Republic of India

2024-06-21T05:56:48Z

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{{Infobox country|name=Republic of India|leader_title1=President|image_flag=Flag of India.svg|leader_name2=Jagdeep Dhankar|leader_name1=Droupadi Murmu|leader_name3=[[Narendra Modi]]|leader_title4=Chief Justice|leader_name4=Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud|leader_title3=Prime Minister|leader_title2=Vice President|government_type=Federal parliamentary bourgeois republic|native_name=भारत गणराज्य|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|area_km2=3,287,263|population_estimate_year=2018|currency=Indian rupee (₹) (INR)|population_estimate=1,352,642,280|image_coat=Emblem of India.svg|capital=New Delhi|largest_city=Mumbai|image_map=India_Map.svg|map_width=290|map_caption=|official_languages=Hindi English|religion=79.8% Hinduism 14.2% Islam 2.3% Christianity 1.7% Sikhism 0.7% Buddhism 0.4% Jainism 0.23% unaffiliated 0.65% other}}

'''India''', officially called the '''Republic of India''', is a [[bourgeois]] country in [[South Asia]] and the second most-populated country in the world behind the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Philip B. Calkins|year=2022|title=India|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> Hundreds of languages are spoken in India, and the country has a large [[Islam|Muslim]] minority that makes up 10% of the world's Muslim population.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2014-05-22|title=The election of Narendra Modi and the dangerous rise of India’s far-right|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/the-election-of-narendra-modi-and-the-dangerous-rise-of-indias-far-right/|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714163244/https://www.liberationnews.org/the-election-of-narendra-modi-and-the-dangerous-rise-of-indias-far-right/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2023-02-11|author=Mike Wang}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Bronze Age ===
An urban civilization developed in the Indus Valley around 2600 BCE. Its major cities included Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. The Indus civilization collapsed around 1900 BCE, and archaeologists found many unburied remains showing signs of violent death.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=Neil Faulkner|year=2013|title=A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals|chapter=The First Class Societies|page=19–21|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedljwr5izotdclz23o3c5p4di4t3ero3ncbfytip55slhiz4otuls?filename=Neil%20Faulkner%20-%20A%20Marxist%20History%20of%20the%20World_%20From%20Neanderthals%20to%20Neoliberals-Pluto%20Press%20%282013%29.pdf|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9781849648639|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=91CA6C708BFE15444FE27899217FBA8E}}</ref>

=== Iron Age ===
{{Main article|Maurya Empire}}16 states dominated northern India by 500 BCE, and the [[Kingdom of Magadha]] conquered the others by 321 BCE to form the Maurya Empire.<ref>{{Citation|author=Chris Harman|year=1999|title=A People's History of the World|page=49|chapter=Iron and empires|isbn=9781898876557|city=London|publisher=Bookmarks Publications Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=F247C9051030CCBA52C1E5A4468834E9|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacea6om2gf2ixovddv7moyuv3i4rj2ggii7gta4x4h4rk4ebpqdvd6i?filename=Chris%20Harman%20-%20A%20People%27s%20History%20of%20the%20World.pdf}}</ref>

=== Classical period ===
{{Main article|Gupta Empire}}

=== Early modern period ===
{{Main article|Mughal Empire}}

=== Colonization ===
{{Main article|British Raj}}
The [[British East India Company]] took control of India in 1765 and established a trade monopoly. The [[British Raj (1858–1947)|British Raj]] took control of India in 1847 and suppressed a rebellion in 1857. The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] stole at least $44.6 trillion from India, while the population of India dropped by 20% between 1870 and 1920 and tens of millions died from famine under British rule.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Jason Hickelby|newspaper=[[Black Agenda Report]]|title=How Britain Stole $45 Trillion From India And Lied About It|date=2019-01-09|url=https://blackagendareport.com/how-britain-stole-45-trillion-india-and-lied-about-it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106033311/https://blackagendareport.com/how-britain-stole-45-trillion-india-and-lied-about-it|archive-date=2022-01-06|retrieved=2022-09-08}}</ref>

==== Independence movement ====
In the early 1900s, following the defeat of the Swadeshi movement, Indians began boycotting British goods and picketing their shops. In 1908, the workers of Mumbai went on [[Strike action|strike]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2017|title=Red Star over the Third World|chapter=Follow the Path of the Russians!|page=|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecu7gb2ei65us6ip3r2ugcgkblneqcftbm456mb6bzvprkbqk55qm?filename=Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20Red%20Star%20Over%20the%20Third%20World-LeftWord%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=New Delhi|publisher=LeftWord Books}}</ref>:34 Following the [[Jallianwallah Bagh massacre]], the [[Indian National Congress]] met in 1919 at Amritsar. [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] wanted to redistribute land to the peasants, but [[Mohandas Gandhi|Gandhi]] prevented the Congress from following that path.<ref name=":0" />:40 In February 1946, strikes took place within the Royal Indian Navy and mutinies within various army units; along with the assistance of 300k workers. British ruling circles soon admitted that the colonial model in India was unsustainable, accepting that the anti-colonialist movement had assumed a mass character.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=M. Alexeyev|year=1948|title=Indian Union and Pakistan After the Partition of India|page=1-2|pdf=https://www.marxists.org/subject/india/ci/after-partition.pdf|publisher=Bolshevik}}</ref>

=== Independence ===

==== Nehru government ====
Nehru's first two five-year plans, which ended in 1961, failed to lessen inequality.<ref name=":122">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Arusha|page=199|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> He ousted a [[Communist Party of India|Communist]] government from power in [[Kerala]].<ref name=":12222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Bali|page=162|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> India fought against [[People's Republic of China|China]] in 1962 and against [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Pakistan]] in 1965.<ref name=":1222" />:215

Nehru died in 1964, and [[Indira Gandhi]] became prime minister in 1966. She ruled under martial law from 1975 to 1977, when she left office. She returned to power in 1980. The INC lost the 1983 elections in several southern states, with [[N. T. Rama Rao]] taking power in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the [[Janata Party]] taking power in [[Karnataka]]. It won in [[Assam]], where only 2% of the population voted among widespread ethnic violence.<ref name=":1222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=New Delhi|page=|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>:208

In 1989, India introduced economic changes that allowed capitalists to take control of scarce natural resources.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=‘India after Naxalbari: Unfinished History’|date=2022-07-14|url=https://mronline.org/2022/07/14/india-after-naxalbari-unfinished-history/|retrieved=2022-07-14}}</ref>

==== BJP government ====
[[Narendra Modi]]'s far-right [[Indian People's Party|Bharatiya Janata Party]] won 303 out of 543 seats in parliament in 2019 and 240 seats in 2024. His [[National Democratic Alliance]] won a total of 293 seats, which is enough to form a government and give him another term as Prime Minister.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Vijay Prashad|newspaper=The Tricontinental|title=Democracy Will Not Come through Compromise and Fear: The Twenty-Fourth Newsletter (2024)|date=2024-06-13|url=https://thetricontinental.org/newsletterissue/year-of-elections/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613110144/https://thetricontinental.org/newsletterissue/year-of-elections/|archive-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
40% of India's 1.4 billion people are under 25 years old. Youth [[unemployment]] is 45.4% while overall unemployment is only 7.5%.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Global south]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Asian countries]]

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Republic of India