and does not share a border with other US states.

Alaska is the largest state of the US by area, comprising 1,723,337 km2 (665,384 sq mi) and is the most sparsely populated state, with population density of only 0.42/km2 (1.10/sq mi).

== Etymology ==
The name Alaska is derived from the Unangax ([[Aleut]]) word ''alaxsxa'' or ''alaxsxix'', both meaning “mainland” or “great land.”<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Alaska#:~:text=The%20name%20Alaska%20is%20derived%20from%20the%20Unangax%20(Aleut)%20word%20alaxsxa%20or%20alaxsxix%2C%20both%20meaning%20%E2%80%9Cmainland%E2%80%9D%20or%20%E2%80%9Cgreat%20land.%E2%80%9D Britannica: Alaska] On etymology of the name Alaska.</ref> First documented use of the name "Alaska" is in a colonial document, published in 1787 in [[Irkutsk]].<ref>[https://proza.ru/2013/07/01/1617#:~:text=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F%20%D0%B2%20%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%201787%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C%20%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%20%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%20%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%B2%20%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%20(%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C%2C%20%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C%20%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA). Alaska - etymology] proza.ru</ref>

[[Category:USA states]]

Boris Yeltsin

2024-05-29T08:17:53Z

Artels: added nationality

{{Infobox person|name=Boris Yeltsin|native_name=Борис Ельцин|image=Boris Yeltsin.png|birth_date=1 February 1931|birth_place=Butka, [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]|image_size=200|death_date=23 April 2007|death_place=[[Moscow]], [[Russian Federation]]|death_cause=Heart failure|nationality=Russian}}

'''Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin''' (1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was the first president of the Russian Federation, ruling from 1991 to 1993 (de jure) and from 1993 to 1999 (de facto). He implemented [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] [[shock therapy]] policies that allowed [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] elites to take control of Russia's economy.<ref>{{Citation|author=Anders Aslund|year=1999|title=Russia's Collapse|title-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201642/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19990901faessay1007/anders-aslund/russia-s-collapse.html|publisher=Foreign Affairs}}</ref>

== Soviet era ==
In 1985, Yeltsin was brought to Moscow on [[Yegor Ligachyov|Ligachyov]]'s recommendation. Yeltsin became a candidate member of the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]] in 1986 and criticized Ligachyov over party privileges. [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] purged Yeltsin in 1987 and removed him from his position as Moscow party secretary.<ref name=":0322">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Crisis and Collapse, 1989-91|page=196–197|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref>

In the March 1989, Yeltsin was elected to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies for Sverdlovsk. He was elected to the same position in the RSFSR in March 1990 and became Chair of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet in May.<ref name=":0322" /> He created a system of [[dual power]] in opposition the all-Union government controlled by Gorbachev.<ref name=":032" />

Yeltsin left the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] in July 1990.<ref name=":0322" /> By 1991, he controlled most of the media in the USSR.<ref name=":032">{{Citation|author=Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny|year=2010|title=Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union|chapter=Crisis and Collapse, 1989-91|page=170–171|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceaj5ucph44bjwyhlhsbycckr3ts76zbucn2hbrea32tltcd4s5ekg?filename=Roger%20Keeran_%20Thomas%20Kenny%20-%20Socialism%20Betrayed_%20Behind%20the%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-iUniverse.com%20%282010%29.pdf|publisher=iUniverse.com|isbn=9781450241717}}</ref>

== Shock therapy ==
Over 100,000 state-owned enterprises were privatized and sold to the highest bidder from 1991 to 1995.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=[[Brian Becker]]|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]|title=The criminal legacy of Boris Yeltsin|date=2007-06-01|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/07-06-01-the-criminal-legacy-boris-yeltsi-html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511090226/https://liberationschool.org/07-06-01-the-criminal-legacy-boris-yeltsi-html/|archive-date=2021-05-11|retrieved=2022-06-21}}</ref> As a result, the poverty rate in Russia increased from 2% to 50%<ref>{{Citation|author=Branko Milanovic|title=Income, Inequality, and Poverty during the Transition from Planned to Market Economy|page=36|pdf=https://stonecenter.gc.cuny.edu/files/1998/02/milanovic-income-inequality-and-poverty-during-the-transition-from-planned-to-market-economy-1998.pdf|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> and the population decreased for 15 years straight.<ref>{{News citation|title=Russia Population|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/russia-population/|newspaper=Worldometers|retrieved=2022-03-12}}</ref> Real income dropped by at least 70% from 1990 to 1997.<ref name=":0" />

== 1993 coup ==
On 21 September 1993, in breach of the constitution, Yeltsin disbanded the Supreme Soviet and Congress of People's Deputies because it had been blocking his economic liberalization policies. The Supreme Soviet then declared Yeltsin removed from the presidency for breaching the constitution, and Vice-President Alexander Rutskoy was sworn in as acting president.

Between 21 and 24 September, Yeltsin was confronted by popular unrest. Demonstrators protested the terrible living conditions under Yeltsin. GDP had declined by half, corruption and violent crime was skyrocketing, medical services, food and fuel were increasingly scarce and life expectancy was falling across the country. Yeltsin directed tanks to shell the Russian parliament. The attack killed 187 people and wounded almost 500 others.

== Foreign election interference ==
The 1996 Russian presidential election was interfered with by the USA. During the election campaign American political advisors secretly colluded with Yeltsin to influence the election. The advisors kept it a secret until after he won when they confessed and began to brag about their influence over the election.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=ELEANOR RANDOLPH|date=July 9, 1996|title=Americans Claim Role in Yeltsin Win|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-07-09-mn-22423-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Russians]]
[[Category:Former heads of state]]
<references />
[[Category:CIA plants]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yeltsin, Boris}}

Russian Republic (1917–1918)

2024-05-20T18:31:18Z

Artels: expanded infobox

{{Distinguish|[[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)]]}}{{Infobox country|name=Russian Republic|native_name=Российская Республика|image_flag=Flag of Russia.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of the Russian Republic.svg|capital=[[Petrograd]]|largest_city=Petrograd|mode_of_production=Capitalism|government_type=Federal parliamentary bourgeois republic|life_span=1917–1918|anthem="[[Worker's Marseillaise]]"|official_languages=[[Russian]] (national) [[Finnish]] and [[Swedish]] ([[Grand Duchy of Finland]]) [[Polish]] ([[Congress Poland]])|religion=Secular state|area_km2=22,400,000|population_estimate=181,537,800|population_estimate_year=1916}}

The '''Russian Republic''' was a bourgeois republic founded after the [[February Revolution]] and the fall of the [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russian monarchy]].

== February Revolution ==
{{Main article|February Revolution}}

== Provisional Government ==
The first leader of the provisional government was [[Georgy Lvov]], an aristocratic prince, and his successor, [[Alexander Kerensky]], was a [[Liberalism|liberal]] lawyer. [[Poliksena Shishkina-Iavein]] led a large demonstration on 19 March for equal rights, and a system of [[Soviet (governmental body)|soviets]] formed [[dual power]] by April. Kerensky's government continued to support [[imperialism]], leading the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Bolsheviks]] to denounce it and call for another revolution.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2017|title=Red Star over the Third World|chapter=Red October|page=24–28|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecu7gb2ei65us6ip3r2ugcgkblneqcftbm456mb6bzvprkbqk55qm?filename=Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20Red%20Star%20Over%20the%20Third%20World-LeftWord%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=New Delhi|publisher=LeftWord Books}}</ref>

In March 1917, the Provisional Government sent [[Alexander Guchkov|Guchkov]] and [[Vasily Shulgin|Shulgin]] to meet with the former tsar. Guchkov and most of the bourgeoisie wanted to make Nicholas's brother [[Mikhail Alexandrovich Romanov|Michael]] the new tsar.

The Provisional Government continued Russia's involvement in the [[First World War]]. In April 1917, [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] returned from exile in [[Swiss Confederation|Switzerland]] and called for the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the creation of a [[soviet republic]].

On 2 May 1917, after Foreign Minister [[Pavel Milyukov]] released a note saying that Russia would continue fighting the war until it won. 100,000 [[Proletariat|workers]] and soldiers protested in response, and General [[Lavr Kornilov]] ordered his soldiers to shoot the protestors, but they refused. Milyukov and Guchkov were removed from the government, and a new government that included [[Mensheviks]] and [[Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries|SRs]] formed. At its Seventh Conference, the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Bolshevik Party]] met, representing 80,000 members, and adopted the slogan "All power to the [[Soviet (governmental body)|soviets]]." [[Lev Kamenev|Kamenev]] and [[Alexei Rykov|Rykov]] opposed Lenin and believed Russia could not have a [[Proletarian revolution|socialist revolution]], and [[Nikolai Bukharin|Bukharin]] and [[Georgy Pyatakov|Pyatakov]] opposed self-determination for non-Russians in the empire.

When the [[First All-Russian Congress of Soviets]] met in June 1917, the Mensheviks and SRs still had more delegates than the Bolsheviks.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=[[Joseph Stalin]]|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Bolshevik Party in the Period of Preparation and Realization of the October Socialist Revolution|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch07.htm|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm}}</ref>

=== July Days ===
After a failed offensive in the war, workers in Petrograd began armed protests on 16 July. The Bolsheviks were not ready for an armed revolution yet and encouraged peaceful protests. [[Counterrevolution|Counterrevolutionary]] soldiers shot at the workers. Soon after, various reactionary groups destroyed ''[[Pravda]]''<nowiki/>'s headquarters and issued an arrest warrant for Lenin.

In August 1917, the Bolsheviks secretly held their [[6th Congress of the Bolshevik Party|Sixth Congress]]. Lenin was not able to attend. [[Dual power]] was over and the soviets had lost power to the Provisional Government, so the party prepared for an armed revolution.<ref name=":0" />

=== Kornilov affair ===
In August, the Council of State met in [[Moscow]] with General Kornilov and representatives from [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)|Britain]] and [[French Republic (1870–1940)|France]] and planned to suppress the revolutionary movement and abolish the soviets. In September, he sent General [[Aleksandr Krymov|Krymov]]'s Third Mounted Corps to attack Petrograd. Kerensky worried that an uprising against Kornilov would overthrow him as well and tried to dissociate himself from Kornilov. Workers dug trenches around Petrograd, and sailors from Kronstadt arrived to defend the city. They defeated Kornilov's forces, leading Krymov to kill himself, and arrested Kornilov and [[Anton Denikin|Denikin]]. However, Kerensky soon released them. These events greatly increased the Bolsheviks' popularity, especially among the [[peasantry]]. The SRs and Mensheviks split into left and right factions.<ref name=":0" />

== Republic ==
In September, the Mensheviks and SRs convened the [[All-Russian Democratic Conference]] to create a Provisional Council or "pre-parliament." In October 1917, the Bolsheviks met and sent [[Felix Dzerzhinsky|Dzerzhinsky]], [[Mikhail Frunze|Frunze]], [[Lazar Kaganovich|Kaganovich]], [[Valerian Kuibyshev|Kuibyshev]], [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]], [[Sergo Orjonikidze|Orjonikidze]], [[Kliment Voroshilov|Voroshilov]] to lead the revolution in other parts of the former Russian Empire. They decided not to begin the revolution until the [[Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets]] met. Kerensky tried to move the capital from Petrograd to Moscow and surrender Petrograd to [[German Empire (1871–1918)|Germany]] in order to prevent the revolution. However, after [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] exposed the date of the planned uprising, the Bolsheviks decided to start the revolution one day early before Kerensky could make plans to stop it.<ref name=":0" />

== October Revolution ==
{{Main article|October Revolution}}

== References ==
[[Category:History of Russia]]

Russian Empire (1721–1917)

