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Pinarayi Vijayan

2026-05-30T11:19:14Z

49.36.98.226: Updating the page in light of the 2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election

{{Infobox politician
|political_orientation=[[Communism]] [[Marxism-Leninism]]
|political_party=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|image=Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan 2023.tif.jpg|birth_place=[[Pinarayi]], Cannanore, Madras Presidency, [[British India]]
|name=Pinarayi Vijayan|birth_date={{birth date and age|1945|5|24}}
}}

'''Pinarayi Vijayan''' is a communist politician who is the member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) and served as the chief minister of [[Kerala]] from 25 May 2016 till to 18 May 2026.

On, December 14, Pinarayi met an [[State of Israel|Israeli]] official to discuss potential collaboration.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://maktoobmedia.com/2022/12/15/kerala-cm-meets-israel-official-announces-possibilities-of-collaboration/|title=Kerala CM meets Israel official, announces ’possibilities of collaboration|newspaper=Maktoob|date=2022-12-15}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Politicians in India]]

Kerala

2026-05-30T11:16:44Z

49.36.98.226: Updating the page in light of the 2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election and including the CIA's role in ousting the Kerala government in 1959

{{Infobox country|name=Kerala|population_census=34,630,192|population_census_year=2018|official_website=https://kerala.gov.in|area_km2=38,863|life_span=November 1, 1956 - Present|image_symbol=Kerala emblem.png|image_map=Kerala map.png|capital=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|leader_title1=Governor|leader_name1=Shri. Arif Mohammed Khan|leader_title2=Chief Minister|leader_name2=Shri. Pinarayi Vijayan|official_languages=Malayalam 
English|map_width=200|symbol_type=Emblem|native_name=केरल കേരളം}}

'''Kerala''' is a state in southern [[Republic of India|India]]. The majority of seats in its legislature are held by a [[Liberalism|liberal coalition government]] with the [[INC]] holding 63 out of 140 seats. Meanwhile, 26 are held by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] and 8 by the [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]. Kerala has the highest human development index, life expectancy, and literacy rate in India.<ref>{{News citation|date=2020-09-08|title=At 96.2%, Kerala tops India's literacy rate chart again; Andhra Pradesh ranks lowest with 66.4%|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/at-96-2-kerala-tops-indias-literacy-rate-chart-again-andhra-pradesh-ranks-lowest-with-66-4-8796401.html|newspaper=Firstpost|retrieved=2022-03-25}}</ref> It also has the lowest infant mortality rate in India.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Official Web Portal Government of Kerala|title=About Kerala|date=2022-07-01|url=https://kerala.gov.in/subdetail/NTM1ODMxNzQuNDg=/MjA0ODc2ODQuMzY=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319171946/https://kerala.gov.in/subdetail/NTM1ODMxNzQuNDg=/MjA0ODc2ODQuMzY=|archive-date=2023-03-19|retrieved=2023-03-19}}</ref> Kerala has given priority to ensuring education for all and was declared as India's first fully literate state.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Official Web Portal Government of Kerala|title=Social Welfare|date=2022-08-20|url=https://kerala.gov.in/subdetail/MTAwODYyNDQ2LjA4/MjA0ODc2ODQuMzY=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319172920/https://kerala.gov.in/subdetail/MTAwODYyNDQ2LjA4/MjA0ODc2ODQuMzY=|archive-date=2023-03-19|retrieved=2023-03-19}}</ref> In 2022, Kerala began its 14th [[Five-year plans of Kerala|five-year plan]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Kerala|newspaper=Government of Kerala|title=Fourteenth Five-Year Plan (2022-2027)|url=https://spb.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-06/approach%20paper_vc_final_09062022%20english_website.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319173506/https://spb.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-06/approach%20paper_vc_final_09062022%20english_website.pdf|archive-date=2023-03-19|retrieved=2023-03-19}}</ref>

== History ==
The first communist government in Kerala came to power in 1957 under [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]].<ref>{{News citation|author=K. Ravi Raman|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=The Opposition “Emocracy” Exposed: Kerala’s Landmark Left Victory|date=2021-10-15|url=https://mronline.org/2021/10/15/the-opposition-emocracy-exposed-keralas-landmark-left-victory/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614004428/https://mronline.org/2021/10/15/the-opposition-emocracy-exposed-keralas-landmark-left-victory/|archive-date=2022-06-14|retrieved=2022-06-17}}</ref> Six days after taking power, the CPI banned [[Landlord|landlords]] from evicting tenant farmers. The [[Indian National Congress]] dismissed Communist officials from Kerala in 1959. The official reason for dissolving the Kerala government was due to mass protests against the Communist Party of India's policies. According to the 1978 book, ''A Dangerous Place'' by former [[Statesian]] ambassador Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] was involved in orchestrating these protests. His statements are corroborated by Howard Schaffer, the biographer of Ellsworth Bunker, the Statesian ambassador to India (1956–61), who confirmed Statesian involvement in funding the agitation against [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]’s communist government to prevent the emergence of "additional Keralas"<ref>{{Citation|author=Thomas J. Nossiter|year=1982|title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDlh-RIqrfoC|publisher=C. Hurst for the Royal Institute of International Affairs|isbn=9780905838403}}</ref>.

