Liberalism

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{{Message box/Missing Sources}}{{Quote|First, I must confess that over the past few years I have been gravely disappointed with the [[white people|white]] moderate. I have almost reached the regrettable conclusion that the [[African|Negro]]'s great stumbling block in his stride toward freedom is not the White Citizen's Counciler or the [[Ku Klux Klan|Ku Klux Klanner]], but the white moderate, who is more devoted to "order" than to justice; who prefers a negative peace which is the absence of tension to a positive peace which is the presence of justice; who constantly says: "I agree with you in the goal you seek, but I cannot agree with your methods of [[revolution|direct action]]"|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]]|[[Library:Letter from Birmingham Jail|Letter from Birmingham Jail]]|1963}}
[[File:Losurdo tree liberalism.png|thumb|The liberal view of [[human rights]] is based on [[private property]] while the [[Marxism|Marxist]] view is based on [[self-determination]].<ref name="Boer">{{Citation|author=Roland Boer|year=2021|title=Sovereignty and Human Rights: A Comparison Between Western Liberal and Chinese Marxist Traditions|publisher=Political Theology 23(1–2), 13–28.|doi=10.1080/1462317X.2021.1932341}}</ref>]]
'''Liberalism''' is an [[Idealism|idealist]] [[ideology]] that promotes [[capitalism]], [[free market]] principles, [[individualism]], [[fundamental rights]] (also known as [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] privileges), [[separation of church and state]], [[popular sovereignty]], and [[rule of law]]. Liberalism emerged in the [[17th Century|17th century]] as the ideological component of [[capitalism]], and gained administrative power as a result of the [[Bourgeois revolution|bourgeois revolutions]] of the [[18th Century|18th]] and [[19th Century|19th centuries]] in [[North America]] and [[Europe]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=I. G. Nemanov|year=1973|chapter=Liberalism|chapter-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Liberalism|title=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] (3rd ed.)|volume=14|page=396-398|city=Moscow|pdf=https://ia804601.us.archive.org/2/items/B-001-032-507-748-ALL/БСЭ_3изд_т14_731.pdf|trans-title=Boljšaja sovjetskaja enciklopjedija|trans-lang=Russian}}</ref> Liberalism, the philosophy behind the [[dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]], has consistently changed over the centuries, as a result of advancement in the productive forces and the development of the [[Feudalism|feudal]] serfdom into the industrial [[proletariat]], and has now turned into [[neoliberalism]], as a result of the consolidation of capital into the hands of the few, and to protect the [[ruling class]] from [[socialism]], which is currently in the process of replacing capitalism as the primary [[mode of production]].

== History ==

=== Creation ===
[[File:Base-superstructure Dialectic.png|thumb|Diagram showing how the base and superstructure relate to each other in dialectics.]]
Liberalism developed as an ideology and was adopted by members of society as capitalism (or the premises of capitalism) developed. This is generally exemplified by the [[base and superstructure]]; as the material conditions develop and factories emerge, there is a need for the superstructure to provide the institutions required for the base to survive. Since capitalism requires the free market to exist, there needed to be a guiding ideology that would allow the free market to exist and justify the existence of capitalism, the base.

Early on, liberalism expressed the interests of the young bourgeoisie in Western Europe against feudalism, absolutism, and clericalism.<ref name=":0" /> Liberalism became codified during the [[Age of Enlightenment]], which lasted from about the mid 17th century to the late 18th century, and culminated perhaps with the bourgeois [[French Revolution]] of 1789.<ref name=":0" /> Some notable liberal theorists include [[René Descartes]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], or economist [[Adam Smith]].

In this sense, both [[Social democracy|social-democrats]] and classical liberals, who may seem at the opposite ends of a spectrum, are liberals since both will strive towards establishing capitalism.

=== Modern times ===
In modern times, liberalism remains the dominant ideology of the world at large. As it is inextricably linked to capitalism, and capitalism is the dominant mode of production, it follows that liberalism is the dominant guiding ideology in the world.

As the ideas of a society are the ideas of the ruling class (the bourgeoisie in capitalist societies), liberalism has become the only ''realistic'' ideology for most people living in a capitalist mode of production, as it permeates their lives from birth. It is indoctrinated into them via the media, the educational system etc.

Most people therefore do not realize that they are ideological, and that their ideology is liberalism. As they have lived their whole lives in capitalism, it is difficult for them to imagine another system (this is a phenomenon known as [[capitalist realism]]) and therefore that liberalism is the only existing or viable ideology.

== Idealist component ==
Liberalism is considered to be an [[Idealism|idealist]] ideology, as opposed to a materialist ideology, because it claims that ideas shape the material world, as opposed to the material world shaping ideas. In their pursuit for the cult of the individual, liberal philosophers used to embrace the Great Man theory of history, which states that progress is driven by great people who have high natural abilities. Therefore they had progressive ideas, and these ideas shaped the material world. As such, in classical liberal reasoning, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] was instrumental in spreading capitalism and destroying the [[Feudalism|old order]].

Marxism, which is a materialist philosophy, understands that material conditions drive change (the [[Dialectics|dialectic]]) and will influence the ideas that people have and how they act on them. Marxism holds that capitalism was instrumental in creating a Napoleon Bonaparte and that, if he had not existed, someone else would have taken his place.

After the impact of [[scientific socialism]] in Europe, liberal thinkers started moving away from such idealist notions and co-opted some materialist theory so as to reinforce theirs and prevent communism from becoming a major ideology in the world. As such, even liberal theorists today have to admit that, to some extent, change is driven by ''forces'' at large. Liberals admit that the Industrial Revolution largely affected our daily life, in a way that completely modified it from what existed previously (e.g. the division of the work day and the importance it has in a worker's life as compared to the feudal journeyman's). However, they see this progress as an abstract, without relation to the base or superstructure, and would rather focus on the abstract consequences than the material causes. If life changed so much for the average worker after the introduction of the steam engine, it is precisely because the mode of production at large changed and required new policies to create more surplus value.

== Principles ==

=== Private property ===
Liberalism teaches that only private property, with guarantees of freedom for certain people, can ensure social harmony and human progress. Within this is the underlying assumption that common welfare results from individuals realizing their personal goals.<ref name=":0" />

=== Free market ===
Perhaps best laid down by Adam Smith, though already existing before his work [[The Wealth of Nations|''The Wealth of Nations'']], free market policies encompass a large range of principles and laws that govern trade inside and outside a nation, so as to remove as many barriers as possible to trade.

Free trade was originally required by the bourgeoisie to destroy the old order of the nobility, who used to own monopolies and form cartels to reinforce their power. Today, free trade is also used as a vector for imperialism, notably in the [[Opium Wars]] that sought to dismantle [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|China]]'s protectionist trade policies in the late 19th century.

=== Individualism ===

=== Fundamental rights ===
Fundamental rights, in liberal philosophy, are rights with which all individuals are imbued with on the grounds of being human. They are more aptly described as privileges the bourgeois reluctantly allows the proletariat to enjoy.

== See also ==

* [[Neoliberalism]]
* [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]]
* [[Compatible Left]]
* [[Libertarianism]]
* [[Liberalism:Quotes]]

== Further reading ==

* ''[[Library:Liberalism: A Counter-History|Liberalism: A Counter-History]]''

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Political ideology]]
[[Category:Right-wing ideologies]]

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Liberalism