2024-05-18T08:23:19Z

Artels: Fixed link

{{Infobox country|name=Russian Empire|native_name=Россійская Имперія|year_start=1721|year_end=1917|population_census=125,640,021|population_census_year=1897|capital=Saint Petersburg|largest_city=Saint Petersburg|image_map=Russian Empire.png|map_width=290|official_languages=Russian|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]] (1721–1861) Semi-feudal [[capitalism]] (1861–1917)|government_type=Absolute [[monarchy]]|event_start=[[Russian Empire|Empire]] proclaimed|event1=[[Table of Ranks]]|date_event1=4 February 1722|event2=[[Decembrist Revolt]]|date_event2=26 December 1825|event3=Abolition of [[Serfdom]]|date_event3=3 March 1861|event4=[[Selling of Alaska]]|date_event4=18 October 1867|event5=[[Russian revolution of 1905|1905 Revolution]]|date_event5=Jan 1905 - Jul 1907|event6=[[February Revolution]]|date_event6=8-16 March 1917|event_end=[[Russian Republic|Republic]] proclaimed|date_end=14 September|area_km2=22,800,000|image_flag=Flag of Russia.svg|leader_title1=First emperor|leader_name1=[[Peter I]]|leader_title2=Last emperor|leader_name2=[[Nicholas II]]|image_flag2=Russian Imperial flag.png|flag_caption=Left: 1696-1858; 1883–1917 Right: 1858–1883}}
The '''Russian Empire''' was a monarchy that was founded by [[Peter Alexeyevich Romanov|Peter I]] in 1721 and overthrown in the [[February Revolution]] of 1917. Throughout its entire existence, it was ruled by the [[Romanov dynasty]]. The Russian Empire included the area of modern-day [[Russian Federation|Russia]], the other [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] republics, [[Republic of Finland|Finland]], [[State of Alaska|Alaska]], and [[Republic of Poland|Poland]]. Most of the empire's territory later became part of the USSR, but Finland and Poland became independent after the revolution and [[Selling of Alaska|Alaska was sold]] to the [[United States of America|United States of America]] in 1867.

== History ==

=== Expansion ===
In 1721, [[Swedish Empire (1611–1721)|Sweden]] ceded [[Estonia]] and northern [[Latvia]] to Russia after being defeated in the [[Great Northern War]]. [[Catherine the Great]] annexed southern Latvia and [[Lithuania]] in the 1790s after defeating [[Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1569–1795)|Poland]]. Russia defeated the [[Kingdom of Sweden (1772–1809)|Swedish]] again in 1809 and took [[Finland]] from Swedish control.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=W. P., Zelda K. Coates|year=1940|title=Russia, Finland and the Baltic|chapter=Russia, Finland and the Baltic States|pdf=https://ia600104.us.archive.org/2/items/RussiaFinlandBalticsCoates/Russia%20Finland%20Baltics%20Coates.pdf|city=London, [[England]]|publisher=Lawrence & Wishart Ltd.|page=14–16}}</ref>

The Russian Empire killed over a million civilians in the [[Caucasus]] during the Circassian genocide.<ref>{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=Introduction|page=51|quote=Czarist Russia slaughtered over a million people in a purge of Circassians from its Caucasus provinces.|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|city=Fucecchio, [[Italy]]|publisher=European Academic Publishing Press|isbn=8883980026}}</ref>

=== Decembrist uprising ===
The gentry, led by [[Pavel Pestel]], tried to overthrow the monarchy and abolish [[serfdom]] in the early 19th century.<ref name=":03">{{Citation|author=Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R|year=1954|title=Political Economy|chapter=The Feudal Mode of Production|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/authors/pe/pe-ch03.htm|section=|page=|pdf=https://revolutionarydemocracy.org/archive/PoliticalEconomy.pdf|city=London|publisher=Lawrence & Wishart|mia=https://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/authors/pe/index.htm}}</ref>

=== Abolition of serfdom ===
Tsar [[Alexander Nikolayevich Romanov|Alexander Nikolayevich]] abolished serfdom in 1861 following Russia's defeat in the [[Crimean War]] and [[Peasantry|peasant]] revolts. [[Landlord|Landlords]] enclosed peasant land and continued to exploit the peasants, demanding half of their harvests and charging them high rent.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=[[Joseph Stalin]]|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Struggle for the Creation of a Social-Democratic Labour Party in Russia|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch01.htm|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/index.htm}}</ref>

=== Russo-Japanese War ===
Russia participated in the [[Colonialism|colonization]] of [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|China]] during the 19th century and took over the Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur. In 1900, Russia, [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]], [[German Empire (1871–1918)|Germany]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)|Britain]], and [[French Republic (1870–1940)|France]] crushed an anti-imperialist uprising in China.

In January 1904, Japan attacked and defeated Russia at Port Arthur. It then seized [[Korea]] and the southern half of [[Sakhalin]].<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=[[Joseph Stalin]]|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Russo-Japanese War and the First Russian Revolution|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/index.htm}}</ref>

=== 1905 revolution ===
{{Main article|Russian revolution of 1905}}

=== Collapse ===
{{Main article|February Revolution}}

== Education ==
The male literacy rate was 1–12% for rural areas and 20–25% for urban areas.<ref>{{Citation|author=Boris N. Mironov|year=1991|title=The Development of Literacy in Russia and the USSR from the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries|chapter=|section=|page=234|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=History of Education Quarterly|isbn=|doi=10.2307/368437|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> The literacy rate for women was even lower and girls could not go to school.<ref>{{Citation|author=Nicholas V. Riasanovsky|year=2005|title=Russian Identities: A Historical Survey|chapter=|section=|page=112–18|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref>

== Living standards ==

=== Health ===
The first hospitals in Russia were established by Peter Alexeyevich in Moscow in 1706 and Saint Petersburg in 1715 and were staffed by foreign doctors. Russia began training its own doctors in 1724 at the Academy of Science. Healthcare was not initially available to serfs and industrial workers.

In 1884, with the introduction of the [[zemstvo]] system, health care became available in rural areas, but much of the population still received no medical care. In some areas, there was only one doctor per 40,000 people.<ref>{{News citation|author=Carlos Rule|newspaper=[[Stalin Society]]|title=Health in the USSR|date=2017-01-18|url=https://stalinsocietygb.wordpress.com/2017/01/18/health-in-the-ussr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216095354/https://stalinsocietygb.wordpress.com/2017/01/18/health-in-the-ussr/|archive-date=2022-02-16|retrieved=2022-06-27}}</ref>

=== Housing ===
In Saint Petersburg in 1908, 60% of textile workers did not have their own rooms and slept in crowded barracks. The average proletarian family had only three square meters of floor space. In 1913, 58% of workers lived in company-owned accommodations with bunk beds.

In 1912, there were 24,500 small apartments in Moscow that housed a total of 325,000 people, or more than 13 people per apartment. The nobility and bourgeoisie lived in large mansions and villas, often with hundreds of square meters of space per resident.

Only 3% of houses were connected to sewage systems and only 5% of urban homes had electricity.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[Stalin Society]]|title=Housing in the USSR|date=2017-01-13|url=https://stalinsocietygb.wordpress.com/2017/01/13/housing-in-the-ussr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330020740/https://stalinsocietygb.wordpress.com/2017/01/13/housing-in-the-ussr/|archive-date=2022-03-30|retrieved=2022-05-20}}</ref>

=== Working conditions ===
The average work day in the 1880s was over 12 hours and up to 15 hours in the textile industry. Women and children worked the same hours as men but were paid less. Many workers died or were injured in factory accidents. In 1897, following a strike of 30,000 textile workers, the Tsar limited the work day to 11.5 hours.<ref name=":1" />

== Antisemitism ==
Russia confined [[Judaism|Jews]] to [[Poland]], [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], and the [[Baltics|Baltic states]] (the Pale). The monarchy frequently blamed them for economic and political problems and sponsored violent pogroms, leading many to flee to the [[United States of America|USA]] before the revolution.<ref name=":032">{{Citation|author=Albert Szymanski|year=1984|title=Human Rights in the Soviet Union|chapter=The European Nationalities in the USSR|page=88|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceazdmtb2y3qq27fve5ib3gk7uv2unt6ae2xss74xmfpur7k5uhl5m?filename=Albert%20Szymanski%20-%20Human%20Rights%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union_%20Including%20Comparisons%20with%20the%20U.S.A.-Zed%20Books%20Ltd.%20%281984%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|isbn=0862320186|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C597B1232D9EA6B0F3DCB438D7E15A81}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:European countries]]
[[Category:Asian countries]]

Russian Empire (1721–1917)

2024-05-18T08:22:11Z

Artels: expanded infobox

{{Infobox country|name=Russian Empire|native_name=Россійская Имперія|year_start=1721|year_end=1917|population_census=125,640,021|population_census_year=1897|capital=Saint Petersburg|largest_city=Saint Petersburg|image_map=Russian Empire.png|map_width=290|official_languages=Russian|mode_of_production=[[Feudalism]] (1721–1861) Semi-feudal [[capitalism]] (1861–1917)|government_type=Absolute [[monarchy]]|event_start=[[Russian Empire|Empire]] proclaimed|event1=[[Table of Ranks]]|date_event1=4 February 1722|event2=[[Decembrist Revolt]]|date_event2=26 December 1825|event3=Abolition of [[Serfdom]]|date_event3=3 March 1861|event4=[[Selling of Alaska]]|date_event4=18 October 1867|event5=[[1905 Revolution]]|date_event5=Jan 1905 - Jul 1907|event6=[[February Revolution]]|date_event6=8-16 March 1917|event_end=[[Russian Republic|Republic]] proclaimed|date_end=14 September|area_km2=22,800,000|image_flag=Flag of Russia.svg|leader_title1=First emperor|leader_name1=[[Peter I]]|leader_title2=Last emperor|leader_name2=[[Nicholas II]]|image_flag2=Russian Imperial flag.png|flag_caption=Left: 1696-1858; 1883–1917 Right: 1858–1883}}
The '''Russian Empire''' was a monarchy that was founded by [[Peter Alexeyevich Romanov|Peter I]] in 1721 and overthrown in the [[February Revolution]] of 1917. Throughout its entire existence, it was ruled by the [[Romanov dynasty]]. The Russian Empire included the area of modern-day [[Russian Federation|Russia]], the other [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] republics, [[Republic of Finland|Finland]], [[State of Alaska|Alaska]], and [[Republic of Poland|Poland]]. Most of the empire's territory later became part of the USSR, but Finland and Poland became independent after the revolution and [[Selling of Alaska|Alaska was sold]] to the [[United States of America|United States of America]] in 1867.

== History ==

=== Expansion ===
In 1721, [[Swedish Empire (1611–1721)|Sweden]] ceded [[Estonia]] and northern [[Latvia]] to Russia after being defeated in the [[Great Northern War]]. [[Catherine the Great]] annexed southern Latvia and [[Lithuania]] in the 1790s after defeating [[Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1569–1795)|Poland]]. Russia defeated the [[Kingdom of Sweden (1772–1809)|Swedish]] again in 1809 and took [[Finland]] from Swedish control.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=W. P., Zelda K. Coates|year=1940|title=Russia, Finland and the Baltic|chapter=Russia, Finland and the Baltic States|pdf=https://ia600104.us.archive.org/2/items/RussiaFinlandBalticsCoates/Russia%20Finland%20Baltics%20Coates.pdf|city=London, [[England]]|publisher=Lawrence & Wishart Ltd.|page=14–16}}</ref>

The Russian Empire killed over a million civilians in the [[Caucasus]] during the Circassian genocide.<ref>{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=Introduction|page=51|quote=Czarist Russia slaughtered over a million people in a purge of Circassians from its Caucasus provinces.|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|city=Fucecchio, [[Italy]]|publisher=European Academic Publishing Press|isbn=8883980026}}</ref>

=== Decembrist uprising ===
The gentry, led by [[Pavel Pestel]], tried to overthrow the monarchy and abolish [[serfdom]] in the early 19th century.<ref name=":03">{{Citation|author=Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R|year=1954|title=Political Economy|chapter=The Feudal Mode of Production|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/authors/pe/pe-ch03.htm|section=|page=|pdf=https://revolutionarydemocracy.org/archive/PoliticalEconomy.pdf|city=London|publisher=Lawrence & Wishart|mia=https://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/authors/pe/index.htm}}</ref>

=== Abolition of serfdom ===
Tsar [[Alexander Nikolayevich Romanov|Alexander Nikolayevich]] abolished serfdom in 1861 following Russia's defeat in the [[Crimean War]] and [[Peasantry|peasant]] revolts. [[Landlord|Landlords]] enclosed peasant land and continued to exploit the peasants, demanding half of their harvests and charging them high rent.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=[[Joseph Stalin]]|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Struggle for the Creation of a Social-Democratic Labour Party in Russia|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch01.htm|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/index.htm}}</ref>

=== Russo-Japanese War ===
Russia participated in the [[Colonialism|colonization]] of [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|China]] during the 19th century and took over the Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur. In 1900, Russia, [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]], [[German Empire (1871–1918)|Germany]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)|Britain]], and [[French Republic (1870–1940)|France]] crushed an anti-imperialist uprising in China.