[[Left–right political spectrum|Leftists]] came to power again in 1967 and redistributed 600,000 acres of land to [[Peasantry|peasants]] by 1994.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2020-09-01|title=One Hundred Years of the Communist Movement in India|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-32-communist-movement-in-india/|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331190126/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-32-communist-movement-in-india/|archive-date=2022-03-31|retrieved=2022-11-12}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:States of India]]
[[Category:Places]]

Jawaharlal Nehru

2026-01-04T16:44:04Z

49.36.98.226: Added more context to Nehru-led Kerala government coup

{{Infobox politician|name=Jawaharlal Nehru|image_size=200|birth_date=14 November 1889|birth_place=Allahabad, [[British Raj]]|death_date=27 May 1964|death_place=New Delhi, [[India]]|political_orientation=[[Social democracy]] [[Progressive]] [[nationalism]]|political_party=[[Indian National Congress]]|image=Nehru.png}}

'''Jawaharlal Nehru''' (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was an [[Anti-colonialism|anti-colonial]] Indian politician and independence activist who served as India's first prime minister from 1947 to 1964.

== Political views ==
Nehru admired the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] when he visited it in 1927 and noted that the material conditions of India were similar to those of pre-revolutionary [[Russian Empire (1721–1917)|Russia]].<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2017|title=Red Star over the Third World|chapter=Peasant Soviets|page=55–56|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecu7gb2ei65us6ip3r2ugcgkblneqcftbm456mb6bzvprkbqk55qm?filename=Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20Red%20Star%20Over%20the%20Third%20World-LeftWord%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=New Delhi|publisher=LeftWord Books}}</ref> In 1954, he called for a ban on testing [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].<ref name=":122">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Belgrade|page=101|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>

== Prime Minister ==
Despite his earlier support for the Soviet Union, Nehru removed a [[Communist Party of India|Communist]] government from power in [[Kerala]].<ref name=":12222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Bali|page=162|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> The official reason for dissolving the Kerala government was due to mass protests against the Communist Party of India's policies. According to the 1978 book, A Dangerous Place by former [[Statesian]] ambassador Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] was involved in orchestrating these protests. His statements are corroborated by Howard Schaffer, the biographer of Ellsworth Bunker, the Statesian ambassador to India (1956–61), who confirmed Statesian involvement in funding the agitation against [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]’s communist government to prevent the emergence of "additional Keralas"<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nossiter |first1=Thomas J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDlh-RIqrfoC |title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation |year=1982 |publisher=C. Hurst for the Royal Institute of International Affairs |isbn=9780905838403}}</ref>.

== References ==
[[Category:Former heads of government]]
[[Category:Social democrats]]

Social Democratic Party of Germany

2025-06-05T21:01:30Z

49.36.98.226: More content

{{Infobox political party|name=Social Democratic Party of Germany|native_name=Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands|logo=SPD-Logo 2022 (rot).svg|founded=27 May 1875|general_secretary=[[Kevin Kühnert]]|leader1_title=Co-leaders|leader1_name=[[Saskia Esken]] [[Lars Klingbeil]]|merger=[[General German Workers' Association|ADAV]] [[Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany|SDAP]]|newspaper=[[Vorwärts]]|student_wing=Juso-Hochschulgruppen|youth_wing=Young Socialists in the SPD|womens_wing=Association of Social Democratic Women|wing1_title=LGBT+ wing|wing1=SPDqueer|political_orientation=[[Social democracy]] [[Neoliberalism]] [[Imperialism]]}}

The '''Social Democratic Party of Germany''' ('''SPD'''), originally called the '''Socialist Workers' Party of Germany''', is a [[Social democracy|social democratic]] party in [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]] that was originally a [[Marxism|Marxist]] party but over time slipped into [[revisionism]] and [[opportunism]] before eventually abandoning Marxism officially. It currently holds 120 seats in the [[Bundestag]] and is the party of the outgoing German Chancellor, [[Olaf Scholz]].

== History ==

=== Founding ===
The SPD originated in a congress in Eisenach occurring in 1869 where the [[Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany]] (SDAP) was formed from a merger of the [[Assembly of German Worker Associations]] (VDAV) and leftists in the [[General German Workers' Association]] (ADAV). The SDAP leaders, [[August Bebel]] and [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]], sought a counter-weight to the [[Ferdinand Lassalle|Lassallean]] ADAV that supported [[Otto von Bismarck]]'s policy of unifying [[German Empire (1871–1918)|Germany]] "from above" relying on [[Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918)|Prussian]] militarism and instead followed the lead of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] in struggling for the revolutionary unification of Germany "from below." <ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=E. A. Volina|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Social+Democratic+Party+of+Germany|chapter=Social Democratic Party of Germany}}</ref>

Following Bismarck's unification of Germany a congress was held at Gotha in 1875 at which the SDAP merged with VDAV to form the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany which would be renamed to the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1890. The party program adopted at the congress, the Gotha Program, contained many concessions to the [[Idealism|idealist]] Lassalleans, particularly concerning the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], which would lead Marx and Engels to criticise the program in their [[Critique of the Gotha Program|''Critique of the Gotha Program'']].<ref name=":0" />

=== Socialist history ===
The influence of the SPD grew rapidly, gaining roughly 500,000 votes in the [[Reichstag]] 1877 elections. Following this success, in 1878 the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]]-[[junker]] government imposed anti-socialist laws, which caused the SPD to be banned until 1890, starting what would later be called the "hectic period" by [[Vladimir Lenin]]. During this period the party newspaper, ''[[Vorwärts]]'', was also made illegal so it was replaced with the ''[[Der Sozialdemokrat]]'' until''Vorwärts'' was later unbanned along with the SPD.<ref name=":0" />

Marx and Engels aided the SPD greatly and thanks to them the party successfully overcame the opportunism of [[Karl Höchberg]] as well as the incorrect tracts of [[Johann Most]] and [[Wilhelm Hasselmann]]. During this time period the SPD was one of the foremost parties in leading the international [[proletariat]] in the [[class struggle]] and took an active role in establishing the [[Second International]] in 1889. When the party was unbanned in 1890 it gained 35 seats in the Reichstag, and in 1898 they only grew gaining a total of 56 seats, representing a quarter of all votes.<ref name=":0" />

Engels continued to work with the party as it grew in influence, aiding the party leaders in countering rightist elements such as [[Georg von Vollmar]], as well as [[Anarchism|anarchist]] groups. In 1891 a new congress was held in which the party met at Erfurt and agreed the Erfurt Programme, an improvement over the Gotha Programme given its more radical content. However, the programme still did not demand a dictatorship of the proletariat and this as well as other opportunist concessions led Engels to critique the program in ''[[A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic Program of 1891]]''.<ref name=":0" />

=== Turn to opportunism ===
As the 20th century began, the party experienced an upsurge in revisionism and opportunism brought on primarily by [[Eduard Bernstein]]. At this time the party had three main currents, the opportunists including Bernstein and [[Carl Legien]], the centrists, and the radicals led by [[Karl Liebknecht]] and [[Rosa Luxemburg]]. <ref name=":0" /> In 1914, the centrists and opportunists agreed to a political truce with the monarchy and supported war loans to finance the [[First World War]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Vor 100 Jahren: Reichstag billigt Kriegskredite |trans-title=100 years ago: Reichstag approves war credits |url=https://www.bundestag.de/webarchiv/textarchiv/2014/kw31_reichstagsprotokolle-284830 |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=Deutscher Bundestag |language=de}}</ref> despite criticism from the radicals. Anti-war members were expelled in 1916 and 1917, leading to the formation of the [[Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (German: ''Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands'', USPD).<ref>Winkler, ''Der lange Weg nach Westen'', Beck Verlag Munich, 2000, p. 362</ref>

On 9 November 1918, the "German Republic" had been proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the ''Reichstag'' building. Leader of the SPD, [[Friedrich Ebert]], was opposed to the proclamation of a republic,<ref>{{News citation|author=Sturm, Reinhard|date=2011-12-23|title=Weimarer Republik|url=http://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/informationen-zur-politischen-bildung/55943/weimarer-republik|newspaper=Informationen zur Politischen Bildung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810164946/http://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/informationen-zur-politischen-bildung/55943/weimarer-republik|archive-date=2018-08-10}}</ref> and even asked Prince Maximilian, regent of the German Empire to keep his position as regent.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|author=Haffner, Sebastian|year=2002|title=Die deutsche Revolution 1918/19|publisher=Kindler|isbn=3-463-40423-0}}</ref>:90 Two hours later, Karl Liebknecht proclaimed the Free Socialist Republic of Germany at the ''Berliner Stadtschloss''. Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht would later go on to form the the [[Spartacus League]] (German: ''Spartakusbund''). SPD Defence Minister [[Gustav Noske]] would deploy the reactionary [[Freikorps]] to hunt down the pair, resulting in their deaths on 15 January, 1919. <ref name=":1" />:183-196