In January 1904, Japan attacked and defeated Russia at Port Arthur. It then seized [[Korea]] and the southern half of [[Sakhalin]].<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=[[Joseph Stalin]]|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Russo-Japanese War and the First Russian Revolution|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/ch03.htm|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/index.htm}}</ref>

=== 1905 revolution ===
{{Main article|Russian revolution of 1905}}

=== Collapse ===
{{Main article|February Revolution}}

== Education ==
The male literacy rate was 1–12% for rural areas and 20–25% for urban areas.<ref>{{Citation|author=Boris N. Mironov|year=1991|title=The Development of Literacy in Russia and the USSR from the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries|chapter=|section=|page=234|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=History of Education Quarterly|isbn=|doi=10.2307/368437|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> The literacy rate for women was even lower and girls could not go to school.<ref>{{Citation|author=Nicholas V. Riasanovsky|year=2005|title=Russian Identities: A Historical Survey|chapter=|section=|page=112–18|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref>

== Living standards ==

=== Health ===
The first hospitals in Russia were established by Peter Alexeyevich in Moscow in 1706 and Saint Petersburg in 1715 and were staffed by foreign doctors. Russia began training its own doctors in 1724 at the Academy of Science. Healthcare was not initially available to serfs and industrial workers.

In 1884, with the introduction of the [[zemstvo]] system, health care became available in rural areas, but much of the population still received no medical care. In some areas, there was only one doctor per 40,000 people.<ref>{{News citation|author=Carlos Rule|newspaper=[[Stalin Society]]|title=Health in the USSR|date=2017-01-18|url=https://stalinsocietygb.wordpress.com/2017/01/18/health-in-the-ussr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216095354/https://stalinsocietygb.wordpress.com/2017/01/18/health-in-the-ussr/|archive-date=2022-02-16|retrieved=2022-06-27}}</ref>

=== Housing ===
In Saint Petersburg in 1908, 60% of textile workers did not have their own rooms and slept in crowded barracks. The average proletarian family had only three square meters of floor space. In 1913, 58% of workers lived in company-owned accommodations with bunk beds.

In 1912, there were 24,500 small apartments in Moscow that housed a total of 325,000 people, or more than 13 people per apartment. The nobility and bourgeoisie lived in large mansions and villas, often with hundreds of square meters of space per resident.

Only 3% of houses were connected to sewage systems and only 5% of urban homes had electricity.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[Stalin Society]]|title=Housing in the USSR|date=2017-01-13|url=https://stalinsocietygb.wordpress.com/2017/01/13/housing-in-the-ussr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330020740/https://stalinsocietygb.wordpress.com/2017/01/13/housing-in-the-ussr/|archive-date=2022-03-30|retrieved=2022-05-20}}</ref>

=== Working conditions ===
The average work day in the 1880s was over 12 hours and up to 15 hours in the textile industry. Women and children worked the same hours as men but were paid less. Many workers died or were injured in factory accidents. In 1897, following a strike of 30,000 textile workers, the Tsar limited the work day to 11.5 hours.<ref name=":1" />

== Antisemitism ==
Russia confined [[Judaism|Jews]] to [[Poland]], [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], and the [[Baltics|Baltic states]] (the Pale). The monarchy frequently blamed them for economic and political problems and sponsored violent pogroms, leading many to flee to the [[United States of America|USA]] before the revolution.<ref name=":032">{{Citation|author=Albert Szymanski|year=1984|title=Human Rights in the Soviet Union|chapter=The European Nationalities in the USSR|page=88|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceazdmtb2y3qq27fve5ib3gk7uv2unt6ae2xss74xmfpur7k5uhl5m?filename=Albert%20Szymanski%20-%20Human%20Rights%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union_%20Including%20Comparisons%20with%20the%20U.S.A.-Zed%20Books%20Ltd.%20%281984%29.pdf|city=London|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|isbn=0862320186|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C597B1232D9EA6B0F3DCB438D7E15A81}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:European countries]]
[[Category:Asian countries]]

Mensheviks

2024-05-18T07:54:22Z

Artels: added infobox

{{Infobox political party|name=Mensheviks|native_name=Меньшевики|founded=July 1903 ([[II Congress of RSDLP]])|leader=[[Julius Martov]] [[Pavel Axelrod]] [[Alexander Potresov]] [[Fyodor Dan]] [[Irakli Tsereteli]] [[Noe Zhordania]] [[Leon Trotsky]] ([[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] since 1917) [[Alexander Martynov]] (Bolshevik since 1922)|founder=Julius Martov|banned=December 1921|dissolved=1924-1925|split=[[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]]|newspaper=«[[Worker's Deal]]» (1917-1918) «[[Socialist Herald]]» (1921-1965; in emigration)|political_orientation=[[Menshevism]] [[Reformism]] [[Social Democracy]] [[Democratic Socialism]] (Left Mensheviks)}}

The '''Mensheviks''' (from Russian меньшиство, "minority") were an [[Opportunism|opportunist]] group within the [[Russian Social Democratic Labor Party]] led by [[Julius Martov]].

== History ==
In 1903, at the [[Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party|Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party]], they voted to allow members of the [[Petty bourgeoisie|petty-bourgeoisie]] who sympathized with the [[proletariat]] to join the party. Soon after, they took control of ''[[Iskra]]'', a formerly revolutionary socialist newspaper. In the summer of 1904, they gained a majority of seats in the Central Committee of the RSDLP.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Joseph Stalin]]|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|chapter=Formation of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. Appearances of the Bolshevik and the Menshevik Groups within the Party|chapter-url=https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Library:History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union#Formation_of_the_Russian_Social-Democratic_Labour_Party._Appearance_of_the_Bolshevik_and_the_Menshevik_groups_within_the_party_(1901%E2%80%941904)|section=|mia=https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Library:History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union}}</ref>

During the [[Russo-Japanese War]], the Mensheviks, including [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]], sided with the tsarist government.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1939|title=History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|title-url=https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Library:History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union|chapter=The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks in the Period of the Russo-Japanese War and the First Russian Revolution (1904–1907)|chapter-url=https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Library:History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union#The_Mensheviks_and_the_Bolsheviks_in_the_period_of_the_Russo-Japanese_war_and_the_first_Russian_revolution_(1904%E2%80%941907)|quote=The Mensheviks, including Trotsky, were sinking to a position of defending the "fatherland" of the tsar, the landlords and the capitalists. The Bolsheviks, headed by Lenin, on the other hand, held that the defeat of the tsarist government in this predatory war would be useful, as it would weaken tsardom and strengthen the revolution.|mia=}}</ref>

The Mensheviks boycotted the [[Third Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party|Third Congress of the RSLDP]] in 1905 and held their own congress. They also supported the liberal bourgeoisie in the [[Russian revolution of 1905|revolution of 1905]].

During the [[Fourth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party|Fourth Congress]], the Mensheviks proposed giving land to local governments instead of nationalizing it.

The Mensheviks opposed the [[Russian revolution of 1917|October Revolution]] and considered the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|USSR]] to be [[State capitalism|state capitalist]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=The struggle against bureaucracy|chapter-url=https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Library:Another_view_of_Stalin#The_struggle_against_bureaucracy|page=|pdf=|publisher=|isbn=}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:History of Russia]]
[[Category:History of the Soviet Union]]

Russian Social Democratic Labor Party

2024-05-18T07:20:11Z

Artels: added more detail to infobox

{{Infobox political party|name=Russian Social Democratic Labour Party|native_name=Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия|founded=1 March 1898|abbreviation=RSDLP|leader=[[Vladimir Lenin]] ([[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik faction]]) [[Julius Martov]] ([[Mensheviks|Menshevik faction]])|banned=February 1923|merger=[[League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class]] [[Emancipation of Labour]] [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia]]|merged=[[RSDLP (Unified)]]|successor=[[White movement]] ([[Mensheviks]]) [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] ([[Bolsheviks]])|headquarters=[[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]]|political_orientation=[[Marxism]] [[Social democracy]] [[Labour movement|Labourism]] [[Democratic socialism]] [[Revolutionary socialism]] [[Communism]] [[Leninism|Bolshevism]] ([[Bolsheviks]]) [[Revisionism|Menshevism]] ([[Mensheviks]])|position=[[Centre-left]] to [[far-left]]|international=[[Second International]]}}

The '''Russian Social Democratic Labour Party''' ('''RSDLP''') was a [[Marxist]] [[political party]] in the [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russian Empire]] that existed from 1898 to 1918. It had two factions known as the [[Mensheviks]], a more [[Revisionism|revisionist]] and [[Reformism|reformist]] faction, and the [[Bolsheviks]], a more [[Revolution|revolutionary]] faction led by [[Vladimir Lenin]].

== History ==

=== 1905 revolution ===
During the [[Russian revolution of 1905|1905 Russian revolution]], the Bolsheviks organized uprisings in [[Moscow]] and the [[Caucasus]].<ref>{{Citation|author=C. Allen|year=1950|title=Stalin: Slander and Truth, A review of Isaac Deutscher’s Biography of Stalin|publisher=[[Communist Party of Great Britain]]|mia=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sections/britain/periodicals/communist_review/1950/01/x01.htm}}</ref>

=== Factional disputes ===
Vladimir Lenin held a Bolshevik congress in Prague in 1912 and expelled the Mensheviks from his group. [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] and the Mensheviks held a separate congress in Vienna and said that Lenin's actions were illegal. They joined with the [[Opportunism|opportunist]] [[Otzovism|Otzovists]] and [[Liquidationism|Liquidationists]] to form the [[August Bloc]].<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=ML-Theory|title=Trotsky vs. Lenin|date=2014-06-15|url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2014/06/15/37/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622142420/https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2014/06/15/37/|archive-date=2022-06-22|retrieved=2022-07-27}}</ref>

== References ==

Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)

2024-05-16T06:27:59Z

Artels: expanded info box

{{Infobox country|name=Czechoslovak Republic|native_name=Československá republika ([[Czech language|Czech]]) Česko-slovenská republika ([[Slovak language|Slovak]])|image_flag=Czech flag.png|capital=[[Prague]]|largest_city=[[Prague]]|mode_of_production=Capitalism|year_start=1918|year_end=1938|flag_caption=The flag of Czechoslovakia, from 1920 to 1938|motto="Pravda vítězí / Pravda víťazí" "Truth prevails"|anthem=[["Kde domov můj"]] (Czech) "Where my home is" [["Nad Tatrou sa blýska"]] (Slovak) "Lightning over the [[Tatras]]"|official_languages=[[Czechoslovak language|Czechoslovak]]|common_languages=[[Czechoslovak language|Czechoslovak]] ([[Czech language|Czech]] · [[Slovak language|Slovak]]), [[German language|German]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], [[Yiddish]]|event_start=Declaration of independence from [[Austria-Hungary]]|event2=|date_event2=|event_end=Occupation by [[Nazi Germany]]|date_end=|currency=[[Czechoslovak Koruna]]}}

The '''(First) Czechoslovak Republic''' was a binational, multi-ethnic [[Bourgeois Democracy|bourgeois democratic]] state in [[Central Europe]] that existed during the [[Interwar Period]]. It was proclaimed by the [[Czechoslovak National Council]] in 1918 following the [[dissolution of Austria-Hungary]]. In 1938, with [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Britain]] and [[French Republic (1870–1940)|France]]'s grace, much of Czechoslovakia's territory was forcibly ceded over to [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] via the [[Munich Agreement]], with [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] and [[Republic of Poland (1918–1939)|Poland]] also occupying parcels of land. This resulted in a major political crisis in Czechoslovakia and the resignation of then-[[President of Czechoslovakia|President]] [[Edvard Beneš]], thereby ending the First Republic.

==History ==
Throughout the 1930s, sensing that a German invasion was imminent, Czechoslovakia began to militarise, [[Czechoslovak border fortifications|sparking the construction of a line of fortifications along the German border]]. They built pillboxes, machine gun nests, and anti-tank obstacles. They also began developing their own small arms, tanks, and artillery pieces.

During the early stages of the [[Second World War]], many of these Czechoslovak guns, tanks, artillery pieces, and anti-tank obstacles (e.g. the "[[Czech hedgehog]]") were used by Nazi Germany<ref><blockquote>''"Czech tanks are included [in the 'Axis Tanks' section], as many were subsequently taken over by the Germans during the invasion of France in 1940 and remained in production in Czechoslovakia after that country's occupation."''</blockquote>
[[Chris Bishop (historian)|Chris Bishop]] (1988).: ''The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II: A Comprehensive Guide to Weapons Systems, Including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships, and Submarines.'' p. 9.</ref> or sold to neighbouring countries such as [[Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)|Romania]] and the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]].

=== Munich Agreement===
In May 1938, Nazi Germany concentrated its troops on the Czechoslovak border. On 30 September, after nearly two weeks of an undeclared border war between the [[Sudeten German Freikorps]] (a terrorist organisation funded by the [[Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]]) and the Czechoslovak state, British [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Neville Chamberlain]] and French [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] [[Édouard Daladier]] met in [[Munich]] with German leader [[Adolf Hitler]]. Without any input from Czechoslovakia itself, they agreed that Germany could annex the [[Sudetenland]], a region of Czechoslovakia inhabited primarily by [[Sudeten Germans|ethnic Germans]]. The Czechoslovak leadership had no choice but to go along with this decision.

====International reaction====
In response to the German buildup along the Czechoslovak border, the Soviet Union sent 40 divisions to Czechoslovakia's western border and called up 330,000 reservists. After the Munich Agreement was made, [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] offered to defend the rest of Czechoslovakia in the event of a German invasion, but Czechoslovakia declined the offer.<ref name=":022332">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=186}}</ref>

==References==

<references />
[[Category:Countries]]

Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance

2024-05-15T13:36:56Z

Artels: Expanded the article

{{Infobox political party|name=Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance|native_name=Организация Варшавского Договора|logo=Warsaw Pact logo.png|founded=14 May 1955|abbreviation=WTO (ОВД)|leader1_title=Supreme Commander|leader1_name=[[Ivan Konev]] (1955-1960) [[Andrey Grechko]] (1960-1967) [[Ivan Yakubovsky]] (1967-1976) [[Viktor Kulikov]] (1977-1989) [[Pyotr Lushev]] (1989-1991)|leader2_title=Chief of Combined Staff|leader2_name=[[Aleksey Antonov]] (1955-1962) [[Pavel Batov]] (1962-1965) [[Mikhail Kazakov]] (1965-1968) [[Sergey Shtemenko]] (1968-1976) [[Anatoly Gribkov]] (1976-1989) [[Vladimir Lobov]] (1989-1991)|dissolved=1 July 1991|headquarters=[[USSR]], Moscow, Leningradsky Ave., 41|slogan=Union of Peace and Socialism Союз Мира и Социализма}}

The '''Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance''', ('''Warsaw Treaty Organization)''' or more commonly known by the name '''Warsaw Pact''' was a [[Socialism|socialist]] and [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] mutual defense pact between the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] and other [[Eastern Bloc]] countries.<ref>{{News citation|date=2009-11-13|title=The Warsaw Pact is formed|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-warsaw-pact-is-formed|newspaper=History.com|retrieved=2022-03-08}}</ref> It initially included [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], the [[German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)|GDR]], [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]], and the USSR. Albania left the Warsaw Pact in 1968 after siding with [[People's Republic of China|China]] in the [[Sino-Soviet split]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Omari & Pollo|year=1988|title=The History of the Socialist Construction of Albania|page=289–290|pdf=https://ia800306.us.archive.org/33/items/TheHistoryOfTheSocialistConstructionOfAlbania/The%20History%20of%20the%20Socialist%20Construction%20of%20Albania.pdf|city=Tirana|publisher=8 Nëntori Publishing House}}</ref>

The organization's foundation was a result of the [[Federal Republic of Germany|West German]] accession to the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] in 1955 and the subsequent concerns it caused for [[Collective Security|collective security]] and lasting peace in [[Europe]].<ref>{{Citation|author=N.E. Bystrova|year=2005|title=On history of creation of the Warsaw Treaty Organization|title-url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-istorii-sozdaniya-organizatsii-varshavskogo-dogovora/viewer}}</ref>

[[Socialist state|Socialist states]] in Europe resorted to the creation of WTO following the [[1954 Soviet NATO Application|1954 attempt by the Soviet Union to join NATO]], the aim of which was to ensure and expand collective security, which was ultimately rejected by Western powers.<ref>[https://xn--d1achldnce4ab.xn--p1ai/varshavskij-dogovor-36-let-na-sluzhbe-miru-v-evrope/#:~:text=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%82%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%2C%20%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE,%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%20%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%9E%20%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8. Warsaw pact: 36 years of serving peace in Europe.] Политотдел.рф.</ref>

== Military Operations ==
Joint troops of Warsaw Treaty Organization were used only once in 1968 on the territory of the [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948–1990)|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]], where an attempt at [[counterrevolution]] had occurred, aimed at introducing market mechanisms into the Czechoslovak economy.<ref>[https://histrf.ru/read/articles/paradoksy-prazhskoi-viesny#:~:text=%D0%B2%20%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%3A%20%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%3B%20%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%20%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8 Paradoxes of the Prague Spring.] История.рф.</ref>

On the night of August 21st, 1968, joint troops of the Soviet Union, [[Bulgarian People's Republic]], [[Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989)|Hungarian People's Republic]], [[German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)|German Democratic Republic]] and [[Polish People's Republic (1947–1989)|Polish People's Republic]] entered Czechoslovakia and by August 26th the operation was finished.<ref>[https://ria.ru/20101122/299452886.html "Prague Spring" of 1968 and the withdrawal of Soviet Troops from Czechoslovakia.] РИА Новости.</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Anti-imperialist organizations]]

Communist Party of the Russian Federation

2024-05-15T10:17:51Z

Artels: Fixed source links

{{Infobox political party|name=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|native_name=Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации|logo=CPRF logo.png|founded=14 February 1993|abbreviation=CPRF|leader1_title=General Secretary|leader1_name=[[Gennady Zyuganov]]|newspaper=Pravda|youth_wing=Komsomol|political_orientation=[[Marxism-Leninism]] (claimed)<ref>[[https://kommynist.ru/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%97%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0#cite_ref-9:~:text=%C2%AB%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D1%83%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%20%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%5B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%5D%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2...%C2%BB%5B9%5D]]</ref> [[Reformism]]<ref>[https://www.interfax.ru/russia/1535|Геннадий Зюганов: постоянный второй номер большой политики]</ref> [https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Nationalism&#124| Russian Nationalism]<ref>[[https://kommynist.ru/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%97%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0#cite_ref-9:~:text=%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8,%D0%B8%20%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%C2%BB]]</ref> [https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/LGBT%2B#Refuting_myths_about_homosexuality| Anti-LGBT]<ref>[https://kprf.ru/activity/children/211250.html| «Родительскийотпор.рф» против растления детей ЛГБТ-пропагандой]</ref>|website=https://cprf.ru/}}{{Communist Parties}}
The '''Communist Party of the Russian Federation''' ('''CPRF''') (Russian: ''Kommunističeskaja Partija Rossijskoj Federatsii'', ''KPRF'') is a [[Reformism|reformist]] [[political party]] in [[Russia]] that claims to adhere to [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] philosophy, even though it rejects revolutionary struggle and does not aim to establish a [[dictatorship of the proletariat]].<ref>[https://kprf.ru/party/charter Устав КПРФ.] KPRF.ru</ref> It is the second-largest political party in the Russian Federation after United Russia. The youth organisation of the party is the [[Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation|Leninist Young Communist League]].

The party's stated goal is to establish a new, modernized form of [[socialism]] in Russia.<ref>{{News citation|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/12/06/can-russias-communist-party-make-a-comeback/2/|title=Can Russia's Communist Party Make A Comeback?|date=6 December 2011|access-date=2013-08-11|work=Forbes|first=Kenneth|last=Rapoza}}</ref> Immediate goals of the party include the [[nationalization]] of [[Geography of Russia#Natural%20resources%20and%20land%20use|natural resources]], [[Agriculture in Russia|agriculture]] and large industries within the framework of a [[mixed economy]] that allows for the growth of small and medium enterprises in the private sector.<ref>{{News citation|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/nov/22/socialism-may-be-waning-but-not-for-young-russians/?page=all|title=Socialism may be waning, but not for young Russians|date=22 November 2012|access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> It also promotes [[Reactionary|socially reactionary]] ideas as well as [[Nationalism|bourgeois nationalism]].<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|title=PATRIOTS FOR A STRONG RUSSIA, AGAINST LAWLESSNESS, VIOLENCE AND POLICE EXCESSES|date=2021-12-6|url=https://cprf.ru/2021/12/patriots-for-a-strong-russia-against-lawlessness-violence-and-police-excesses/|retrieved=2022-6-28}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|title=THE COUNTRY’S RUSSIAN CORE|date=2020-6-1|url=https://cprf.ru/2020/06/the-countrys-russian-core/|retrieved=2022-6-28}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|title=CPRF: RUSSIA’S RESURGENCE CALLS FOR A NEW COURSE, A NEW TEAM AND A NEW POLICY|date=2016-8-31|url=https://cprf.ru/2016/08/cprf-russias-resurgence-calls-for-a-new-course-a-new-team-and-a-new-policy/|retrieved=2022-6-28}}</ref>

In 2014, the party called for Russia to formally recognise the [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and the [[Luhansk People's Republic]].<ref>{{News citation|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/746089|title=TASS: Russia - Communist Party urges Russian leadership to recognise Novorossiya|work=TASS}}</ref>

== Party program ==
Under the present conditions in the Russian Federation, the CPRF calls for the following proposals:<ref name="kprf.ru">{{News citation|url=http://kprf.ru/party/program/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050102215355/http://www.kprf.ru/party/program/|archive-date=2005-01-02|url-status=dead|title=Программа партии|access-date=2015-03-13}}</ref>

* Stop the extinction of the country, restore benefits for large families, reconstruct the network of public kindergartens and provide housing for young families.
* Nationalise natural resources in Russia and the strategic sectors of the economy; revenues in these industries are to be used in the interests of all citizens.
* Return to Russia from foreign banks the state financial reserves and use them for economic and social development.
* Break the system of total fraud in the elections.
* Create a truly independent judiciary.
* Carry out an immediate package of measures to combat poverty and introduce price controls on essential goods.
* Not raise the retirement age.
* Restore government responsibility for housing and utilities, establish fees for municipal services in an amount not more than 10% of family income, stop the eviction of people to the streets and expand public housing.
* Increase funding for science and scientists to provide decent wages and all the necessary research.
* Restore the highest standards of universal and free secondary and higher education that existed during the Soviet era.
* Ensure the availability and quality of health care.
* Vigorously develop high-tech manufacturing.
* Ensure the food and environmental security of the country and support the large collective farms for the production and processing of agricultural products.
* Prioritise [[domestic debt]] over [[foreign debt]]
* Introduce progressive taxation; low-income citizens will be exempt from paying taxes.
* Create conditions for development of small and medium enterprises.
* Ensure the accessibility of cultural goods, stop the commercialisation of culture, defend Russian culture as the foundation of the spiritual unity of multinational Russia, the national culture of all citizens of the country.
* Stop the slandering of the [[History of Russia|Russian]] and [[History of the Soviet Union|Soviet history]].
* Take drastic measures to suppress corruption and crime.
* Strengthen national defense and expand social guarantees to servicemen and law enforcement officials.
* Ensure the territorial integrity of Russia and the protection of compatriots abroad.
* Institute a foreign policy based on mutual respect of countries and peoples to facilitate the voluntary restoration of the Union of States.