=== Weimar Era ===
Following Ebert's death in February 1925, new presidential elections were held on 29 March with a runoff election on 26 April. The SPD supported the reformist [[Otto Braun]] in the first round and secured 29% of the popular vote. In the second round, the party dropped its support for Braun and endorsed Wilhelm Marx of Zentrum in an effort to prevent the rise of [[Paul von Hindenburg]]. These efforts failed and Hindenburg's ''Reichsblock'' won 48% of the popular vote compared to Marx's ''Volksblock'' at 45%.

The SPD led a temporary government under Chancellor [[Hermann Müller]] in 1920. It was also part of a short-lived coalition under Chancellor [[Gustav Stresemann]] in 1923. In 1928, the SPD would once again re-enter government as part of a ''Grand Coalition'' involving the Center Party, [[Conservatism|conservative]] DVP, [[Liberalism|liberal]] DDP, and regionalist BVP under Chancellor Müller. This coalition would approve the creation of Armored Cruiser A despite protests from within the SPD's left and [[Communist Party of Germany]] (German: ''Kommunistiche Partei Deutschlands'', KPD). On May Day 1929, SPD member and Berlin police president [[Karl Zörgiebel]] banned a KPD party demonstration and ordered the police to fire upon protestors, resulting in a massacre known as "[[Blutmai|Bloody May]]" (German: ''Blutmai'').<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Jacobin|title=May Day, Bloody May Day|url=https://jacobin.com/2019/05/may-day-bloody-may-day|archive-url=https://jacobin.com/2019/05/may-day-bloody-may-day|archive-date=2025-01-15|retrieved=2019-05-01}}</ref>

In the 1932 presidential elections, the SPD endorsed Hindenburg's presidency in a bid to prevent the ascendency of [[Ernst Thälmann]]. Hindenburg went on to win in the second round. The German imperialists convinced Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor.<ref>{{Citation|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Paul+Ludwig+Hans+Anton+von+Beneckendorff+und+von+Hindenburg|chapter=Hindenburg, Paul Von}}</ref>

=== Modern history ===
From 1998 to 2005 the SPD were the ruling party in coalition with the [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]] under Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]], who passed unpopular [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] reforms. Their decline in popularity led to them becoming the junior partner in a coalition with [[Angela Merkel]]'s right wing [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany]] (CDU) and continued its decline. For the next decade the SPD became indistinguishable from the [[Conservatism|conservative]] parties losing different respective sections of voters to [[The Left (Germany)|Die Linke]], the Greens and [[Alternative for Germany]] (AfD).<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|author=Loren Balhorn|newspaper=Jacobin|title=The SPD Needs More Than Just New Leaders|date=2019-12-03|url=https://jacobin.com/2019/12/spd-germany-election-social-democratic-party-eskabo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202132046/https://jacobin.com/2019/12/spd-germany-election-social-democratic-party-eskabo|archive-date=2023-12-02}}</ref>

After crashing to just 15% of the vote in the 2019 European Parliament elections, leader [[Andrea Nahles]] resigned and not long after the party made some minor reforms changing from a one-person leader to a two-person leader and allowing election of leaders by the party membership. In the ensuing election the neoliberal Olaf Scholz and [[Klara Geywitz]] ran against social democrats [[Saskia Esken]] and [[Norbert Walter-Borjans]], with the social democrats winning with 53% of the vote.<ref name=":2"/> Although the party made some moves back to social democracy, the party still maintains a strong neoliberal presence with Olaf Scholz becoming Chancellor in 2021 at the head of a coalition with the Greens and the [[Liberalism|liberal]] Free Democratic Party (FDP).<ref>{{Web citation|author=Nes Schwerdtner|newspaper=Jacobin|title=Germany’s New Government Is in Thrall to Neoliberal Hawks|date=12.08.2021-12-08|url=https://jacobin.com/2021/12/elections-spd-fdp-cdu-scholz-lindner-merkel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302232204/https://jacobin.com/2021/12/elections-spd-fdp-cdu-scholz-lindner-merkel|archive-date=2024-03-02}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Social democratic parties]]
[[Category:Political parties]]
[[Category:German political parties]]