The party is in favour of cooperation with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{News citation|url=https://kprf.ru/rus_soc/61751.html|title=Г.А. Зюганов о кончине Патриарха Алексия Второго: Он внес огромный вклад в дело возрождения церкви|work=kprf.ru}}</ref> According to the words of [[Gennady Zyuganov|Zyuganov]], the CPRF is a party of scientific, but not militant [[atheism]]. [[Propaganda]] of any [[religion]] is banned inside the party.<ref>[http://kprf.ru/pravda/issues/2012/111/article-41057/ Актуальные вопросы совершенствования идейно-теоретической работы партии] (2012)</ref> The CPRF celebrates the rule of Joseph Stalin.<ref>[https://ria.ru/20190404/1552382644.html]</ref>

== Party Revisionism ==
Zyuganov and the party support social conservatism and voted in favor of the ban on the "promotion of non-traditional sexual relations to minors", commonly known as the [[Russian gay propaganda law]], as well as the transphobic law, banning gender reassignment procedures and transgender healthcare, which was passed in July 2023.<ref>[https://www.rbc.ru/politics/23/10/2015/5629f3689a7947066e293618]</ref><ref>{{News citation|url=https://themoscownews.com/politics/20140129/192192050-print/Russian-State-Duma-Possessed-printer-or-executor-of-the-peoples.html|title=Russian State Duma: 'Possessed printer' or executor of the people's will?|author=Natalia Antonova|date=2014-01-29|publisher=themoscownews.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301042652/http://themoscownews.com/politics/20140129/192192050-print/Russian-State-Duma-Possessed-printer-or-executor-of-the-peoples.html|archive-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://duma.gov.ru/news/57524/ Государственная Дума запретила смену пола в России.] duma.gov.ru</ref><ref>{{News citation|url=https://www.euronews.com/2013/06/11/russian-mps-vote-overwhelmingly-to-outlaw-gay-propaganda|title=Russian MPs vote overwhelmingly to outlaw gay 'propaganda'|date=2013-06-11|publisher=[[EuroNews]]|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
The CPRF ran Nikolay Kharitonov in the 2024 presidential elections in the Russian Federation.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=RT|title=Early voting opens in Russian presidential election|date=2024-02-25|url=https://www.rt.com/russia/593112-early-vote-president-election/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}</ref> He secured 4.31% of the vote with 87.28% voter turnout.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=RT|title=Putin scores historic win in Russian presidential election – official results|date=2024-03-18|url=https://www.rt.com/russia/594390-putin-win-presidential-election/|retrieved=2024-03-18}}</ref>

== References ==

Communist Party of the Russian Federation

2024-05-15T08:54:26Z

Artels:

{{Infobox political party|name=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|native_name=Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации|logo=CPRF logo.png|founded=14 February 1993|abbreviation=CPRF|leader1_title=General Secretary|leader1_name=[[Gennady Zyuganov]]|newspaper=Pravda|youth_wing=Komsomol|political_orientation=[[Marxism-Leninism]] (claimed)<ref>[[https://kommynist.ru/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%97%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0#cite_ref-9:~:text=%C2%AB%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D1%83%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%20%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%5B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%5D%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2...%C2%BB%5B9%5D]]</ref> [[Reformism]]<ref>[https://www.interfax.ru/russia/1535|Геннадий Зюганов: постоянный второй номер большой политики]</ref> [https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Nationalism|Russian Nationalism]<ref>[[https://kommynist.ru/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%97%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0#cite_ref-9:~:text=%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8,%D0%B8%20%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%C2%BB]]</ref> [https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/LGBT%2B#Refuting_myths_about_homosexuality| Anti-LGBT]<ref>[https://kprf.ru/activity/children/211250.html|«Родительскийотпор.рф» против растления детей ЛГБТ-пропагандой]</ref>|website=https://cprf.ru/}}{{Communist Parties}}
The '''Communist Party of the Russian Federation''' ('''CPRF''') (Russian: ''Kommunističeskaja Partija Rossijskoj Federatsii'', ''KPRF'') is a [[Reformism|reformist]] [[political party]] in [[Russia]] that claims to adhere to [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] philosophy, even though it rejects revolutionary struggle and does not aim to establish a [[dictatorship of the proletariat]].<ref>[https://kprf.ru/party/charter Устав КПРФ.] KPRF.ru</ref> It is the second-largest political party in the Russian Federation after United Russia. The youth organisation of the party is the [[Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation|Leninist Young Communist League]].

The party's stated goal is to establish a new, modernized form of [[socialism]] in Russia.<ref>{{News citation|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/12/06/can-russias-communist-party-make-a-comeback/2/|title=Can Russia's Communist Party Make A Comeback?|date=6 December 2011|access-date=2013-08-11|work=Forbes|first=Kenneth|last=Rapoza}}</ref> Immediate goals of the party include the [[nationalization]] of [[Geography of Russia#Natural%20resources%20and%20land%20use|natural resources]], [[Agriculture in Russia|agriculture]] and large industries within the framework of a [[mixed economy]] that allows for the growth of small and medium enterprises in the private sector.<ref>{{News citation|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/nov/22/socialism-may-be-waning-but-not-for-young-russians/?page=all|title=Socialism may be waning, but not for young Russians|date=22 November 2012|access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> It also promotes [[Reactionary|socially reactionary]] ideas as well as [[Nationalism|bourgeois nationalism]].<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|title=PATRIOTS FOR A STRONG RUSSIA, AGAINST LAWLESSNESS, VIOLENCE AND POLICE EXCESSES|date=2021-12-6|url=https://cprf.ru/2021/12/patriots-for-a-strong-russia-against-lawlessness-violence-and-police-excesses/|retrieved=2022-6-28}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|title=THE COUNTRY’S RUSSIAN CORE|date=2020-6-1|url=https://cprf.ru/2020/06/the-countrys-russian-core/|retrieved=2022-6-28}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|title=CPRF: RUSSIA’S RESURGENCE CALLS FOR A NEW COURSE, A NEW TEAM AND A NEW POLICY|date=2016-8-31|url=https://cprf.ru/2016/08/cprf-russias-resurgence-calls-for-a-new-course-a-new-team-and-a-new-policy/|retrieved=2022-6-28}}</ref>

In 2014, the party called for Russia to formally recognise the [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and the [[Luhansk People's Republic]].<ref>{{News citation|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/746089|title=TASS: Russia - Communist Party urges Russian leadership to recognise Novorossiya|work=TASS}}</ref>

== Party program ==
Under the present conditions in the Russian Federation, the CPRF calls for the following proposals:<ref name="kprf.ru">{{News citation|url=http://kprf.ru/party/program/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050102215355/http://www.kprf.ru/party/program/|archive-date=2005-01-02|url-status=dead|title=Программа партии|access-date=2015-03-13}}</ref>

* Stop the extinction of the country, restore benefits for large families, reconstruct the network of public kindergartens and provide housing for young families.
* Nationalise natural resources in Russia and the strategic sectors of the economy; revenues in these industries are to be used in the interests of all citizens.
* Return to Russia from foreign banks the state financial reserves and use them for economic and social development.
* Break the system of total fraud in the elections.
* Create a truly independent judiciary.
* Carry out an immediate package of measures to combat poverty and introduce price controls on essential goods.
* Not raise the retirement age.
* Restore government responsibility for housing and utilities, establish fees for municipal services in an amount not more than 10% of family income, stop the eviction of people to the streets and expand public housing.
* Increase funding for science and scientists to provide decent wages and all the necessary research.
* Restore the highest standards of universal and free secondary and higher education that existed during the Soviet era.
* Ensure the availability and quality of health care.
* Vigorously develop high-tech manufacturing.
* Ensure the food and environmental security of the country and support the large collective farms for the production and processing of agricultural products.
* Prioritise [[domestic debt]] over [[foreign debt]]
* Introduce progressive taxation; low-income citizens will be exempt from paying taxes.
* Create conditions for development of small and medium enterprises.
* Ensure the accessibility of cultural goods, stop the commercialisation of culture, defend Russian culture as the foundation of the spiritual unity of multinational Russia, the national culture of all citizens of the country.
* Stop the slandering of the [[History of Russia|Russian]] and [[History of the Soviet Union|Soviet history]].
* Take drastic measures to suppress corruption and crime.
* Strengthen national defense and expand social guarantees to servicemen and law enforcement officials.
* Ensure the territorial integrity of Russia and the protection of compatriots abroad.
* Institute a foreign policy based on mutual respect of countries and peoples to facilitate the voluntary restoration of the Union of States.

The party is in favour of cooperation with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{News citation|url=https://kprf.ru/rus_soc/61751.html|title=Г.А. Зюганов о кончине Патриарха Алексия Второго: Он внес огромный вклад в дело возрождения церкви|work=kprf.ru}}</ref> According to the words of [[Gennady Zyuganov|Zyuganov]], the CPRF is a party of scientific, but not militant [[atheism]]. [[Propaganda]] of any [[religion]] is banned inside the party.<ref>[http://kprf.ru/pravda/issues/2012/111/article-41057/ Актуальные вопросы совершенствования идейно-теоретической работы партии] (2012)</ref> The CPRF celebrates the rule of Joseph Stalin.<ref>[https://ria.ru/20190404/1552382644.html]</ref>

== Party Revisionism ==
Zyuganov and the party support social conservatism and voted in favor of the ban on the "promotion of non-traditional sexual relations to minors", commonly known as the [[Russian gay propaganda law]], as well as the transphobic law, banning gender reassignment procedures and transgender healthcare, which was passed in July 2023.<ref>[https://www.rbc.ru/politics/23/10/2015/5629f3689a7947066e293618]</ref><ref>{{News citation|url=https://themoscownews.com/politics/20140129/192192050-print/Russian-State-Duma-Possessed-printer-or-executor-of-the-peoples.html|title=Russian State Duma: 'Possessed printer' or executor of the people's will?|author=Natalia Antonova|date=2014-01-29|publisher=themoscownews.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301042652/http://themoscownews.com/politics/20140129/192192050-print/Russian-State-Duma-Possessed-printer-or-executor-of-the-peoples.html|archive-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://duma.gov.ru/news/57524/ Государственная Дума запретила смену пола в России.] duma.gov.ru</ref><ref>{{News citation|url=https://www.euronews.com/2013/06/11/russian-mps-vote-overwhelmingly-to-outlaw-gay-propaganda|title=Russian MPs vote overwhelmingly to outlaw gay 'propaganda'|date=2013-06-11|publisher=[[EuroNews]]|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
The CPRF ran Nikolay Kharitonov in the 2024 presidential elections in the Russian Federation.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=RT|title=Early voting opens in Russian presidential election|date=2024-02-25|url=https://www.rt.com/russia/593112-early-vote-president-election/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}</ref> He secured 4.31% of the vote with 87.28% voter turnout.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=RT|title=Putin scores historic win in Russian presidential election – official results|date=2024-03-18|url=https://www.rt.com/russia/594390-putin-win-presidential-election/|retrieved=2024-03-18}}</ref>

== References ==

Communist Party of the Russian Federation

2024-05-15T08:52:14Z

Artels: Fixed ideology based on party policy; cleaned up page

{{Infobox political party|name=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|native_name=Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации|logo=CPRF logo.png|founded=14 February 1993|abbreviation=CPRF|leader1_title=General Secretary|leader1_name=[[Gennady Zyuganov]]|newspaper=Pravda|youth_wing=Komsomol|political_orientation=[[Marxism-Leninism]] (claimed)<ref>[[https://kommynist.ru/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%97%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0#cite_ref-9:~:text=%C2%AB%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D1%83%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%20%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%5B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%5D%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2...%C2%BB%5B9%5D]]</ref> [[Reformism]]<ref>[https://www.interfax.ru/russia/1535|Геннадий Зюганов: постоянный второй номер большой политики]</ref> [https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Nationalism| Russian Nationalism]<ref>[[https://kommynist.ru/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%97%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0#cite_ref-9:~:text=%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8,%D0%B8%20%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%C2%BB]]</ref> [https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/LGBT%2B#Refuting_myths_about_homosexuality| Anti-LGBT]<ref>[https://kprf.ru/activity/children/211250.html|«Родительскийотпор.рф» против растления детей ЛГБТ-пропагандой]</ref>|website=https://cprf.ru/}}{{Communist Parties}}
The '''Communist Party of the Russian Federation''' ('''CPRF''') (Russian: ''Kommunističeskaja Partija Rossijskoj Federatsii'', ''KPRF'') is a [[Reformism|reformist]] [[political party]] in [[Russia]] that claims to adhere to [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] philosophy, even though it rejects revolutionary struggle and does not aim to establish a [[dictatorship of the proletariat]].<ref>[https://kprf.ru/party/charter Устав КПРФ.] KPRF.ru</ref> It is the second-largest political party in the Russian Federation after United Russia. The youth organisation of the party is the [[Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation|Leninist Young Communist League]].

The party's stated goal is to establish a new, modernized form of [[socialism]] in Russia.<ref>{{News citation|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/12/06/can-russias-communist-party-make-a-comeback/2/|title=Can Russia's Communist Party Make A Comeback?|date=6 December 2011|access-date=2013-08-11|work=Forbes|first=Kenneth|last=Rapoza}}</ref> Immediate goals of the party include the [[nationalization]] of [[Geography of Russia#Natural%20resources%20and%20land%20use|natural resources]], [[Agriculture in Russia|agriculture]] and large industries within the framework of a [[mixed economy]] that allows for the growth of small and medium enterprises in the private sector.<ref>{{News citation|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/nov/22/socialism-may-be-waning-but-not-for-young-russians/?page=all|title=Socialism may be waning, but not for young Russians|date=22 November 2012|access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> It also promotes [[Reactionary|socially reactionary]] ideas as well as [[Nationalism|bourgeois nationalism]].<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|title=PATRIOTS FOR A STRONG RUSSIA, AGAINST LAWLESSNESS, VIOLENCE AND POLICE EXCESSES|date=2021-12-6|url=https://cprf.ru/2021/12/patriots-for-a-strong-russia-against-lawlessness-violence-and-police-excesses/|retrieved=2022-6-28}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|title=THE COUNTRY’S RUSSIAN CORE|date=2020-6-1|url=https://cprf.ru/2020/06/the-countrys-russian-core/|retrieved=2022-6-28}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|newspaper=Communist Party of the Russian Federation|title=CPRF: RUSSIA’S RESURGENCE CALLS FOR A NEW COURSE, A NEW TEAM AND A NEW POLICY|date=2016-8-31|url=https://cprf.ru/2016/08/cprf-russias-resurgence-calls-for-a-new-course-a-new-team-and-a-new-policy/|retrieved=2022-6-28}}</ref>

In 2014, the party called for Russia to formally recognise the [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and the [[Luhansk People's Republic]].<ref>{{News citation|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/746089|title=TASS: Russia - Communist Party urges Russian leadership to recognise Novorossiya|work=TASS}}</ref>

== Party program ==
Under the present conditions in the Russian Federation, the CPRF calls for the following proposals:<ref name="kprf.ru">{{News citation|url=http://kprf.ru/party/program/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050102215355/http://www.kprf.ru/party/program/|archive-date=2005-01-02|url-status=dead|title=Программа партии|access-date=2015-03-13}}</ref>

* Stop the extinction of the country, restore benefits for large families, reconstruct the network of public kindergartens and provide housing for young families.
* Nationalise natural resources in Russia and the strategic sectors of the economy; revenues in these industries are to be used in the interests of all citizens.
* Return to Russia from foreign banks the state financial reserves and use them for economic and social development.
* Break the system of total fraud in the elections.
* Create a truly independent judiciary.
* Carry out an immediate package of measures to combat poverty and introduce price controls on essential goods.
* Not raise the retirement age.
* Restore government responsibility for housing and utilities, establish fees for municipal services in an amount not more than 10% of family income, stop the eviction of people to the streets and expand public housing.
* Increase funding for science and scientists to provide decent wages and all the necessary research.
* Restore the highest standards of universal and free secondary and higher education that existed during the Soviet era.
* Ensure the availability and quality of health care.
* Vigorously develop high-tech manufacturing.
* Ensure the food and environmental security of the country and support the large collective farms for the production and processing of agricultural products.
* Prioritise [[domestic debt]] over [[foreign debt]]
* Introduce progressive taxation; low-income citizens will be exempt from paying taxes.
* Create conditions for development of small and medium enterprises.
* Ensure the accessibility of cultural goods, stop the commercialisation of culture, defend Russian culture as the foundation of the spiritual unity of multinational Russia, the national culture of all citizens of the country.
* Stop the slandering of the [[History of Russia|Russian]] and [[History of the Soviet Union|Soviet history]].
* Take drastic measures to suppress corruption and crime.
* Strengthen national defense and expand social guarantees to servicemen and law enforcement officials.
* Ensure the territorial integrity of Russia and the protection of compatriots abroad.
* Institute a foreign policy based on mutual respect of countries and peoples to facilitate the voluntary restoration of the Union of States.

The party is in favour of cooperation with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{News citation|url=https://kprf.ru/rus_soc/61751.html|title=Г.А. Зюганов о кончине Патриарха Алексия Второго: Он внес огромный вклад в дело возрождения церкви|work=kprf.ru}}</ref> According to the words of [[Gennady Zyuganov|Zyuganov]], the CPRF is a party of scientific, but not militant [[atheism]]. [[Propaganda]] of any [[religion]] is banned inside the party.<ref>[http://kprf.ru/pravda/issues/2012/111/article-41057/ Актуальные вопросы совершенствования идейно-теоретической работы партии] (2012)</ref> The CPRF celebrates the rule of Joseph Stalin.<ref>[https://ria.ru/20190404/1552382644.html]</ref>

== Party Revisionism ==
Zyuganov and the party support social conservatism and voted in favor of the ban on the "promotion of non-traditional sexual relations to minors", commonly known as the [[Russian gay propaganda law]], as well as the transphobic law, banning gender reassignment procedures and transgender healthcare, which was passed in July 2023.<ref>[https://www.rbc.ru/politics/23/10/2015/5629f3689a7947066e293618]</ref><ref>{{News citation|url=https://themoscownews.com/politics/20140129/192192050-print/Russian-State-Duma-Possessed-printer-or-executor-of-the-peoples.html|title=Russian State Duma: 'Possessed printer' or executor of the people's will?|author=Natalia Antonova|date=2014-01-29|publisher=themoscownews.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301042652/http://themoscownews.com/politics/20140129/192192050-print/Russian-State-Duma-Possessed-printer-or-executor-of-the-peoples.html|archive-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://duma.gov.ru/news/57524/ Государственная Дума запретила смену пола в России.] duma.gov.ru</ref><ref>{{News citation|url=https://www.euronews.com/2013/06/11/russian-mps-vote-overwhelmingly-to-outlaw-gay-propaganda|title=Russian MPs vote overwhelmingly to outlaw gay 'propaganda'|date=2013-06-11|publisher=[[EuroNews]]|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
The CPRF ran Nikolay Kharitonov in the 2024 presidential elections in the Russian Federation.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=RT|title=Early voting opens in Russian presidential election|date=2024-02-25|url=https://www.rt.com/russia/593112-early-vote-president-election/|retrieved=2024-02-25}}</ref> He secured 4.31% of the vote with 87.28% voter turnout.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=RT|title=Putin scores historic win in Russian presidential election – official results|date=2024-03-18|url=https://www.rt.com/russia/594390-putin-win-presidential-election/|retrieved=2024-03-18}}</ref>

== References ==

Russian Federation

2024-05-15T07:49:40Z

Artels: Expanded lgbt discrimination section

{{Message box/Incomplete}}{{Infobox country
| name = Russian Federation
| native_name = Российская Федерация
| image_flag = Flag of Russia.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of the Russian Federation.svg
|anthems="The Patriotic Song" (1990-2000) "State Anthem of the Russian Federation" (2000-Present)| image_map = Russian map with unrecognized territories.jpg
| map_width = 220px
|map_caption=Territories claimed by other nations (Donbass, Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia and Kuril islands) in light green|official_languages=Russian|religion_year=2023|religion_ref=[https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/religija-i-obshchestvo-monitoring]|religion=57% Russian Orthodoxy 19% Atheism 5% Islam| capital = Moscow
| largest_city = capital
|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]| government_type = Federal semi-presidential republic
| established_event1 = Proclamation of the Russian Empire
| established_date1 = 2 November 1721
| established_event2 = [[Declaration and Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Establishment of the USSR]]
| established_date2 =30 December 1922
| population_estimate = 146,447,400<ref>Демографический ежегодник России 2023 [https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Demogr_ejegod_2023.pdf]</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| leader_title1 = President
| leader_name1 = [[Vladimir Putin]]
| leader_title2 = Prime minister
| leader_name2 = Mikhail Mishustin
|established_date3=12 December 1991
|established_event3=Establishment of the Russian Federation}}
The '''Russian Federation''' is a [[Bourgeois state|bourgeois]] republic established in December 12th, 1991 that was established during the [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union|counter-revolution in the Soviet Union]].
==History==
The [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] declared sovereignty on December 12, 1991<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=1991-12-12|title=Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 12.12.1991 № 2015-I|url=https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907|newspaper=Сейчас.ру|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=}}</ref>, even though 73% of the population had voted to remain in the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]] earlier that year.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2020-10-07|title=Sowjetunion, 17. März 1991 : Weiterbestand der UdSSR als Föderation gleichberechtigter und souveräner Staaten|url=https://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=su011991|newspaper=Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2021-12-29}}</ref> On December 25, [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] resigned and the Soviet Union was dissolved the next day.<ref>{{Citation|author=Zbigniew K. Brzezinski|year=1997|title=Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis|chapter=|section=|page=50|quote=|pdf=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=26%20december%201991%20ussr&f=false|city=London|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|isbn=1563246376|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref>

In 2014, Russia annexed [[Crimea]], a peninsula that was previously administered by [[Ukraine]].

=== Russo-Ukrainian War ===
The annexation of Crimea, combined with pro-Russian insurgencies in the [[Donbass]] region of Ukraine, started the [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict|Russo-Ukrainian war]], which was escalated by Russia on the 24 February 2022 when it mounted a special military operation in Ukraine. Following the invasion, the [[Donetsk People's Republic (2014–2022)|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic (2014–2022)|Lugansk People’s Republics]] and the Ukrainian regions of Zaporozhye and Kherson voted to join Russia in a referendum.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Wayne Cristaudo|newspaper=The Postil Magazine|title=The Narrative of Sham Elections|date=2022-11-01|url=https://www.thepostil.com/the-narrative-of-sham-elections/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117121827/https://www.thepostil.com/the-narrative-of-sham-elections/|archive-date=2022-11-17|retrieved=2022-12-01}}</ref>

The United Nations does not recognize the referendum.

In spite of so-called "crushing" sanctions from the NATO bloc and exclusion from the [[SWIFT]] system, Russian political stability and the economy are doing well<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9ACKr20dAE|channel=DW News|title=Russia‘s economy is growing, why aren't sanctions stopping it?|date=2024-03-15}}</ref> as the Russian Federation racks up victories in Bakhmut, Avdiivka, and throughout the Donetsk region.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Joshua Keating|newspaper=Vox|title=Are Ukraine’s defenses starting to crumble?|date=2024-02-22|url=https://www.vox.com/2024/2/22/24079595/avdiivka-ukraine-russia-war-artillery|retrieved=2024-03-16}}</ref>

==Economy==
After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian economy was in deep turmoil, during which time it was exploited by Western imperialist parasites.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Darya Sinusoid|date=2021-08-25|title=Russia’s Shock Therapy: Neoliberalizing Russia|url=https://www.shortform.com/blog/russia-shock-therapy/}}</ref>

[[Vladimir Putin]]'s presidency marked a turning point in the Russian economy, his ascension was preceded by an academic paper he wrote where he proposed that Russia use its vast natural resources to restructure and revitalize the economy around major state-owned enterprises.<ref>{{News citation|title=What did Putin bring to the Russian economy after 20 years in office?|url=https://ycnews.com/what-did-putin-bring-to-the-russian-economy-after-20-years-in-office/}}</ref> It was only after Russia again asserted its economic independence that it became demonized by Western [[bourgeois media]] yet again, in a fashion reminiscent of [[Cold War]] histrionics.

In 2022, US sanctions against Russia backfired against the US, resulting in immense gains for the Russian state-owned oil and gas sector.<ref>{{News citation|author=[[Richard Medhurst]]|newspaper=[[Richard Medhurst]]|title=Russian Oil Revenue SOARS After Sanctions|date=2022-06-15|url=https://youtu.be/QsiYMfQDqUA}}</ref>

Less than a quarter of the Russian population supports [[capitalism]] and 62% prefer a centrally [[Planned economy|planned]] [[Socialism|socialist]] economy similar to their Soviet predecessor.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=Levada-Center|title=What Do Russians Think Russia Should Be Like?|date=2021-10-05|url=https://www.levada.ru/en/2021/10/05/what-do-russians-think-russia-should-be-like/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428191957/https://www.levada.ru/en/2021/10/05/what-do-russians-think-russia-should-be-like/|archive-date=2022-04-28|retrieved=2022-08-01}}</ref>

=== Russian "imperialism" ===
Russia does not fit [[Vladimir Lenin]]'s definition of [[imperialism]] and lacks finance capital and division of the world's resources. It only has 4 of the top 100 corporations in the world and 6 of the top 500. 82% of Russian exports are raw materials, including 58% oil, 11% metal, and 6% food. In 2017, Russia imported $106.2 billion worth' of machine goods and only exported $12.8 billion. Russia does not have any of the top 100 corporations in terms of [[capital]] export, and most Russian capital export is capital flight to tax havens. Russia only controls 0.7% of the world's wealth and has much less wealth per adult than the [[United States of America|United States]] ($8,843 vs $336,528). Russia has intervened militarily in other countries such as [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2006)|Yugoslavia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], Ukraine, and [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]], but not to seize natural resources like imperialist countries do.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Stansfield Smith|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Is Russia imperialist?|date=2019-01-02|url=https://mronline.org/2019/01/02/is-russia-imperialist/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315020644/https://mronline.org/2019/01/02/is-russia-imperialist/|archive-date=2023-03-15|retrieved=2023-03-22}}</ref>

==Politics==
The ruling party of the Russian Federation is the nationalist party [[United Russia]], which has the majority of seats in the parliament. Vladimir Putin was formerly a member of the party but is now an independent.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2012-04-24|title=Vladimir Putin quits as head of Russia's ruling party|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/9223621/Vladimir-Putin-quits-as-head-of-Russias-ruling-party.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=}}</ref> Other major parties are the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]], the social democratic party [[A Just Russia – For Truth]], and the far-right [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia|Liberal Democratic Party]].

18% of Russians prefer the current political system and only 16% support a Western-style [[Liberalism|liberal]] democracy. Almost half (49%) prefer the Soviet system with a [[vanguard party]], including 62% of Russians aged 55 or older.<ref name=":0" />

=== LGBT discrimination ===
In November 30, a law prohibiting "[[LGBT+|LGBT]] propaganda" was unanimously approved by the Russian [[Federal Council]] after the bill was passed in [[State Duma]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=TASS Russian News Agency|title=State Duma passes bill banning LGBT, pedophilia propaganda|date=2022-11-23|url=https://tass.com/politics/1541001}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|url=https://tass.com/politics/1543895|newspaper=TASS Russian News Agency|date=2022-11-23|title=Federation Council unanimously approves law banning LGBT propaganda}}</ref> The bill implicitly associates LGBT people with [[pedophilia]] and introduces a ban on "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships."<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://tass.com/politics/1543895|newspaper=TASS Russian News Agency|date=2022-11-23|title=Federation Council unanimously approves law banning LGBT propaganda|quote=The law introduces a ban on propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships, pedophilia and the dissemination of information about LGBT people in the media, the Internet, ads, literature and movies. It also bans calls for gender transition among teenagers: on the Internet, in the media, books, audiovisual sources, movies and advertisements.}}</ref>

In July 2023, a [[LGBT+#Refuting myths about transgender people|transphobic]] law prohibiting gender-reassignment procedures and transgender healthcare was passed by the State Duma and came into effect on July 24th.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/russian-lawmakers-pass-bill-outlawing-gender-reassignment Russian lawmakers pass bill outlawing gender reassignment.] Al Jazeera.</ref> The law instates a complete ban on carrying out "medical interventions aimed at gender reassignment", including formation of primary and (or) secondary "sexual characteristics of the other sex".<ref>[https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_121895/902a58ee0b9a7017e3e5a77464c63deadaf6c5fc/ Запрет смены пола человека.] КонсультантПлюс.</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
[[File:Russian relations poll.png|thumb|Poll showing attitudes towards Russia in the [[Imperial core|West]] compared to [[Republic of India|India]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], and [[Republic of Turkey|Turkey]]]]
The majority of people in India, China, and Turkey see Russia as an ally or necessary partner, but most westerners see it as an enemy.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|title=West is out of touch with rest of world politically, EU-funded study admits|date=2023-02-25|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/02/25/west-rest-world-eu-study/|retrieved=2023-02-25}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
The Russian Federation inherited a well-developed infrastructure network from the USSR, with air and rail travel now forming the backbone of the Russian infrastructure and economy. Though the Russian railways are state-owned, the main air carrier, Aeroflot, was privatized by Boris Yeltsin in the 1990s, leading to a significant drop in service quality and carrying capacity.{{Citation needed}}

==Demographics==
Russia is suffering from a demographic crisis. The country is considered to still be suffering from the massive loss in population during the Great Patriotic War. In addition to this, many Russians fell into poverty during the capitalist counter-revolution of Gorbachev and Yeltsin, causing the birth rate to fall. All this means the Russian population has been in decline for many years, with the remaining population aging rapidly. Mass emigration from Russia since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine is expected to exacerbate the demographic problem.{{Citation needed}}

==Culture==

== See also ==

* [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]
* [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]]
* [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]]

== References ==
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:European countries]]
[[Category:Asian countries]]
[[Category:Outline needs additional content]]
<references />

Russian Federation

2024-05-15T07:34:34Z

Artels: Updated population; added anthems; added religion; added official language

{{Message box/Incomplete}}{{Infobox country
| name = Russian Federation
| native_name = Российская Федерация
| image_flag = Flag of Russia.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of the Russian Federation.svg
|anthems="The Patriotic Song" (1990-2000) "State Anthem of the Russian Federation" (2000-Present)| image_map = Russian map with unrecognized territories.jpg
| map_width = 220px
|map_caption=Territories claimed by other nations (Donbass, Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia and Kuril islands) in light green|official_languages=Russian|religion_year=2023|religion_ref=[https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/religija-i-obshchestvo-monitoring]|religion=57% Russian Orthodoxy 19% Atheism 5% Islam| capital = Moscow
| largest_city = capital
|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]| government_type = Federal semi-presidential republic
| established_event1 = Proclamation of the Russian Empire
| established_date1 = 2 November 1721
| established_event2 = [[Declaration and Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Establishment of the USSR]]
| established_date2 =30 December 1922
| population_estimate = 146,447,400<ref>Демографический ежегодник России 2023 [https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Demogr_ejegod_2023.pdf]</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| leader_title1 = President
| leader_name1 = [[Vladimir Putin]]
| leader_title2 = Prime minister
| leader_name2 = Mikhail Mishustin
|established_date3=12 December 1991
|established_event3=Establishment of the Russian Federation}}
The '''Russian Federation''' is a [[Bourgeois state|bourgeois]] republic established in December 12th, 1991 that was established during the [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union|counter-revolution in the Soviet Union]].
==History==
The [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] declared sovereignty on December 12, 1991<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=1991-12-12|title=Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 12.12.1991 № 2015-I|url=https://www.lawmix.ru/abrolaw/13907|newspaper=Сейчас.ру|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=}}</ref>, even though 73% of the population had voted to remain in the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]] earlier that year.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2020-10-07|title=Sowjetunion, 17. März 1991 : Weiterbestand der UdSSR als Föderation gleichberechtigter und souveräner Staaten|url=https://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=su011991|newspaper=Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2021-12-29}}</ref> On December 25, [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] resigned and the Soviet Union was dissolved the next day.<ref>{{Citation|author=Zbigniew K. Brzezinski|year=1997|title=Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis|chapter=|section=|page=50|quote=|pdf=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5OLD3vp4UC&q=26+december+1991+ussr&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=26%20december%201991%20ussr&f=false|city=London|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|isbn=1563246376|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref>

In 2014, Russia annexed [[Crimea]], a peninsula that was previously administered by [[Ukraine]].

=== Russo-Ukrainian War ===
The annexation of Crimea, combined with pro-Russian insurgencies in the [[Donbass]] region of Ukraine, started the [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict|Russo-Ukrainian war]], which was escalated by Russia on the 24 February 2022 when it mounted a special military operation in Ukraine. Following the invasion, the [[Donetsk People's Republic (2014–2022)|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic (2014–2022)|Lugansk People’s Republics]] and the Ukrainian regions of Zaporozhye and Kherson voted to join Russia in a referendum.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Wayne Cristaudo|newspaper=The Postil Magazine|title=The Narrative of Sham Elections|date=2022-11-01|url=https://www.thepostil.com/the-narrative-of-sham-elections/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117121827/https://www.thepostil.com/the-narrative-of-sham-elections/|archive-date=2022-11-17|retrieved=2022-12-01}}</ref>

The United Nations does not recognize the referendum.

In spite of so-called "crushing" sanctions from the NATO bloc and exclusion from the [[SWIFT]] system, Russian political stability and the economy are doing well<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9ACKr20dAE|channel=DW News|title=Russia‘s economy is growing, why aren't sanctions stopping it?|date=2024-03-15}}</ref> as the Russian Federation racks up victories in Bakhmut, Avdiivka, and throughout the Donetsk region.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Joshua Keating|newspaper=Vox|title=Are Ukraine’s defenses starting to crumble?|date=2024-02-22|url=https://www.vox.com/2024/2/22/24079595/avdiivka-ukraine-russia-war-artillery|retrieved=2024-03-16}}</ref>

==Economy==
After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian economy was in deep turmoil, during which time it was exploited by Western imperialist parasites.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Darya Sinusoid|date=2021-08-25|title=Russia’s Shock Therapy: Neoliberalizing Russia|url=https://www.shortform.com/blog/russia-shock-therapy/}}</ref>

[[Vladimir Putin]]'s presidency marked a turning point in the Russian economy, his ascension was preceded by an academic paper he wrote where he proposed that Russia use its vast natural resources to restructure and revitalize the economy around major state-owned enterprises.<ref>{{News citation|title=What did Putin bring to the Russian economy after 20 years in office?|url=https://ycnews.com/what-did-putin-bring-to-the-russian-economy-after-20-years-in-office/}}</ref> It was only after Russia again asserted its economic independence that it became demonized by Western [[bourgeois media]] yet again, in a fashion reminiscent of [[Cold War]] histrionics.

In 2022, US sanctions against Russia backfired against the US, resulting in immense gains for the Russian state-owned oil and gas sector.<ref>{{News citation|author=[[Richard Medhurst]]|newspaper=[[Richard Medhurst]]|title=Russian Oil Revenue SOARS After Sanctions|date=2022-06-15|url=https://youtu.be/QsiYMfQDqUA}}</ref>

Less than a quarter of the Russian population supports [[capitalism]] and 62% prefer a centrally [[Planned economy|planned]] [[Socialism|socialist]] economy similar to their Soviet predecessor.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=Levada-Center|title=What Do Russians Think Russia Should Be Like?|date=2021-10-05|url=https://www.levada.ru/en/2021/10/05/what-do-russians-think-russia-should-be-like/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428191957/https://www.levada.ru/en/2021/10/05/what-do-russians-think-russia-should-be-like/|archive-date=2022-04-28|retrieved=2022-08-01}}</ref>

=== Russian "imperialism" ===
Russia does not fit [[Vladimir Lenin]]'s definition of [[imperialism]] and lacks finance capital and division of the world's resources. It only has 4 of the top 100 corporations in the world and 6 of the top 500. 82% of Russian exports are raw materials, including 58% oil, 11% metal, and 6% food. In 2017, Russia imported $106.2 billion worth' of machine goods and only exported $12.8 billion. Russia does not have any of the top 100 corporations in terms of [[capital]] export, and most Russian capital export is capital flight to tax havens. Russia only controls 0.7% of the world's wealth and has much less wealth per adult than the [[United States of America|United States]] ($8,843 vs $336,528). Russia has intervened militarily in other countries such as [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2006)|Yugoslavia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], Ukraine, and [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]], but not to seize natural resources like imperialist countries do.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Stansfield Smith|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Is Russia imperialist?|date=2019-01-02|url=https://mronline.org/2019/01/02/is-russia-imperialist/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315020644/https://mronline.org/2019/01/02/is-russia-imperialist/|archive-date=2023-03-15|retrieved=2023-03-22}}</ref>

==Politics==
The ruling party of the Russian Federation is the nationalist party [[United Russia]], which has the majority of seats in the parliament. Vladimir Putin was formerly a member of the party but is now an independent.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2012-04-24|title=Vladimir Putin quits as head of Russia's ruling party|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/9223621/Vladimir-Putin-quits-as-head-of-Russias-ruling-party.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=}}</ref> Other major parties are the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]], the social democratic party [[A Just Russia – For Truth]], and the far-right [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia|Liberal Democratic Party]].

18% of Russians prefer the current political system and only 16% support a Western-style [[Liberalism|liberal]] democracy. Almost half (49%) prefer the Soviet system with a [[vanguard party]], including 62% of Russians aged 55 or older.<ref name=":0" />

=== LGBT discrimination ===
In November 30, a law prohibiting "[[LGBT+|LGBT]] propaganda" was unanimously approved by the Russian [[Federal Council]] after the bill was passed in [[State Duma]].<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=TASS Russian News Agency|title=State Duma passes bill banning LGBT, pedophilia propaganda|date=2022-11-23|url=https://tass.com/politics/1541001}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|url=https://tass.com/politics/1543895|newspaper=TASS Russian News Agency|date=2022-11-23|title=Federation Council unanimously approves law banning LGBT propaganda}}</ref> The bill implicitly associates LGBT people with [[pedophilia]] and introduces a ban on "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships."<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://tass.com/politics/1543895|newspaper=TASS Russian News Agency|date=2022-11-23|title=Federation Council unanimously approves law banning LGBT propaganda|quote=The law introduces a ban on propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships, pedophilia and the dissemination of information about LGBT people in the media, the Internet, ads, literature and movies. It also bans calls for gender transition among teenagers: on the Internet, in the media, books, audiovisual sources, movies and advertisements.}}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
[[File:Russian relations poll.png|thumb|Poll showing attitudes towards Russia in the [[Imperial core|West]] compared to [[Republic of India|India]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], and [[Republic of Turkey|Turkey]]]]
The majority of people in India, China, and Turkey see Russia as an ally or necessary partner, but most westerners see it as an enemy.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|title=West is out of touch with rest of world politically, EU-funded study admits|date=2023-02-25|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/02/25/west-rest-world-eu-study/|retrieved=2023-02-25}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
The Russian Federation inherited a well-developed infrastructure network from the USSR, with air and rail travel now forming the backbone of the Russian infrastructure and economy. Though the Russian railways are state-owned, the main air carrier, Aeroflot, was privatized by Boris Yeltsin in the 1990s, leading to a significant drop in service quality and carrying capacity.{{Citation needed}}

==Demographics==
Russia is suffering from a demographic crisis. The country is considered to still be suffering from the massive loss in population during the Great Patriotic War. In addition to this, many Russians fell into poverty during the capitalist counter-revolution of Gorbachev and Yeltsin, causing the birth rate to fall. All this means the Russian population has been in decline for many years, with the remaining population aging rapidly. Mass emigration from Russia since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine is expected to exacerbate the demographic problem.{{Citation needed}}

==Culture==

== See also ==

* [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]
* [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]]
* [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]]

== References ==
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:European countries]]
[[Category:Asian countries]]
[[Category:Outline needs additional content]]
<references />

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)

2024-05-15T07:16:37Z

Artels: Added anthems; population estimate

{{Infobox country
| name = Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
| government_type = Marxist-Leninist state
| event_end = [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union|Overthrow of USSR]]
| date_event2 = 12 June 1990
| event2 = Sovereignty declared
| date_start = 7 November
| event1 = [[Soviet Union]] established
| date_event1 = 30 December 1922
| event_start = Great October Socialist Revolution
| mode_of_production = [[Socialism]]
| native_name = Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика
| official_languages = Russian
| largest_city = Moscow
| image_coat = Emblem_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic.svg
| capital = Moscow
| englishmotto = [[Workers of the world, unite!|"Workers of the world, unite!"]]
|anthems="Worker's Marseillaise" (1917-1918) [[The Internationale|"The Internationale"]] (1918-1944) "The Patriotic Song" (1990-1991)| image_map = Map_of_the_RSFSR.svg
| map_width = 290
| map_caption = The RSFSR after being merged with the [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1956)|Karelian SSR]] in 1956
| motto = "Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!"
| image_flag = Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1954–1991).svg
| year_end = 1991
| year_start = 1917
| date_end =26 December|population_estimate=148,273,746<ref>Федеральная Служба Государственной Статистики. [https://rosstat.gov.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/demo11.htm]</ref>|population_estimate_year=1991|p1=[[Russian Republic]]|s1=1922: [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]|flag_p1=Flag of Russia.svg|flag_s1=Flag of the Soviet Union (1922–1923).svg|flag_s2=Flag of Russia (1991–1993).svg|s2=1991: [[Russian Federation]]}}
The '''Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic''' ('''Russian SFSR''' or '''RSFSR'''),<ref group="lower-alpha">Russian: Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика (РСФСР)</ref><ref group="note">It was previously known as the '''Russian Soviet Republic''' and the '''Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic''' as well as being unofficially known as '''Soviet Russia''', the '''Russian Federation''' or simply '''Russia'''.</ref> was an independent [[socialist state]] from 1917 to 1922 before it was incorporated into the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR) in 1922 and eventually becoming the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] [[Russian Federation]] in 1991.

==Nomenclature==

==Geography==
The Russian SFSR was the geographically largest Socialist republic within the USSR, maintaining a territory which reached from the Black Sea and Baltic Sea in its most western extremity, to the Pacific Ocean in the east.

==History==

==Government==
[[Proletariat|Workers]], [[Peasantry|peasants]], and soldiers aged 18 or older could vote in elections to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which later became the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Some local [[Soviet (governmental body)|soviets]] had lower voting ages. Capitalists, [[Landlord|landlords]], clergy, and former members of the [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Tsarist]] police could not vote.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets|year=1918|title=1918 Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the RSFSR|title-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1918_Constitution_(Fundamental_Law)_of_the_RSFSR|chapter=|city=Moscow}}</ref>

=== All-Russian Congress of Soviets ===
The All-Russian Congress of Soviets had one delegate for every 25,000 urban workers and one delegate for every 125,000 people in rural areas. It elected the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.<ref name=":0" />

=== Local soviets ===
Regional soviets could have up to 500 members and had one delegate per 25,000 rural population or 5,000 urban population. Provincial soviets could have up to 200 members, with one delegate for every 10,000 of the rural population or 2,000 of the urban population. County soviets had one delegate for every 1,000 inhabitants and could have up to 300 delegates. Village soviets had one delegate for every 10 residents.<ref name=":0" />

==Culture==

==References==

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha" />
<references group="note" />
[[Category:Republics of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Former socialist republics]]
[[Category:Outline needs additional content]]
<references />
[[Category:Countries invaded by the United States]]

Republic of Kazakhstan

2024-05-15T06:43:38Z

Artels: Added info on relocation of Kazakh capital; on adoption of the current anthem. Added the anthem to country info box. Added the country name in latin script. Updated population estimate.

{{Infobox country|name=Republic of Kazakhstan|native_name=Qazaqstan Respublikasy Қазақстан Республикасы Республика Казахстан|image_flag=Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|image_coat=Emblem of Kazakhstan.svg|capital=Astana|largest_city=Almaty|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary presidential republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]]|leader_title2=Prime Minister|leader_name2=[[Älihan Smaiylov]]|anthem= Menıñ Qazaqstanym Менің Қазақстаным|image_map=Kazakhstan map.svg|map_width=260|official_languages=Kazakh Russian|area_km2=2,724,900|population_estimate=20,075,271|population_estimate_year=2024}}

'''Kazakhstan''', officially, the '''Republic of Kazakhstan''', is a country located mainly in [[Central Asia]]. Following the [[Russian revolution of 1917|1917 Russian Revolution]], it was made into the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)|Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]]. After the 1991 [[Overthrow of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]], it was the last of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] states to declare independence.

In 1993 the capital of Kazakhstan was moved to the city of Aqmola (now Astana) from its original location in Almaty, which had been the capital of [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)|Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]] from 1936 up until its relocation.<ref>[https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U950002457_ On the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan.] Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan №2457</ref>

Another change to national symbols kept from Soviet Kazakhstan was the drafting of a new anthem in 2006 - "Menıñ Qazaqstanym". It was to replace the anthem adopted in 1992, which had the same melody as the anthem of the Kazakh SSR. The new anthem was co-written by the first president of bourgeois Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev.<ref>[https://www.akorda.kz/en/state_symbols/kazakhstan_anthem National Anthem of Kazakhstan.] Official website of the President of Kazakhstan.</ref>

In 2022, [[2022 Kazakhstan protests|protests]] rapidly overwhelmed the Kazakh government, but [[Russian Federation|Russian]] forces restored stability.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=|title=Kazakh president's home ablaze as protests escalate, police clash with demonstrators|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-06/kazakh-presidents-home-ablaze-as-protests-escalate/100740790|newspaper=ABC|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:Asian countries]]